INTERNSHIP REPORT ZEESHAN@DUNYA FOR ONLINE

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INTERNSHIP REPORT Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Allama Iqbal Open

University Islamabad, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Allama Iqbal Open




































In the name of Allah, Most Merciful& Beneficial

CHAIRMAN

DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION

ALLAMAIQBALOPENUNIVERSITY

Date: 17/12/2014

NAME: Muhammad Zeeshan Akram

ROLL NO. ?????????

REGISTRATION NO. 09-PLR-……..

PROGRAM. Msc Mass Communication

INTERNSHIP VENUE. Dunya News/Roznama Dunya

Submitted to fulfill the requirements for the Degree of Msc Mass

Communication to the Department of Mass Communication

SUBMITTED TO

SUBMITTED BY

PURPOSE

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I dedicate my working and internship report to my Parents and Allama Iqbal Open University, who’s prayers and opportunities be able me to complete my program and reached me at this stage today as well.

All praise to Almighty ALLAH the creator of this universe, always helps me stealthy in hot fistic ebbs and tides of life.

This is to extend thanks to Chairman Mass Communication Department Dr. Siraj sb and Incharge Program Internship Shahid Hussain sb, Allama Iqbal Open University for this opportunity i.e provided me in Dunya News Faisalabad-Pakistan. This facilitation has resulted in accomplishments of belief behind the allocation of credits to this training. The internship adds value to my learning in journalism process and facilitates in dissemination of breath / depth of core communication subjects. I highly value to all above mentioned concerns contribution in this regard. It is also believed that internship in accredited media organization is gateway to effect collaboration between media and academia, which is vital for the communication development of Pakistan. I am heatedly thankful my teachers and fellows who help me a lot during my studies. I am also thankful from the core of my heart to my boss & company who spare / help me during my studies & exams also.

I am thankful to the Bureau Chief and Staff of Dunya News Faisalabad to grant me for achievement of my required period of Internship at Faisalabad station/office, which is a mandatory part of my degree for Msc Mass Communication i.e successfully completed now. Thanks to all concerns,

Muhammad Zeeshan Akram

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Sr# Description Page Number

1 Preface / Executive Summary………………….…………………6

2 Print & Electronic Media………………………………………….7

(History, Regulation, Legal overview, Television & Newspaper overview)

3 Organizational Overview………………………………………….12

(Channel & Newspaper history , working process & other details)

4 Working & Experiences …………………………………………..20

(Training program, Written & Physical experience with channel & newspaper)

5 SWOT Analysis…………………………………...........................42

6 Suggestions & Recommendations…………………………………45

7 Conclusion & Comments………………………………………….47

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1. Preface / Executive Summary

Practical knowledge is an integral part of Mass Communication. The

requirements are to cover theoretical approaches and combine it with the practical

work to achieve professional excellence. It equips the student with knowledge and

professional skills to explore the new horizons of practical life with confidence

and command on the task. Thus, he can continue to grow and glow in their career

through an unending process of learning. This internship report is designed for the

describing the road map of student’s first step in practical life.

I wrote my experience, which I keenly observed during my practical work. I tried

my best to describe every point in clear and simple way. With this practical

purpose in view, all technical discussions and grammatical terminology have been

avoided. I have been practical in my aim and have carried out my plan in the most

methodical manner. The report having in different parts; Print & electronic Media,

Organization Brief, Work Experience, SWOT and Recommendations e.g.

This report has little state to perfection and all suggestions, especially from my

respected teachers and seniors to improve my working style and myself would be

gratefully accepted and thankfully acknowledge in my future.

Muhammad Zeeshan Akram Mr. Sheroz & Mian Asif Nazir

Internship Supervisor

Dunya News, Faisalabad

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2. Print and Electronic Media in Pakistan

Media in Pakistan provides information on television, radio, cinema, newspapers and magazines in Pakistan. Pakistan has a vibrant media landscape; among the most dynamic in South Asia. Largely the media enjoys freedom of expression in spite of political pressure and direct bans sometimes administered by political stakeholders. Political pressure on media mostly is done indirectly. One tool widely used by the government is to cut off ‘unfriendly’ media from governmental advertising. Using draconian laws the government has also banned or officially silencing popular television channels. The Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) has used to silence the broadcast media either by suspending licenses or by simply threatening to do so. In addition, media is also exposed to propaganda from state agencies, pressured by powerful political elements and non-state actors involved in the current conflict.

History

The media in Pakistan dates back to pre-partition years of British India, where a number of newspapers were established to promote a communalistic or partition agenda. The newspaper Dawn, founded by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and first published in 1941, was dedicated to promoting for an independent Pakistan. The conservative newspaper, Nawa-i-Waqt, established in 1940 was the mouthpiece of the Muslim elites who were among the strongest supporters for an independent Pakistan.

In a sense, Pakistani print media came into existence with a mission to promulgate the idea of Pakistan, which was seen as the best national option for the Muslim minority in British India and as a form of self-defence against suppression from the Hindu majority.

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Regulation History:

The first step in introducing media laws in the country was done by the military ruler and President Ayub Khan who promulgated the Press and Publication Ordinance (PPO) in 1962. The law empowered the authorities to confiscate newspapers, close down news providers, and arrest journalists. Using these laws, Ayub Khan nationalized large parts of the press and took over one of the two largest news agencies. The other agencies were pushed into severe in crisis and to seek financial support from the government as well. Pakistani Radio and Television, which was established in 1964 was also brought under the strict control of the government.

Additions that are more draconian made to the PPO during the reign of General Zia-Ul-Haq in the 1980s. According to these new amendments, the publisher would be liable and prosecuted if a story was not to the liking of the administration even if it was factual and of national interest. These amendments were used to promote Haq's Islamist leanings and demonstrated the alliance between the military and religions leaders. Censorship during the Zia years was direct, concrete and dictatorial. Newspapers were scrutinised; critical or undesired sections of an article censored. In the wake of Zia-ul-Haq's sudden death and the return of democracy, the way was paved to abate the draconian media laws through a revision of media legislation called the Revised PPO (RPPO).

From 2002, under General Pervez Musharraf, the Pakistani media faced a decisive development that would lead to a boom in Pakistani electronic media and paved the way to it gaining political influence. New liberal media laws broke the state's monopoly on the electronic media. TV broadcasting and FM radio licenses were issued to private media outlets.

Whether Pakistan's media, with its powerful TV channels, is able to take on such a huge responsibility and make changes from within depends on improving general working conditions; on the military and the state bureaucracy; the security situation of journalists; media laws revision; better journalism training; and lastly on the will of the media and the media owners themselves.

Legal Framework

Though Pakistani media enjoy relative freedom compared to some of its South Asian neighbors, the industry was subjected to many undemocratic and regressive laws and regulations. The country was subjected to alternating military and

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Constitution

The Pakistani Constitution upholds the fundamentals for a vibrant democracy and guarantees freedom of expression and the basic premise for media freedom. While emphasizing the state's allegiance to Islam, the constitution underlines the key civil rights inherent in a democracy and states that citizens:

“ Shall be guaranteed fundamental rights, including equality of status, of opportunity and before law, social, economic and political justice, and freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, worship and association, subject to law and public morality. ”

However, the constitution and democratic governance in Pakistan was repeatedly set out of play by military coups and the country was under military dictatorship for more than half its existence. Thus basic - if not all - democratic norms were severely affected, but the country managed to survive through these dark periods and reinstate its sidelined socio-political values. The media played a crucial role in this process.

Media laws

There is a number of legislative and regulatory mechanisms i.e directly and indirectly affecting the media. The Press and Publication Ordinance (PPO) mentioned that these laws including the Printing Press and Publications Ordinance 1988. The Freedom of Information Ordinance of 2002, the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) of 2002, the Defamation Ordinance of 2002, the Contempt of Court Ordinance of 2003, the Press, Newspapers, News Agencies and Books Registration Ordinance 2003, the Press Council Ordinance 2002, the Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan Ordinance 2005 and lastly the Access to Information Ordinance of 2006. In addition, there were attempts in 2006 for further legislation ostensibly "to streamline registration of newspapers, periodicals, news and

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advertising agencies and authentication of circulation figures of newspapers and periodicals (PAPRA)."

The liberalization of the electronic media in 2002 was coupled to a bulk of regulations. The opening of the media market led to the mushrooming of satellite channels in Pakistan. Many operators started satellite and/or cable TV outlets without any supervision by the authorities. The government felt that it was losing millions of rupees by not 'regulating' the mushrooming cable TV business.

Another consequence of the 2002 regulations was that most of these were hurriedly enacted by President Musharraf before the new government took office. Most of the new laws that were anti-democratic and were not intended to promote public activism but to increase his control of the public. Many media activists felt that the new regulations were opaque and had been subject to interpretation by the courts that would have provided media practitioners with clearer guidelines.

Television

The first television station began broadcasting from Lahore in 26 November 1964. Television in Pakistan remained the government's exclusive control until 1990 when Shalimar Television Network (STN) and Network Television Marketing (NTM) launched Pakistan’s first private TV channel. Foreign satellite TV channels were added

during the 1990s.

Traditionally, the government-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) has been the dominant media player in Pakistan. The past decade has seen the emergence of several private TV channels showing news and entertainment, such as Dunya TV, GEO TV, AAJ TV, ARY Digital, HUM, MTV Pakistan, and others.

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Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA)

The Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA, formerly RAMBO - Regulatory Authority for Media and Broadcast Organizations) was formed in 2002 to

"Facilitate and promote a free, fair and independent electronic media" including opening the broadcasting market in Pakistan.

· Issued "landing rights" to 28 TV channels operating from abroad, with more under consideration;

· Issued licenses for 129 FM radio stations, including 18 non-commercial licenses to leading universities offering courses mass communication and six licenses in Azad Jammu and Kashmir;

· Registered 2,346 cable TV systems serving an estimated 8 million households; and

· Issued six MMDS (Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service), two Internet protocol TV (IPTV), and two mobile TV licenses, with more under consideration.

Newspapers and Magazines

In 1947 only four major Muslim-owned newspapers existed in the area: Pakistan Times, Zamindar, Nawa-i-Waqt, Civil and Military Gazette. A number of Muslim papers moved to Pakistan, including Dawn, which began publishing daily in Karachi in 1947, the Morning News, and the Urdu-language dailies Jang and Anjam. By the early 2000s, 1,500 newspapers and journals existed in Pakistan.

From 1994 to 1997, the total number of daily, monthly and other publications were increased from 3,242 to 4,455 but dropped to just 945 by 2003 with most of the decline occurring in the Punjab Province. However, from 1994 to 2003 total print circulation increased substantially, particularly for dailies (3 million to 6.2 million). And after the low point in 2003 the number of publications grew to 1279 in 2004, to 1997 in 2005, 1467 in 2006, 1820 in 2007, and 1199 in 2008 and 1300 approximately in 2013.

Newspapers and magazines are published in 11 languages; most in Urdu and Sindhi, but English-language publications are numerous. Most print media are privately owned, but the government controls the Associated Press of Pakistan,

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one of the major news agencies. From 1964 into the early 1990s, the National Press Trust acted as the government's front to control the press. The state, however, no longer publishes daily newspapers; the former Press Trust sold or liquidated its newspapers and magazines in the early 1990s.

The press is generally free and played an active role in national elections, but journalists often exercise self-censorship because of arrests and intimidation by government and societal actors. The press is much more restricted in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), where no newspapers are published and in Azad Kashmir, where publications need special permission from the regional government to operate and pro-independence publications are generally prohibited.

Press Council and newspaper regulation

Prior to 2002, News Agencies in Pakistan were completely unregulated. Established under the Press Council of Pakistan Ordinance in October 2002, the body operates on a semi-autonomous nature along with an Ethical Code of Practice signed by President Musharraf. It is mandated with multi-faceted tasks that range from protection of press freedom to regulatory mechanisms and review of complaints from the public.

The Press Council Ordinance has a direct link to the Press, Newspapers, News Agencies and Books Registration Ordinance (PNNABRO) of 2002. This legislation deals with procedures for registration of publications of criteria of media ownerships.

Ownership of publications (mainly newspapers and news agencies) is restricted to Pakistani nationals if special government permission is not given. In partnerships, foreign involvement cannot exceed 25 percent. The law does not permit foreigners to obtain a 'Declaration' to run a news agency or any media station.

3. Organizational Overview (Dunya News& Roznama Dunya)

Dunya NewsTVis an Urdu language news and current affairs television channel from Pakistan.The channel is governed and operated byNational Communication Services (SMC) Pvt. Ltd. Its head office is situated at Lahore,Pakistan. Below is the other basic information in this regard:

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Launched December 1, 2008

Owned by Mian Amer Mehmood

Picture format 4:3 (576i, SDTV)

Slogan Khabar Ki Dunya

Country Pakistan

Language Urdu

Broadcast area

South Asia

Headquarters 8-A, Abbot Road, Lahore

Website www.dunyanews.tv

Organization working under The Punjab Group Group · Punjab Group of Colleges (also known as The Punjab

Group)

Schools · Resource Academia · Allied Schools

Colleges · Punjab College of Commerce · Punjab College of Science · Punjab College of Business Administration · Punjab Institute of Computer Science · Punjab Law College

Universities · University of Central Punjab · Mohammad Ali Jinnah University

Media · Roznama Dunya · Dunya News

Companies · Tower Technologies Limited

Other Contents of Organization

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· Network o Bureaus Abroad

· Anchors · Popular Shows · Live Streaming · Dunya TV Schedule · Notable journalists · Competitors

Network

Having its Headquarters in Lahore with Bureau Offices in following cities:

· Karachi · Islamabad · Quetta · Peshawar · Multan · Gujranwala · Faisalabad · Muzaffarabad · Sukkur · Dera Ismail Khan

Distribution

Downlink Frequency

Satellite : Intelsat-20 68.5E

Frequency : 4006

Symbol Rate : 2990

Polarity : Horizontal

FEC : 3 / 4

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Live Streaming

· Low Quality Streaminghttp://dunyanews.tv/newsite/live_stream/new1_live_tv.php

· High Quality Streaming

( http://dunyanews.tv/livehd/ )

Bureaus Abroad

· US · UK · UAE

All bureaus are connected live 24/7 through satellite and fiber optics. A fleet of 20 DSNG Vans with auto-locking satellite mobile links for instant News coverage.

Anchors

· Shazia Zeeshan · Tariq Mateen · Zeeshan bashir · Muhammad Ajmal Jami · Junaid Saleem · Iqra Shahzad · Rehman Azhar · Madiha Fakhar · Ayesha Naz · Ayesha Zulfiqar

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· Uzma Nauman · Salman Hassan Popular Shows /Programs

· Hasb-e-Haal

(Junaid Saleem, Sohail Ahmed, Najia Baig Having the honor of being the most watched program in Pakistan, Hasb-e-Haal is a political and social satire.)

· Mazaq Raat · Nuqta Nazar · On The Front · Siasat Hai Ya Sazish · Ikhtilafi Note · Khabar Yeh Hay · Peyam-E-Subh · Dunya TV Special · Yaad Karti Hay Dunya · Sawal · Ilm-O-Hikmat

MajorCompetitors

1. AAJ TV 2. ARY News 3. Dawn News 4. Din News 5. Express News 6. Geo News 7. Samaa News 8. Waqt News

Dunya News Live is highly accessible and witnessed news channel in diverse urban areas, villages, towns, and regions of Pakistan.

Roznama Dunya (Print paper)

Roznama Dunya is an Urdu language newspaper in Pakistan. It started publishing on 3 September 2012 from Lahore. It publishes and works under the Dunya Group of Newspapers. Till to December 2012, Daily Dunya was published from Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, and Sargodha. Mian Amer Mahmood who is the owner of Dunya

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News also owns it. Roznama Dunya is a complete Urdu language newspaper that covers all areas of life through its news, such as it contains entertainment stuff, sport news, politics and current affairs stuff, children reading matter, teen stuff, educational matter, science matter etc. Due to this specialty, it has become popular among all age group of people.

Its editorial stance identifies with social liberalism and its readership is generally on the mainstream left of Pakistani political and social opinion. Topics the newspaper covers include politics, national &international affairs, economics, investment, sports and culture. It is Sunday Magazine, which includes social commentary, interviews and a four-page supplement with recipes, reviews, travel advice, blogs and technology news. It is also available online via E-paper through a live website, which includes news and blogs as well. Dunya Smart Applications: Dunya News and Roznama Dunya expand the limits on the phone, tablet e.g devices with this download. Today mobile apps and high demand, and mobile apps developer are in short working with free mobile app development software to

provide easy-to-use apps and helping their users to have rich and engaging apps that can be available on any smart phone, tablet pc and all these type of devices. It has great importance and steadily growing. These applications provide news as published in current date Newspaper and presented on channel. These apps provides complete description, latest News, Videos, Results, Report & writings about current affairs and entertainment.

Strategy Of Organization: Media is considering as the fourth pillar of state. There is only media which can aware the public at mass level. Therefore, to make the public opinion, policy/strategy of work is must. In any organization this is the more important to achieve the target. Without any strategy, planning is useless. Every organization

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set some norms, which they follow. In this view, policy and strategy is free from political and biasness to promote the cultural and Islamic & cultural values of country. To highlight the important issues related to the National and International issues, pointing out the Governmental progress and its effect on the economy and people of the country. To conducts different surveys and interviews to take the views of experts regarding different issues to promote them. The basic part is to make Pakistan free from corruption and language differences and a unite state.

General Rules of Conduct: Legality: Dunya concepts comply with the laws and regulation of the Country in which they conduct their business also with the present Code and finally with the internal policies and procedures, applying them with the utmost equity and fairness. Integrity: Concerning the conduct vise the third parties, the Recipients shall act with fairness and transparency avoiding misleading and unfaithful information. Loyalty: The relations with all other parties shall fulfill the utmost loyalty, meaning to be faithful to promises and covenants, to act with responsibility, to preserve and to enhance the value of the Company's asset and to act in good faith in every activity and decision. Transparency: Company internal relations and with other parties shall be based on honesty, correctness and completeness. Respect of Human Dignity: The Recipients shall respect human fundamental rights also protecting moral integrity and guaranteeing equal opportunities. In the conduct of internal relationships, discriminatory behaviors based on political opinion, labor union opinion, religion, race, nationality, age, sex, sexual attitude, health status and, more in general, other intimate character, are not allowed.

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Confidentiality: The Recipients guarantee that the acquired information is being kept confidential. The Recipients shall disclose information and Company's data exclusively in the performance of their duties and, in any case, shall not disclose sensitive information without the Company's authorization. Employment at Dunya:

Working in Dunya News, candidate should have keen interest and knowledge regarding national and international current affairs as well as regarding job / post. Dunya News& Roznama Dunya is an equal opportunity employer, which announces jobs through website and newspaper announcement. Proper interviews are conducted and candidate appointed on purely merit basis.

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Nature of Work and Experiences in Internship: Training Program: As an intern working on a temporary position with an emphasis on the training rather than simply employment is making it similar to an apprenticeship. Internship provides opportunities to gain experience in their field, determine if having an interest in a particular career, create a network of contacts, or gain institutional credit. Internship provide employers with cheap or free labor for (typically) low-level tasks, and also the prospect of interns returning to the company after completing their education and requiring little exercise. I have selected Print & Electronic Media Group for internship because Media is a pillar of state and we can play our role to develop our country and nation as well. I worked with Channel Reporter Mr. Sheroz and Correspondent / News Paper Reporter Mr. Asif Nazir to fulfill my tasks during internship period under the sympathy of Bureau Chief / Editor Mr. Ghulam Mohayyudin. News desk Incharge and Reporter Mr. Asif Nazir both told me the complete process of newspaper publishing. After that, I linked with the Reporting section as Trainee News Reporter that was very exciting job for me. Without good and tangible reporting, media organization cannot grow in this rivalry era. My responsibility was to cover the local city news and photos (City problems, special events, crime, citizen’s complaints about routine life living/areas, advertisements etc) for both paper and channel. During my work, I learnt about the city of Faisalabad administration and conditions during covering different events and search out the different colors of living styles and issues in lives. It was my good experience and first step to my practical life in this field. During this activity, Reporter Mr. Sheroz and Mr. Asif Nazir guides me very well how to collect the data and make the attractive story. I have learnt and acquired experience in following matters that my seniors assigned to me:

1. Process and steps of Newspaper and Channel 2. Collection of News from different sources 3. Preparation of intro of the news story 4. Page making and designing 5. Photo and Video Journalism 6. Interview, Editorial writing and Package making 7. Advertisement collection 8. Translation of news from Urdu to English and English to Urdu 9. Others assigned by seniors

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Understanding/ Experience in Writingas an Internee

During internship period, following knowledge was gained that given by my seniors and collected from on ground activities/study, which I have assembled and note down here in this report. Now it’s added in my experience book and will be useful in my professional life as well:

TV Channel: Broadcast Television System:

Broadcasters using analog television systems encode their signal using NTSC, PAL or SECAM analog encoding and then use RF modulation to modulate this signal onto a Very High Frequency (VHF) or Ultra High Frequency (UHF) carrier. Each frame of a television image is composed of lines drawn on the screen. The lines are of varying brightness; the whole set of lines is drawn quickly enough that the human eye perceives it as one image. The next sequential frame is displayed, allowing the depiction of motion. The analog television signal contains timing and synchronization information so that the receiver can reconstruct a two-dimensional moving image from a one-dimensional time-varying signal.

A practical television system needs to take luminance, chrominance (in a color system), and synchronization (horizontal and vertical),audio signals and broadcast them over a broadcasting transmission. The transmission system must include a means of television channel selection.

However, there are three standards for the way to additional color information can be encoded and transmitted. PAL's color encoding is similar to the NTSC systems. SECAM, though, uses a different modulation approach than PAL or NTSC. Although a number of different broadcast television, systems were in use worldwide, the same

Apart from this software layer, it will just need:

· Commodity IT hardware to run all the software · Some inexpensive SDI cards · The minimalistic general audio/video routing hardware & cables · A reasonable amount of time to configure and interface all pieces · The right IT/dev skills to bring it all together

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Production House: Television studio is an installation in which video productions take place, either for the recording of live television to video tape, or for the acquisition of raw footage for post-production. The design of a studio is similar to, and derived from, movie studios, with a few amendments for the special requirements of television production. A professional television studio generally has several rooms, which are kept separate for noise and practicality reasons. These rooms are connected via intercom and personnel will be divided among these workplaces.

Production Control Room:

The studio control room (SCR) is the place in which the composition of the outgoing program takes place. (An SCR is also often the acronym for the Satellite Control Room from TV feeds which sent & received from the local Satellite i.e used by the TV station. The production control room is occasionally, also called a studio control room (SCR) or a "gallery" the latter name comes from the original placement of the

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director on an ornately carved bridge spanning the BBC's first studio at Alexandra Palace which was once referred to as like a minstrels' gallery. Master control is the technical hub of a broadcast operation common among most over-the-air television stations and television networks. Master control is distinct from a PCR in television studios where the activities such as switching from camera to camera are coordinated. A transmission control room (TCR) is usually smaller and is a scaled down version of central casting.

Master Control Room

The Master control room (MCR) is houses equipment that’s too noisy or runs too hot for the Production control room (PCR). It also makes sure that coax cable and other wire lengths and installation requirements keep within manageable lengths, since most high quality, wiring runs only between devices in this room. This can include the actual circuitry and connections between

· Character Generator (CG)

· Camera Control units (CCU)

· Digital video effects (DVE)

· Video servers

· Vision mixer (Video Switcher)

· VTRs · Patch panels

The Master control room in television station is the place where the on-air signal is controlled. It may include controls to play-out television programs and television commercials, switch local or network feeds, record satellite feeds and monitor the transmitter(s), or these items may be in an adjacent equipment rack room. The term "studio" usually refers to a place where a particular local program is originated. If the program is going live, the signal goes from the PCR to MCR and then out to the transmitter.

Audio boards and consoles Designed to do five things:- 1. Amplify incoming signals 2. Allow for switching and volume level adjustments for a variety of audio sources 3. Allow for creatively mixing and balancing multiple audio sources to achieve an

optimum blend 4. Route the combined effect to a transmission or recording device 5. Sophisticated audio boards or consoles also allow you to manipulate specific

characteristics of audio. These include the left-to-right "placement" of stereo sources, altering frequency characteristics of sounds, and adding reverberation.

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For video field production, smaller units called audio mixers provide the most basic controls over audio. The input selector switches at the top of each fader can switch between such things as microphones, CDs, Video servers and satellite feeds. The selector switch at the bottom of each fader typically switches the output of the fader between cue, audition and program. Even though audio boards, consoles, and mixers can control numerous audio sources, these sources all break down into two main categories:

• Mic-level inputs • Line-level inputs

Television studio A television studio is an installation in which television or video productions take place, for live television, for recording live to tape, or for the acquisition of raw footage for postproduction. The design of a studio is similar to, and derived from, movie studios, with a few amendments for the special requirements of television production. A professional television studio generally has several rooms, which are kept separate for noise and practicality reasons. These rooms are connected via intercom and personnel will be divided among these workplaces. Generally, a television studio consists of the following rooms: Studio floor The studio floor is the actual stage on which the actions that are recorded take place. A studio floor has the following major characteristics and installations: • Decoration and/or sets • Cameras on pedestals • Microphones • Lighting rigs and the associated controlling equipment • Several video monitors for visual feedback from the production control room • A small public address system for communication • A glass window between PCR and studio floor for direct visual contact is usually

desired, but not always possible While a production is in progress, the following people work on the studio floor: • The on-screen "talent" themselves and any guests the subjects of the show • A Director, who has overall incharge of the studio and who relays timing and other

information • One or more camera operators who operate the television cameras, though in some

instances these can also operated from PCR using remote heads.

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• Possibly a teleprompter operator, especially if this is a news broadcast. The production control room (also known as the 'Gallery') placed in a Television Studio in which the composition of the ongoing program takes place. Facilities in a PCR include: Video monitor wall A video monitor wall, with monitors for program, preview, videotape machines, cameras, graphics and other video sources Switcher Switcher is a device where all video sources are controlled and taken to air. Also known as, a special effects generator audio mixing console and other audio equipment such as effects devices Character generator creates the majority of the names and full screen graphics that are inserted into the program. Digital video effects and/or still frame devices (if not integrated in the vision mixer)Technical director's station, with waveform monitors, vector-scopes and the camera control units or remote control panels for the camera control units (CCUs)VTRs may also be located in the PCR, but are also often found in the central machine room. Functions of Various Departments Set Up: There are many different staffing arrangements in Television stations. Some big stations employ 150-200 people and may divide into dozens different departments. Small town stations may have 20-30 employees and only a few departments. Normally General Manager is the head of a television station, the person ultimately responsible for all station activities. The Sales-Marketing/PR department is responsible for selling time to local and national advertisers, scheduling advertisements, sending bills to customers. Maintaining all the equipment is the responsibility of Engineering Department. The Production Department puts together locally produced programming. At many stations, the production department also handles the programming function. Those involved in programming decide that what programs should be telecast and at what time they be presented. The News Department includes the News director, Anchorpersons, Reporters and Writers and Readers responsible for the station’s newscast. The Administrative Department supports the General Manager in running the station.

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At the network level, the divisions are somewhat more complicated. Although the major networks differ in their setups, all seem to have departments that perform the following functions:- • Sales: Handles sales of network commercials and works with advertising agencies. • Entertainment: Works with the producers to develop new programs for the networks • Owned and operated stations: Administers those station owned by the networks. • Affiliated Relations: A very important job in the new century, it supervises all contracts with stations affiliated with the network and generally tries to keep the affiliates happy.

• News: Responsible for all network news and public affairs programs • Sports: Responsible for all sports programs • Standards:

Checks all network programs to make sure they do not violate the law or the networks own guidelines for appropriate content.

• Operations: Handles the technical aspects of actually sending programs to affiliates Structure of News Department: This fact sees in gathering and reporting of news for conventional print and broadcast media. Reporting is a team effort and quite a few members of the team serve as gatekeepers. Online reporting in contrast may have only one or a few gatekeepers. There are two main foundations of news; Staff reports and the Wire services. Other less important sources include Feature syndicates as well as Handouts and Releases from various public and private sources. The Bureau/Chief Editor is the head of the news reporting team. He or she assigns stories to the reporters and supervises their work.

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Major / Two types of Reporters: • Beat Reporters: Cover some topics on regular basis, such as crime beat or health beat. • General Assignment Reporters:

Cover whatever assignment given to them or come up. A typical day for the general assignment reporter might consist of covering an auto accident, a speech by a visiting politician and a rock concert. Stories from the reporters are passed along to the Bureau Editor, where they are approved and sent to the desk for further editing.

The Bureau/ Chief Editor can decide not to cover a story in the first place or not to run a story even if the event is covered. However, Editor and the Sub-Editors are the responsible for the overall daily preparation of news bulletins. The reporter has wide latitude of judgment over what he or she chooses to include in the story. The Sub-Editor can change the story as needed and the Bureau/Chief Editor has the power to emphasize or de-emphasize the story to fit the needs of the day. Services cater to television station and local reporters assigned to cover nearby events. In addition, many broadcast and telecast news rooms subscribe to Syndicated News Services or if affiliated with a network have access to the net’s news feed. Online Newsroom Group: Executive / Bureau Editor Producer Design managers Reporters Design managers Multimedia managers / designers Web technicians Readers Others Live Transmissions With the growth of electronic media, the importance of live transmission and telecast has increased a lot. Be it is an entertainment program, a sports event, a news bulletin, a current affairs program or a coverage of an significant occurrence, the live transmission keeps the viewers glued to their television screens and the audience is

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remains aware of, what all is happening around them locally and globally. Live transmission can be either outdoor or indoor productions, the techniques followed the equipment required as staff needs more or less, except that in the outdoor productions an Electronic Field Production (EFP) is created and it take place outside of a formal studio in a practical location, whereas indoor productions studio based and are aired through Master Control Room (MCR). News and Current Affairs the Programming & Scheduling Getting TV Program On Air: At the local level, the biggest effort at a TV station goes into the newscast. Almost every station has a studio that contains a set for one or two anchor-people, a weather forecaster and a sports-caster. The station’s News Director assigns stories to the Reporters and camera crews, who travel to the scene of a story to videotape a report. Back at the station, the newscast producer and the news director are planning what stories to air and allotting time to each. In the meantime, the camera crews and reporters return; the reporter has to write copy and editors prepare videotapes segments. When the final script is finished (this may be only a few minutes before airtime), it has given to director, who is responsible for pulling everything together and putting the newscast on the air. In addition to the news, the local station might also produce one or two interview programs. Some stations produce a magazine program consisting of segments videotaped on location by portable equipment and later edited into final form. Aside from these kind of shows, most local stations do little other productions. Because they are responsible for filling the hours when the biggest audience is watching (called primetime, 8-11 pm generally) the network must pay special attention to cultivate news shows. For the moment, let us concentrate on how a prime time series produced. Everything starts with an idea, Network executives receive hundreds of ideas every year; some come from independent producers, some from TV departments of motion pictures companies, some from network employees and a good many from the amateurs hoping for a break through. From the mass of ideas the networks select perhaps 50-75, usually submitted by the established producers or companies for further attention. After examining plot outlines and the background sketches of the leading characters for these ideas that survive, the networks request a sample script and a list of possible stories that could be turned into scripts. If the idea still looks promising, the networks and producers enter into a contract for a pilot program, the first episode of a series. In a typical year, perhaps 25 pilots are order by the each network. If the pilot show gains a respectable audience, the network may order next six episodes to be produce and my place program on its fall schedule. From the hundreds of the ideas that sent to the network, only a few ever make it to primetime. The process does not stop with a fall season. If a program does well in the ratings, the

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network will order enough episodes for the rest of the season. If the show does not do well, it will cancel and another show will replace it. Meanwhile, network executives are sifting and sorting through the hundreds of program for the next season and the cycle begins once again. Basic Techniques to Follow in Talk Shows:- • Interviewer will introduce the guest and ask question, which will also tend to

introduce him. • It is not bad plan to ask some rather light, frivolous questions that may start the

program with a spurt of humor, for this put the interviewee at ease and please the viewers.

• It is essential that there be no pauses of any length, consequently the person who is

doing the interviewing must be alert to discover the leads in the answers he receives.

• First few minutes will be devoted to less serious discussion in order to brighten the

subject and to encourage the interviewee to articulate comfortably. • There is a tendency to allow the interview to become argumentative but it should

not be avoid because it makes the interviewer express his ideas, which are not of importance.

• The interviewer must remember that he is not interviewing himself. His job is to ask

stimulating questions, not to supply the answers; to bring out the interviewee’s personality not his own.

• Do not try to influence the guest by leading questions. The person, who is important

enough to be interview, must have something interesting enough to appeal the viewers.

• Try to dig down and disclose the person off guard; by that it is meant that there

should be revelation not the exposure. • The host should have the general knowledge so that he can ask good and intelligent

questions about the relevant field of the guest and his interest. • Most of the questions should be of such nature as to require more that “yes” or “no”

answers, however interviewee must not be forced to give too lengthy replies. • It is permissible for the anchor to raise his hand and interrupt the speaker if he gets

started on an oration or a long speech.

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• If some definite topic is to be discussed, the questioner must strive to keep the speaker talking about the topic and lead him back to subject if necessary.

• The talk must be natural and conversational. Mild laughter may hear but it is not

advisable for the announcer to laugh too heartily at his own comments. • Repetition in style of questions should avoid such as starting questions with the

word “well” or “I see” or “okay” and “fine” after each answer. Newspaper & Magazine: New editing done by Editor and finalize by Page Maker, printing news items are gathered by Correspondents and Reporters who are specialized in their own category. They provides some space called “Folders” in which they keep on placing their news items, these items are then sorted out and edited by Editor. On the other hand, advertisement department on a dummy of newspaper mentioning the positions and size of the ads places ads. After completions finalized Newspaper from Editor, it has sent to the PageMaker who goes through all the Newspaper and order to print. Then it has printed at middle of the night and circulated by circulation department early in the morning. Production Production refers to two parts:

· Pre-Press · Press

Pre-Press: Pre-press refers to all the preparations before printing, which includes:

· Scanning: The news material and pictures e.g are scanned and uploaded to the computer

· Graphics: Relates to the ads, pictures etc.

· Page making: Placement of the news, editorials, advertisements and pictures on the pages

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· Imposition: Refers to division of material on the pages as per their print, For example, page 2& 11 are printed on a single tier, so they are arranged in this way and this process is called imposition.

· CTP (computer to plate): The conversion of the pages as planned on the computer on to aluminum sheets, which has sent to press for printing.

The communication department checks ad and news placements and then forwards it to the Production department. A “Night Checker” from marketing department verifies the ads again. The aluminum sheets used are disposable and used only once. Software Used: In the pre-press process the software used are:

· Photoshop · Quark express · Coral · Inpage · etc

Work Force / Human Resource in Production: The department has a team of some major members that includes:

· Assistant Manager Press · Machine Operator · Junior Machine Operator · Printing Assistant · Junior Press Assistant · Trainees · Electrical & Mechanical staff

These are headed by the Production Coordinators with press team, who coordinates with all the departments such as advertisement, editorial, communication etc.

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Production Planning: Production planning refers to how efficiently you produce your product & affects the cost and quality of what you produce. An operations plan can make all the difference in your production. Production Planning relates to three parts:

· Productivity · Quality · Time lines

Material in Production: Material used for newspaper production divided into two parts

· Paper · Ink · Print Machinery · Spare parts

Print Machinery:

· Printing machine is a web offset machine, in which paper rolls are used for printing.

· The machine is Harris V-15D

· It’s a large sized machine, consisting of 10 units

· It’s a high speed machine with a speed of 35000 runs per hour

Spare Parts: There are 3 types of machinery spare parts:

· Easily available: the spare parts that are easily available in Pakistan

· Imported: the material that is not available in Pakistan and is only imported

· Re-engineered: the material that is very expensive to import and therefore the mechanical

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Storage: The particular level of inventory maintained for the print material. Two types of stores that control the inventory are as below:

Main Store: It’s used for the storage of all the imported materials received from the head office. Sub Store: Some inventory is maintained at the press for emergency purposes. A small sub store therefore is maintained at the press. Maintenance of Machines: All machinery requires proper maintenance. It is almost important to have the press running in a perfect condition. For this, the production department makes sure that the machine is giving proper care and maintained timely. The routine maintenance of the press includes daily, weekly, monthly and 6-monthly schedules. The production coordinator makes sure that these schedules are strictly followed. The Electrical and Mechanical Consultants over-head these maintenance tasks. Production Report: A production report sent to the Senior Management every day, which refers to:

· Number of hours the machine runs · Total runs of the machine · Total material consumed · Wastage percentage of the material · Working hours of the workers · Number of newspaper printed · Delays(if any), their cause and effect

Similarly, a production report is generated weekly, monthly then annually.

Bottlenecks: Production is the most significant department in any organization. It is particularly critical because timely production is very critical. Any bottlenecks in the production

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may lead to serious damages not only financially but also to the image and goodwill of the company. It’s always try to makes sure to avoid any such problems. Delays can be at Four Ends: Editorial The biggest tailback is delay in the news. Sometimes the editorial staff has to wait for special news that causes the delay in dispatching the soft copy of the newspaper to the stations. Advertising Agency Sometimes the delay in newspaper may be due to advertising agencies. If the advertisement required to print and not received in time, the newspaper may be delayed. Intermediary Departments The newspaper reaches the communication department in Lahore has to be very vigilant in this regard. They have to send the paper to the press as soon as they receive the soft copy. Technical breakdown The press comprises of a huge printing machine, with various parts. At times, some of the part may get a problem. Such small technical problems are handles immediately under the consultation of the mechanical consultant. Marketing Mix The term marketing mix refers to the four major areas of decision making in the marketing process that are blended to obtain the results desired by the organization. The four elements of the marketing mix that are sometimes referred to the four Ps of marketing. The marketing mix shapes the role of marketing within all types of organizations, both profit and nonprofit. Each element in the marketing mix

· Product · Price · Promotion · Place

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It consists of numerous sub elements. Marketing/Sales staff makes numerous decisions based on the various sub elements of the marketing mix, all in an attempt to satisfy the needs and wants of consumers. Product/Service: Product is anything that could offer to a market for attention, acquisition; use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need of the person. It includes physical objects, services, person, places, organization and ideas. Products contain both tangible and intangible components, predominantly tangible products are called goods and intangible products are called the services. Services are the temporary provision of a product or the performance of an activity intended to satisfy certain needs of buyers. They can avail the services but not in general own it. In our economy, many organizations provide services like schools, hospitals, banks, transportation, hotel services etc. Regular Dunya Paper: Front Page: (Masthead) Roznama Dunya logo is printed on the right side. Website, volume number, date and price of the paper is written below to the logo. Quraan Ayayah Tarjuma posted on the left side and Main points / news posted at the top of the page with photos as caption. News Heads: Related to the latest happenings (mostly within the country) and some significant headlines from international perspective City (Shehar ke Dunya): Based on citynews covering the whole of the local news form all Tehsils of District Dunya Mery Aagy: Based on news about the current issues around the globe and many time half page covering “Mehrab-o-Mambar” Religious stories especially on Friday Classified: Based on classified ads of all categories from different cities

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Remaining: Covering on remaining news and stories of other pages Sports: Sometimes 2 pages added for sports news covering from all over the world Faisalabad (Bureau/Local published page): Based on District News and Ads Showbiz: Based on Showbiz news from Pakistan, Bollywood and Hollywood Gird-o-Nawah ki Dunya: Based on miscellaneous news from different cities including some remaining stories and ads as well Editorial: Based on articles/columns of different writers/journalists/political analysts as well as it also covered the issues of lives sent from different people Business: Based on “Business/Stock Exchange” news and ads Digest: Covering the stories of the writers based on novels, dramas as well as realties sent by the peoples Edition: Based on stories, puzzles pictures for children and other stuff for women Back Page: This covers general news with ads as well

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Other Major Experiences as assigned (Collection & Reporting): News and Ads - I have collected news, stories and ads from any area of city, assigned by my seniors. Below are some platforms from where I have done this:

· Reporters · Correspondents · Monitoring in the areas

· Press releases from public sector organizations

· Press note from the district administration and departments

· Handout from PR and PID

· Social Institutes and Hospitals

· Commerce & Industrial Chambers

· Unions of Governments and Private sectors

· Media contacts

· Opinion leaders/Politicians

· Celebrities/ Players/ media icons

· Press conferences

· Media briefings

· Important function, ceremony, workshop, seminars

· Police stations and Jails/ Court

· Educational institutions

· Banks State, Agriculture and commercial

· News agencies

· Corporate sectors

· Public gatherings

· Sports grounds

· Web

· Other News Papers and Channels

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I have collected number of news but little news were published in newspaper and sent to the channel as well. I have also met with many celebrities and reached their presence points to gathering the news stories. I have also got much experience during these days that how to get news from any celebrity and interviewed as well. Press conferences and Press club meetings were also attended to get experience that how to prepare and present you in a press conference and press club meetings. I had attended the meetings with Mr. Asif Nazir, Reporter Dunya News and other associates in this field. Interview sessions in Newspaper and Channel events were also conducted as an exercise to acquired experience in the field on ground levels in front of people, still and video camera as well. I have collected many ads for newspaper from which one of the ad was published in Roznama Dunya 5 December 2014 copy on Back Page. News and ads were prepared by myself and forwarded to Senior Reporter and then to Bureau Chief / Editor for Publish approval. Just few news and ads were approved for publishing in dummy and published newspaper as well as sent to the channel for running in written format/line (Patti). Below are some events/programs details that have been attended by me from where I have collected news, stories, ads and fulfilled other assignments. During a briefing session in front of people and video camera on an event to get, experience how to give and take briefing/interview for an event or prepare a package for channel and news story for paper as well.

At Dunya News & Roznama Dunya forum with President and General Secretary and Members of Bar Association Faisalabad and Jaranwala to got experience regarding photojournalism and news gathering regarding Courts and Crime in the city.

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I have fulfilled an assignment of Photos on a hotel inauguration event in Faisalabad during interview and news recording by Mian Anjum, Reporter Dunya News. It was not only a photo session for me but also an assumption that how the news coverage processed and interviewed the specific individuals in the meanwhile time.

During an information and training session regarding newspaper and channel production process

Sitting with Mr.Kalid Javed , General Secratery Faisalabad Union of Journalist and Mr. Asif Nazir Dunya News Correspondent in a Press Conference to get photos and news collection.

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In the presence of Commissioner Faisalabad Sardar Akram was as a Chief Guest during a sports event inauguration at Bohrran Wali Ground Faisalabad to get news and photos of activity, where DO Sports Tariq Nazir, Assistant Commissioner, District and Regional Sports Association officials also present there.

Photo with Navy Commander Babar Niaz and Army Col. Ijaz Ahmad Nasir at Navy recruitment and selection center to collect news and stories regarding flood affected people, areas situation and helping activities updates.

During a press briefing and interview session with National Cricket Hero Mr. Saeed Ajmal at his International Academy in Agriculture University Faisalabad to collect news regarding his future plans and PCB as well.

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During meeting with Mr. Faisal, Official Staff in PR Department Faisalabad Punjab for collection of news regarding district and provincial government as well as getting knowledge about department working process.

During an interview session with a student in a school regarding issues in education, school, slybus and others

Be seated with Mr. Syed Sultan Shah, President World Blind Cricket Council and Chairman Pakistan Blind Cricket Council, during a blind cricket sports event to gathering event news and photos.

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A private Advertisement was collected and designed by me and it was published on the Back page of Roznama Dunya, Faisalabad dated 5th December 2014.

This is one of the photos (only a goat loaded in a 36 wheeler long vehicle at Samundari Road, Faisalabad) which has collected / captured by me, as special and entertaining photos for newspaper and news channel. Overall experience was very good; I have done all types of work physically and on ground level during my internship period that is also mentioned in written/brief on above pages in points. This was a tremendous time and official period for me in my professional and educational life as well. Thanks very much for Mass Communication Department Officials, Allama Iqbal Open University and Management of Dunya News as well. Strengths: Editorial team comprises of Pakistan’s most respected and distinguished journalists providing comprehensive coverage of the main political, business and human interest stories, also contributing features on education, environment, health, lifestyle, science, technology and sports. Dunya provides accurate, credible and extensive information with an added and unique dimension that speaks to our readers from a

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national point of view. Bringing to them a complete and unbiased picture of what is happening in Pakistan as well as abroad, assisting our readers in forming opinions and making decisions that are balanced and well informed. It’s never encourages or welcomes sensationalism. Its forte has been its credibility hence serving as valuable reference material for authors and researchers. A balanced point of view is its most cherished characteristic. Objective analysis and impartial opinion have been the hallmark of Dunya. It has always followed an independent and impartial policy in the presentation and projection of news items & reports. Its greatest asset has been its adherence to its principles. The dedication and sustained interest of the Dunya Staff is the spirit that distinguishes the paper from the others. It is a mass medium organization whose influence and credibility is recognized nationally and internationally. It has never wavered from its commitment to report the news truthfully, accurately and without prejudice. Any changes that have occurred in the layout and substance of Dunya have been in complete harmony with the contents of the newspaper and channel. Changes are introduced in response to the changing demands of the times. Weaknesses: There are no obvious weaknesses of the Dunya as it is the leading Urdu medium of News and Current affairs with unbiased approach, which makes it unique from others. Its magazine is also unique in their nature and style. Belongs to educational institutes, as group of companies is a reference, so is the great point of literature. The areas where they need to focus are as under

· Comparatively less coverage to the international events

· No coverage of the hot and happenings of the entertainment industry on a daily basis

· Only selective sports are covered and there is need of the comprehensive coverage of all the sports.

· Converge should be given to the events which are based on society interests and entertainment, no matter these are organizing by government or private sectors

· Need based trainings and outdoor visits should be conducted for official staff for their mentally satisfaction and relaxation

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Opportunities: Events: Dunya media is so dynamic and vibrant organization in locating untouched areas of the industry and the planning and executing them to a greater level of success. Special events are one-ofthe best examples in this regards. Nevertheless, there are still many ideas, which should be materialized. Some of them are as under:

· Dunya has yet not organized any Events related to health and fitness industry. They should focus on this section of economy because of its growth and development patterns. Especially the mechanizing of health industry has opened new horizons not only for the very industry but also advertising agencies, media buying houses and obviously for media groups.

· Even though economy is at the peak of recession, Fashion has become a

mature and more developed industry in Pakistan. An avalanche of new and young entrepreneurs with a healthy amount of capital is ensuring leaps and bounds in this industry. To add to this is the positive consumer response.

· Dunya is somewhat lenient toward the idea of arranging such activities. It should carefully giving proper importance to this industry can be so beneficial.

Some of the other important and emerging areas that demands proper time and efforts are given below.

· By organizing events related to each of the industries Dunya can secure greater amount of revenues and recognition.

· Book Exhibition

· Sports industry and manufacturers of related accessories

· Music and cultural events

· Food industry, both treated and fresh

· Film festival, award shows. Threats:

The security situation for journalists in general has deteriorated in decade. At least 51 journalists have been killed since September 2001 with at least 6 journalists were

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killed in 2013 alone. A climate of fear impedes coverage of both state security forces and the militant groups. Threats and intimidation against

Since 2002, the Pakistani media has become powerful and independent and the number of private television channels has grown from just three state-run channels in 2000 to 89 in 2012, according to the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority. Most of the private media in Pakistan flourished under the Musharraf regime.

Although Dunya has established diversified portfolios, which are backed by loyal customer base, still there are some obvious threats in addition to latent and hidden threats. Some of them are mentioned below: Economic downfall is a threatening danger and is the major reason of some lethal results. It may causes, �Loss of major clients to advertise �Severe effects on business and portfolio development �A dwindling sales volume �Sales returns �Power crisis �Increasing cost of production �Upcoming and present competitor whose major focus is on copying and stealing

initiated efforts �Entrance of the News and Express into the events which are cheap and attracting

the small clients. Suggestions and Recommendations: Dunya is the Market leader in its category, they have very talented and experience top management and staff. Most of the processes and things happening at Dunya very well planned and judged but there are certain areas of improvement in any field. The things that I have observed as areas of improvement are as follows; �Dunya is following a typical set of pattern in its Newspaper and this pattern remain

the same throughout its history, although the readers are also distinctive and they are following and addicted to this pattern but there are other competitors that are

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offering somewhat more attractive and diversified material. I expect in near future, there are many things that are going to be the Dunya’s competitive necessity. I think it should plan a smooth transformation into a Newspaper that can manage itself in its competitive market.

�This is particularly true for the real estate advertisers. Over the past 2 years, real

estate advertising in Dunya has grown rapidly. In fact, the real estate sector has been one of the top three advertisers in the country for the past few years. Investing in Dunya will prove to be extremely beneficial to your company; it will provide you with direct access to Pakistan’s affluent sector, all the while ensuring that your advertisements receive the highest response rate possible.

�As compared to other newspaper, although having the best production facilities,

look the very light and least catchy. Most of new readers of Dunya get bored very early. Dunya should also focus on this area to make it look more bright and colorful.

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Conclusion and Comments:

It is safe to say that journalism had its roots in the sub-continent since the Muslim rule. A perfect communication system did exist when the British invaded the sub- continent. It is true that British established printing presses and promoted literacy, but it was the endeavors of natives of sub-continent, that journalism prospered throughout from corner to corner. As journalism flourished, many broad-minded people of sub-continent entered into the arena of journalism. With the development of press, not only stringers, news-writers and editors enhanced their journalistic practice and skills, but an audience responsive to a mass press took birth. In short, it was the mutual co-ordination between press and readership, which paved the way to act upon the right of freedom of speech. Being the rulers, British supported the idea of free press but with certain limitations. They never tolerated criticism, which was the major source of bringing forth their sins and mismanagement. Historians tell that British crushed printing presses, closed several newspapers and jailed or exiled some of those brilliant journalists who remained barrier in fulfillment of their intentions. However, please remember that in spite of British resistance or more exactly atrocities, the courageous editors and their press didn’t stopped but continued to acquaint people with the conspiracies and awful determinations of the then British government. Even after the exclusion of Muslims from journalism in 1857, the Muslim press grew from scrap and fruitfully served the cause of independence

Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad is one of the new generations of Pakistani Institutions with a progressive and innovative outlook. AIOU has rich tradition of developing professional and technical work force, disseminating international level of higher education in various diversified disciplines. Allama Iqbal Open University has always maintained a high degree of educational competence and professional development. MSC Mass Communication at AIOU prepares students for executive career in business and other organizations. The degree offered at AIOU is surely a golden passport, since it helps the postgraduates to fulfill potential for well known and a national builder, increased responsibility and greater personal and nation development, absent in concurring awareness related degrees. With no exception, present decade has been labeled as the era of media, management, business administration and entrepreneurial development based on the modern tools with communication power and techniques. Tribute and Salute to Allama Iqbal Open University, AIOU Mass Communication Department Official. With Sincere Thanks and Best Regards

Muhammad Zeeshan Akram Msc Mass Communication

INTERNSHIP REPORT ZEESHAN@DUNYA FOR ONLINE

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