Interaction Adaptation Theory of Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal Theory Sullivan
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Transcript of Interpersonal Theory Sullivan
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Deals with peoples characteristic
interaction patterns
Sullivan insisted personality is shapedalmost entirely by the relationships wehave with people
He believed that a close interpersonalrelationship has the power to transforman immature preadolescent into apsychologically healthy individual
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A typical pattern of behavior
Specific dynamisms include
Malevolence Intimacy
Lust
The self-system
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Most inclusive of all dynamisms
Pattern of behaviors
Protects us against anxiety andmaintains our interpersonal security
Tends to stifle personality change
Experiences that are inconsistent with ourself-system threaten our security andnecessitate our use of security operationssuch as dissociation or selectiveinattention
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People acquire certain images of selfand others throughout thedevelopmental stages
These subjective perceptions arepersonifications
Bad Mother, Good Mother
personification Me Personification
Eidetic Personification
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Bad mother personification grows out ofinfants experiences with a nipple that does notsatisfy their hunger needs
All infants experience this even though their realmother may be loving and nurturing
Infants later acquire a good motherpersonification
become mature enough to recognize the tenderand cooperative behavior of their mother
These two personifications combine to form acomplex and contrasting image of the realmother
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During infancy, children acquire threeme personifications
The bad-me, which grows from experiencesof punishment and disapproval
The good-me, which results from experienceswith rewards and approval
The not-me, which allows a person todisassociate or selectively inattend theexperiences related to anxiety
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People often create imaginary traits thatthey project onto others
Included in these eidetic personificationsare the imaginary playmates that pre-school aged children often have
These imaginary friends enable childrento have a safe and secure relationshipwith another person even though thatperson is imaginary
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Sullivan recognized three levels ofcognition, or ways of perceiving things
Prototaxic Parataxic
Syntaxic
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Experiences that are impossible to putinto words or to communicate to others
Newborn infants experience imagesmostly on a prototaxic level
Adults also frequently have preverbal
experiences that are momentary andincapable of being communicated
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Experiences that are prelogical andnearly impossible to accurately
communicate to others Included in these are flawed
assumptions about cause and effect,called parataxi distortions
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Experiences that can be accuratelycommunicated to others
Children become capable of syntaxiclanguage at about 12 or 18 months old
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Sullivan saw interpersonal developmentas taking place over seven stages, from
infancy to mature adulthood Personality changes
can take place at any time
are more likely to occur during transitionsbetween stages
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Period from birth until emergence ofsyntaxic language
Child receives tenderness from mother learns anxiety through an empathic
linkage with the mother
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Lasts from the beginning of syntaxiclanguage until the need for playmates of
equal status Primary interpersonal relationship
continues to be with the mother
Mother now differentiated from otherpersons who nurture the child
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Begins with the need for peers of equalstatus and continues until the child
develops a need for an intimaterelationship with a friend
Children should learn how to compete,compromise, and cooperate
These abilities, as well as an orientationtoward living, help a child developintimacy
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Perhaps the most crucial stage Mistakes made earlier can be corrected
during preadolescence
Mistakes made during preadolescence arenearly impossible to overcome later in life
Spans the time from the need for a singlebest friend until puberty
Children who do not learn intimacyduring preadolescence have addeddifficulties relating to potential sexual
partners during later stages
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With puberty comes the lust dynamism andthe beginning of early adolescence
Development during this stage marked by a coexistence of intimacy with a single friend of
the same gender
sexual interest in many persons of the oppositegender
If children have no preexisting capacity forintimacy, they may confuse lust with loveand develop sexual relationships that aredevoid of true intimacy
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May start at any time after age 16
Psychologically, it begins when a person
is able to feel both intimacy and lusttoward the same person
Characterized by
a stable pattern of sexual activity the growth of the syntaxic mode
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Late adolescence flows into adulthood
A time when a person establishes a
stable relationship with a significant otherperson and develops a consistentpattern of viewing the world