Internship Report on Pressure Vessels
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Transcript of Internship Report on Pressure Vessels
7/7/2012
Vivek Rathor
OPTECH
ENGINEERING
PRIVATE
LIMITED
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON PRESSURE VESSELS
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
Page 2
Preface
This report documents the work done during the summer internship at
Optech Engineering Private Limited, D- 151, Amargyan Industrial
Estate, Khopat,Thane under the supervision of directors of the company,
Siddharth Desai and Trisit Bhuiyan. The report first shall give an
overview of the tasks completed during the period of internship with
technical details. Then the results obtained shall be discussed and
analyzed. I have tried my best to keep report simple yet technically
correct. I hope I succeed in my attempt.
Vivek Rathor
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
Page 3
Acknowledgments
Simply put, I could not have done this work without the lots of help I
received cheerfully from whole Optech. The work culture in Optech
really motivates. Everybody is such a friendly and cheerful companion
here that work stress is never comes in way. I would specially like to
thank Kiran sir to always help me in every possible way and for proving
the nice ideas to work upon. I am also highly indebted to my supervisors
Siddharth Desai and Trisit Bhuiyan, who seemed to have solutions to all
my problems.
Vivek Rathor
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
Page 4
Company Introduction:
Optech Engineering Private Limited is incorporated in 2005 & is
dedicated to create a benchmark in the Indian Hydrocarbon sector.
Optech Engineering has its reputation in delivering high quality products
and innovative technology for its customers. The company has four main
wings-
1. OPFEB – The Fabrication Shop.
2. OPCON – The Project and Construction Division.
3. OPSERVE – 24X7 Onsite Services.
4. OPTEST – Non Destructive Testing and Certifications.
OPTECH ENGG.
PVT. LTD
OPFEB
OPCON
OPSERVE
OPTEST
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
Page 5
OPFEB – The Fabrication Shop
The company’s certified Pressure Vessel Fabrication facility at their
factory is a state of the art facility with the most modern equipments to
handle a job of 8 meters height and 33 meters in length and 10 meters in
width. This department has the following equipment:
15MT Demag OT crane
Plate rolling Machine for 60mm X 3m wide plate
Trolley Mounted Column & boom welding machine with rotators
All In-House NDT facilities
The Standards according to which the company fabricates the pressure
vessels are-
ASME sec VIII – Division 1
ASME sec VIII – Division 2
PD5500
IS 2825 etc.
Their products include:
LPG / PROPANE Storage tanks
AMMONIA Storage Vessels
CO2, H2, N2 & other industrial gases pressure vessels
Large capacity vaporizers and heat exchangers
Stainless Steel storage tanks vessel
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
Page 6
OPCON – The Project and Construction Division
With over two decades of experience, customers are assured of
innovative and reliable designs, well coordinated project execution, Fast
and Quality construction in all projects. There are over 100 projects to
its credits in India and abroad.
The company has expertise in this division mainly in following
areas:
1. PROPANE / LPG storage and handling terminals.
2. LNG storage terminals.
3. Large Crude Oil terminals and Floating roof storage tanks.
4. Auto LPG dispensing station.
5. LPG boiling plant etc.
OPSERVE – 24X7 Onsite services
It is an Optech’s third division which operates and maintains
Hydrocarbon Storage and handling facilities on 24X7 basis.
OPTEST – Non Destructive Testing and Certifications
Optech has its fourth division which undertakes all the Non Destructive
Testing procedures and statutory certifications for Hydrocarbon storage
and handling facilities.
The company’s expertise in this division is as follows:
Large diameter Horton spheres and Pressure Vessels.
Floating roof storage tanks (API 650).
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
Page 7
Auto LPG Stations.
Radiographic inspection (ASME sec. VIII Div 1 & Sec IX).
Harness Test (ASTM-E-110-89).
Hydro testing (ASME Sec VII Div 1) etc.
Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement (ASTM-A-4525-89).
Dye Penetration Test (ASTM-E-165-89).
Major Projects –
1. Lake Gas, Tanzania – 1X64 KL water capacity Propane or LPG
storage tank for bottling plant.
2. Sugam gas, Nepal – 4X 106 KL water capacity LPG storage &
bottling plant.
3. TATA Motors, Jamshedpur – 3X 350 KL water capacity LPG
mounded storage tank installation.
4. Mahindra and Mahindra, Chakan – 2 X 30 KL water capacity
H.S.D (High Speed Diesel) storage tank installation.
5. Ashok Leyland John Deree – 1 X 30 KL capacity mounded
Propane storage tank installation.
6. Munjal Showa, Haridwar – 2 X 36 KL water capacity Propane or
LPG mounded storage tank.
7. ISPAT Industries – 2 X 20 KL water capacity Ammonia storage
tank installation.
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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The Goals :
Following Goals were set as I proceeded in my work –
1. Understanding of basic concepts of Pressure Vessels.
2. Understanding of Designing and Fabrication of pressure vessels
according to different codes viz. IS-2825, PD5500 & ASME Sec
VIII Div 1.
3. To make a master design calculation plan for all the design
calculation for the manufacture of Pressure Vessels by the different
types of codes as stated above.
4. To assist in the designing and design calculation for the ongoing
project of 130KL LPG tank.
Basics of Pressure Vessels :
Some definitions:
A PRESSURE VESSEL is a closed container designed to hold
gases or liquids at a pressure (either internal or external)
substantially different from the ambient pressure, and whose water
capacity exceeds 1000 liters.
DESIGN includes drawing, calculation, specifications, model
codes and all other details necessary for the complete description
of the Pressure Vessel and its construction.
DESIGN PRESSURE means the pressure used in the design
calculations of a vessel for the purpose of determining the
minimum thickness of various component parts of the vessel.
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
Page 9
DESIGN TEMPERATURE is the minimum and maximum
temperature range taken for the designing purpose.
CYLINDER or GAS CYLINDER means any closed metal
container intended for storage and transportation of compressed
gas.
CORROSION means all form of wastage, & includes oxidation,
scaling, mechanical abrasion & corrosion.
BOTTLING PLANT means a premises where cylinders are filled
with compressed gas.
FILLING DENSITY means the ratio of weight of liquefiable gas
allowed in a pressure vessel to the weight of the water that the
vessel will hold at 150 C.
FILL POINT means the point of the inlet pipe connection of a
vessel where hose is connected for filling the compressed gas into
vessel. LIQUEFIABLE GAS means any gas that may be liquefied by
pressure above -100 C, but will be completely vaporized when in
equilibrium with normal atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg) at 300
C.
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE means the temperature above
which gas cannot be liquefied by the application of pressure alone.
A DESIGN CODE is a document that sets rules for the design of a
new development. It is a tool that can be used in the design and
planning process, but goes further and is more regulatory than
other forms of guidance. Eg. – IS-2825, ASME Sec VIII Div 1,
etc.
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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SAFETY RELIEF DEVICE means an automatic pressure
relieving device actuated by the pressure upstream of the valve and
characterized by fully opened pop action, intended to prevent the
rupture f a pressure vessel under certain conditions of exposure.
WATER CAPACITY means capacity in liters of the pressure
vessel when completely filled with water at 150 C.
Types of Pressure Vessels:
Following are the main types of pressure vessels:
A. According to the end construction
B. According to the dimensions
Pressure vessel according to the end construction:
According to the end construction, the pressure vessels are may be
OPEN END or CLOSED END. A simple cylinder with a piston is an
example of open-end vessel whereas a tank is an example of closed end
vessel. Due to the fluid pressure circumferential or hoop stresses are
include in case of open ended vessels whereas longitudinal stresses in
addition to circumferential stresses are induced in case of closed ended
vessels.
Pressure vessels according to dimensions:
According to the dimensions pressure vessels may be of THIN SHELL
or THICK SHELL. The deciding factor among thin and thick shells is its
wall thickness and shell diameter if the ratio t/d is less than 1/10 the
vessel is said to be THIN SHELL and if the ratio is greater than 1/10 it is
said to be a THICK SHELL. Thin shell are used in boilers, tanks and
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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pipes whereas thick shells are used in high pressure cylinder, tanks gun
barrels.
Uses of pressure vessels: The pressure vessels are used to store
fluid such as liquid vapors and gases under pressure. Major uses of
pressure vessels are as follows:
Pressure vessels are used in steam boilers.
Pressure vessels are also used in storage of chemical in chemical
plants.
Use in storage of petroleum products (petrol, diesel etc).
It is also used in engine cylinders.
Vessel Orientation:
There are three types of vessel orientation:
1. Horizontal
2. Vertical
3. Horton sphere
1. Horizontal:
A horizontal Pressure Vessel is as shown in fig.-
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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8. Vertical Pressure Vessel:
The Vertical Pressure Vessel is as shown in the fig. :
9. Horonsphere:
The Horton Sphere Pressure Vessel is as shown in the fig. :
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Types of Dish Ends :
There are many types of Dish Ends but only four types of Dish Ends are
broadly used in industries, which are:
1. Torispherical
2. Semi-Ellipsoidal (2:1)
3. Hemispherical
4. Flat
1. Torispherical: Torispherical heads are the most common type of head used for the
manufacture of pressure vessels and usually the most economical
to form. Generally, the I.C.R (Inside Crown Radius) is equal to
85% of I.D (Internal Diameter) of the head or less. The I.K.R
(Inside Knuckle Radius) needs to be around 18.85% of the I.D of
the head.
The S.F (Straight Face) is normally between 10mm and 30mm
depending on the diameter and thickness of the head to be formed.
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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2. Semi-Ellipsoidal(2:1) :
Semi-Ellipsoidal (2:1) heads are deeper than a Torispherical head
and therefore stronger and able to resist greater pressures. These
heads are more difficult to form owning to the greater depth
required. As a result these are more expensive to form than a
Torispherical head, but may allow a reduction in material thickness
as the strength is greater.
The I.C.R is 80% of the O.D (Outer Diameter) of the head.
The I.K.R is 15.4% of the O.D of the head.
The maximum diameter we can form a 2:1 Semi-Ellipsoidal head to
is 2310mm I.D.
The S.F is normally between 10mm and 30mm depending on the
diameter and thickness of the head to be formed.
3. Hemispherical:
Hemispherical heads allow more pressure than any other head.
However, the hemispherical head is the most expensive to form, as
they consists of a number of petals. The number of which depends
on the size of the head and the thickness of the plate to be used. The
depth of the head is half of the diameter.
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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4. Flat:
A flat end with a knuckled outer edge. Typically used as bases on
vertical atmospheric tanks and lids for smaller tanks. The I.K.R for
most flat ends is usually 25mm, 32mm and 51mm depending on the
diameter, thickness and customer requirements. The S.F is normally
between 10mm and 30mm depending on the diameter and thickness
of the head.
Support for Pressure Vessel:
Type of support used depends on the orientation and pressure of the
pressure vessel. Support from the pressure vessel must be capable of
withstanding heavy loads from the pressure vessel, wind loads and
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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seismic loads. Pressure on pressure vessel design is not a consideration
in designing support. Temperature can be a consideration in designing
the support from the standpoint of material selection for the different
thermal expansion.
Various types of support that used to support the pressure vessel are as
follows:
1. Saddle Support
2. Leg Support
3. Lug Support
4. Skirt Support
1. Saddle Support: Horizontal pressure vessel (Fig. 1) is generally
supported by two advocates of saddle support. Wide saddle supports the
weight of the ultimate burden on a large area on the shell to prevent
excessive local stresses on the shell above the supporting point. The
width of the saddle between the detail designs is determined based on
the specific size and condition of the pressure vessel design.
Fig 1 - Pressure Vessel Horizontal with Saddle Support
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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2. Leg Support: Small vertical pressure vessel is generally supported by
the a leg at the bottom of the shell. Comparison between the maximum
lengths of the support leg with a diameter of vessel is usually 2:1. Ring
reinforcement pad is used to provide additional reinforcement of local
and load distribution, where the local stresses that occur shell can be
overdone. The sum of the leg is needed depends on size and weight
received vessel. Support leg is also commonly used in pressurized
spherical storage vessels.
3. Lug Support: Lug Support in a pressure vessel can also be used to
support the vertical pressure vessel. Lug Support is limited to a small
vessel with a diameter of up to medium diameter (10-10 ft). With a ratio
of height to vessel diameter is 2:1 to 5:1. Lug often used to support
vessel located on top of steel structures. Lug usually bolted on the
horizontal structure to provide stability against the loads; however, bolt
holes are often given the gap to provide radial thermal expansion of
freedom in the vessel.
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4. Skirt Support: Vertical cylindrical pressure vessels which are high
are generally supported by the skirt. Skirt support is part of a cylindrical
shell, one of them at the bottom of the body vessel or the bottom head
(for the cylindrical vessel). Skirts for spherical vessel on the vessel are
closer to the center of the shell.
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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Welded Joint:
Welding joints are formed by welding two or more work pieces, made of
metals or plastics, according to a particular geometry. The most common
types are butt and lap joints; there are various lesser used welding joints
including flange and corner joints.
Categories of Welded joints in a Pressure Vessel:
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a) Category A: Longitudinal welded joints within the main sheet,
communicating chambers, nozzles and any welded joints within a
formed or flat head.
b) Category B: Circumferential welded joints within the main shell,
communicating chambers, nozzles and transitions in diameter
including joints between the translations and a cylinder at either
the large of small end, circumferential welded joints connecting
from heads to main shells to nozzles and to communicating
chambers.
c) Category C: Welded joints connecting flanges, tubes sheets and
flat heads to main shells, to formed heads, to nozzles or to
communicating chambers and any welded joints connecting one
side plate to another side plate of a flat sided vessel.
d) Category D: Welded joints connecting communicating chambers
or nozzles to main shells, to heads and to flat sided vessels and
those joints connecting nozzles to communicating chambers.
Loadings Loadings or forces are the ―causes‖ of stress in pressure vessels.
Loadings may be applied over a large portion (general area) of the vessel
or over a local area of the vessel. General and local loads can produce
membrane and bending stresses. These stresses are additive and define
the overall state of stress in the vessel or component.
Categories of Loading:
General loads— Applied more or less continuously across a vessel
section.
a) Pressure loads—Internal or external pressure (design, operating,
Hydrotest, and hydrostatic head of liquid.)
b) Moment loads—Due to wind, seismic, erection, transportation.
c) Compressive/tensile loads—Due to dead weight, installed
equipment, ladders, platforms, piping and vessel contents.
d) Thermal loads—Hot box design of skirt-head attachment.
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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Local loads— Due to reactions from supports, internal, attached Piping,
attached equipment, i.e., platforms, mixers, etc.
a) Radial load— Inward or Outward.
b) Shear load—Longitudinal or circumferential.
c) Torsion load.
d) Tangential load.
e) Moment load—Longitudinal or circumferential.
f) Thermal load.
Types of Loadings: 1. Steady Loads
2. Non- Steady Loads
Steady loads—Long-term duration, continuous.
a) Internal/external pressure.
b) Dead weight.
c) Vessel contents.
d) Loading due to attached piping and equipment.
e) Wind Loads
Non-steady loads- Short-term duration, Variable.
a) Shop and field hydro-test.
b) Earthquake.
c) Erection.
d) Transportation.
e) Upset, emergency.
f) Thermal Loads.
g) Startup, shut down
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FAILURE IN PRESSURE VESSELS
Categories of Failures: Material - Improper Selection of materials; defects in material.
Design—Incorrect design data; inaccurate or incorrect design
methods; inadequate shop testing.
Fabrication – Poor quality control; improper or insufficient
fabrication procedures including welding; heat treatment or
forming methods.
TYPES OF FAILURES Elastic deformation—Elastic instability or elastic buckling, vessel
geometry, and stiffness as well as properties of materials are
protecting against buckling.
Brittle fracture—Can occur at low or intermediate temperature.
Brittle fractures have occurred in vessels made of low carbon steel
in the 40-50 F range during hydrotest where minor flaws exist.
Excessive plastic deformation—The primary and secondary
stress limits as outlined in ASME Section VIII, Division 2, are
intended to prevent excessive plastic deformation and incremental
collapse.
Stress rupture—Creep deformation as a result of fatigue or cyclic
loading, i.e., progressive fracture. Creep is a time-dependent
phenomenon, whereas fatigue is a cyclic-dependent phenomenon
Plastic instability—Incremental collapse; incremental collapse is
cyclic strain accumulation or cumulative cyclic deformation.
Cumulative damage leads to instability of vessel by plastic
deformation.
High Strain—Low cyclic fatigue is strain-governed and occurs
mainly in lower strength/high-ductile materials.
Stress corrosion—It is well know that chlorides cause stress
corrosion cracking in stainless steels; likewise caustic service can
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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cause stress corrosion cracking in carbon steel. Materials selection
is critical in these services.
Corrosion fatigue—Occurs when corrosive and fatigue effects
occur simultaneously. Corrosion can reduce fatigue life by pitting
the surface and propagating cracks. Material selection and fatigue
properties are the major considerations.
CODES
What is a design code? According to the formal definition provided by the Department of
Communities and Local Government: ―A design code is a set of illustrated design rules and
requirements which instruct and may advise on the physical
development of a site or area. The graphic and written
components of the code are detailed and precise, and build upon a
design vision such a masterplan or a design and development
framework for a site or area.‖
This means that, for a set of rules to constitute a code, they must:
Combine written instructions and graphic illustration,
Concern physical development within a defined area,
Give prescriptive and precise instructions (at least in part),
Distinguish clearly between mandatory and advisory elements, and
Not constitute a plan in their own right but put into operation
another plan or framework.
A design code is a technical delivery document, which serves as a
quality benchmark for the whole development, but not a prescription.
Design Codes should be read in conjunction with other documents,
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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which set out a clear vision, principles and character for the
development, such as the Design & Access Statement and Spatial Master
plan document. Codes should develop the design vision, and provide a
clear set of requirements (the codes) to achieve/deliver this vision. The
Spatial Master plan or Vision provides the broader place based vision,
whilst codes interpret and articulate this vision.
Design codes should be a briefly and clearly expressed separate
document, which is easy to understand and use by non-technical people.
What are the advantages of codes?
There are a number of positive benefits of design codes for all parties
involved, including:
Greater design quality, character and sense of place.
Greater co-ordination of different aspects at an earlier stage (e.g.
highways, landscape and architecture), which avoid changes later
in the process.
Greater certainty for developers.
Potentially faster process.
Different types of design codes used in the field of Pressure
Vessel manufacturing/fabrication:
The most commonly used standard in the manufacture of Pressure
Vessels in India is ASME Section VIII Div 1 even though there is
another Indian standard for unfired Pressure Vessels. The Standards that
are commonly used are-
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII: Rules for
Construction of Pressure Vessels.
IS 2825-1969 (RE1977) code unfired Pressure vessels.
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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BS 5500: Former British Standard, replaced in the UK by BS EN
13445 but retained under the name PD 5500 for the design and
construction of export equipment.
EN 13445: The current European Standard, harmonized with the
Pressure Equipment Directive (97/23/EC). Extensively used in
Europe.
BS 4994: Specification for design and construction of vessels and
tanks in reinforced plastics.
ASME PVHO: US standard for Pressure Vessels for Human
Occupancy
AIAA S-080-1998: AIAA Standard for Space Systems – Metallic
Pressure Vessels, Pressurized Structures, and Pressure
Components.
AIAA S-081A-2006: AIAA Standard for Space Systems -
Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (COPVs) etc.
Manufacturing of Pressure vessels:
Machines used in the manufacturing of pressure vessels are-
Plate Rolling Machine
Welding Machines
End Cups Manufacturing Machine
Post Weld Heat Treatment Machine
Other Tools and consumables
Steps of manufacturing in brief are as follows:
Cut the plates to the desire sizes.
Role the plates to the required radius.
Bevel the sides prior welding.
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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Prepare the welding procedure, qualify these procedures and then
prequalify welders.
Install weldolets for fixing the gauges, pressure, temperature
gauges and so on.
Order the vessel end caps or cups.
Weld all elements.
Apply post weld heat treatment.
Paint the vessel, and install the instruments and gauges.
Quality Management System
Optech Engineering Private Limited follows the method of Quality
Management System according to which they inspect each and every
part of their Pressure Vessel to be manufactured in between the process
of manufacture for quality purposes. For example, we take a part of the
shell to be manufactured, the parts of the shell are inspected and
approved and only after that, they are manufactured and after that they
proceed further in manufacturing process. This process is adopted for
each and every part of the Vessel to assure Quality.
A Quality Management System (QMS) can be expressed as the
organizational structure, procedures, processes and resources needed to
implement quality management. Early systems emphasized predictable
outcomes of an industrial product production line, using simple statistics
and random sampling. By the 20th century, labor inputs were typically
the most costly inputs in most industrialized societies, so focus shifted to
team cooperation and dynamics, especially the early signaling of
problems via a improvement cycle. In the 21st century, QMS has tended
to converge with sustainability and transparency initiatives, as both
investor and customer satisfaction and perceived quality is increasingly
tied to these factors. Of all QMS regimes the ISO 9000 and ISO
14000 series are probably the most widely implemented worldwide -
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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the ISO 19011 audit regime applies to both, and deals with quality and
sustainability and their integration.
Elements of a Quality Management System:
1. Organizational structure
2. Responsibilities
3. Methods
4. Data Management
5. Processes - including purchasing
6. Resources - including natural resources and human capital
7. Customer Satisfaction
8. Continuous Improvement
9. Product Quality
10. Maintenance
11. Sustainability - including efficient resource use and responsible
environmental operations
12. Transparency and independent audit
Concept of Quality – Historical Background:
The concept of quality as we think of it now first emerged out of
the Industrial Revolution. Previously goods had been made from start to
finish by the same person or team of people, with handcrafting and
tweaking the product to meet 'quality criteria'. Mass production brought
huge teams of people together to work on specific stages of production
where one person would not necessarily complete a product from start to
finish. In the late 19th century pioneers such as industrialists recognized
the limitations of the methods being used in mass production at the time
and the subsequent varying quality of output. Birland established
Quality Departments to oversee the quality of production and rectifying
of errors, and Ford emphasized standardization of design and component
standards to ensure a standard product was produced. Management of
quality was the responsibility of the Quality department and was
implemented by Inspection of product output to 'catch' defects.
Applications of statistical control came later as a result of World War
production methods, and were advanced by the work done of W.
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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Edwards Deming, a statistician, after whom the Deming
Prize for quality is named. Joseph M. Juran focused more on managing
for quality. The first edition of Juran's Quality Control Handbook was
published in 1951. He also developed the "Juran's trilogy," an approach
to cross-functional management that is composed of three managerial
processes: quality planning, quality control and quality improvement.
These functions all play a vital role when evaluating quality.
Quality, as a profession and the managerial process associated with the
quality function, was introduced during the second-half of the 20th
century, and has evolved since then. Over this period, few other
disciplines have seen as many changes as the quality profession.
The quality profession grew from simple control, to engineering, to
systems engineering. Quality control activities were predominant in the
1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. The 1970s were an era of quality engineering
and the 1990s saw quality systems as an emerging field.
Like medicine, accounting, and engineering, quality has achieved status
as a recognized profession.
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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Result:
According to different types of code, we performed design calculations
which are as follows:
Type of Code
Type of Vessel
Capacity Design Pressure
Allowable Stress
Hydrotest Pressure
Internal Diameter
PD 5500 Above Ground 130 KL 14.5 Kg/cm2 20.843 Kg/mm2
20.7 Kg/cm2 3400 mm
IS 2825 Above Ground 20 KL 21 Kg/cm2 20.944 Kg/mm2
30.3 Kg/cm2 2050 mm
IS 2825 Mounded 30 KL 21 Kg/cm2 16.405 Kg/mm2
27.4 Kg/cm2 2500 mm
IS 2825 Underground 10 KL 22.09 Kg/cm2 16.405 Kg/mm2
28.6 Kg/cm2 1720 mm
Type of Dish End
Volumetric Calculations Shell Thickness
Dish End Thickness
Volume of Two Dish Ends
Volume of Cylindrical Shell
Overall length
Hemi Spherical 20.57 m3 109.42 m3 15472 mm 14 mm 10 mm
Hemi Spherical 2.26 m3 17.72 m3 6430 mm 12 mm 14 mm
Hemi Spherical 8.18 m3 21.82 m3 6969 mm 18 mm 12 mm
Torrispherical 1.44 m3 8.56 m3 4550 mm 14 mm 14 mm
Internship Report On Pressure Vessels 2012
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Conclusion:
This organization has a great work culture, great minds and very high
quality of work. I learned a lot about Pressure Vessel manufacturing and
designing. I have tried to develop as many designs as possible for
Optech and even got very encouraging results with some of them. I hope
my work on Optech helps it meet its goals. The whole experience of
working at Optech was great.
Refrences:
Wikipedia.
Practical guide to pressure vessel manufacturing, Sunil Pullarcot.
ASME boiler and Pressure Vessel codes.
SMPV (Unfired) rules, 1981.