Internet Technology Handbook Optimizing the IP Network

Mark A. Miller

A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

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Internet Technology Handbook

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

Internet Technology Handbook Optimizing the IP Network

Mark A. Miller

A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

Copyright 0 2004 by Mark A. Miller. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 ofthe 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1 1 1 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-601 1, fax (201) 748-6008.

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ISBN 0-471-48050-9

Printed in the United States of America.

I 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To Boomeq our faithful sentry

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Contents at a Glance Preface ................................................... xxvii

Part I . Introduction Chapter 1: The Challenge of the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Part II . Packet Transport Chapter 2: Analyzing the IP Network .................... 15 Chapter 3: Datagram Addressing and Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Chapter 4: Routing and Intranetwork Communication . . . . . . . 101

Chapter 6: The Next Generation: IPv6 ...................... 175 Chapter 7: Case Studies in Packet Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Chapter 5: End-to-End Reliability ......................... 143

Part I11 -Application Support Chapter 8: Data Transport .............................. 381 Chapter 9: Converged Networks and Multimedia Transport . . . 425 Chapter 10: Case Studies in Application Support . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

Part IV . Network and Performance Management Chapter 11 : Network Management Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 Chapter 12: Network Management System Components . . . . . . 639 Chapter 13: CaseStudiesinNetworkandPdomanceManagement . 785

Part V . Reference Appendices Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 Appendix B: Sources of Internet Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895 Appendix C: Addresses of Standards Organizations . . . . . . . . . . 907 Appendix D: Trademarks ................................ 913

Index ....................................................... 915

vii

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Contents Preface .................................................................................................. xxvii

Chapter 1: The Challenge of the Internet .............................................. 1 1.1 A Brief History of the Internet ............................................................... 1

1.3 The Protocols ofthe Internet ................................................................. 8 1.4 Outline of This Book ........................................................................... 11

1.2 Governing and Documenting the Internet ............................................. 6

1.5 Looking Ahead ..................................................................................... 12 1.6 References ........................................................................................... 13

2.1 Standardizing Internetwork Architectures ........................................... 16 2.2 Connectionless vs . Connection-Oriented ............................................. 32 2.3 Internetwork Analysis .......................................................................... 34

2.6 References ........................................................................................... 61

3.2 Internetwork Addressing ...................................................................... 72 3.3 Address Resolution .............................................................................. 83 3.4 Workstation Booting and Configuration .............................................. 91

3.6 Looking Ahead ..................................................................................... 98 3.7 References ........................................................................................... 98 Chapter 4: Routing and Intranetwork Communication ................... 101 4.1 Datagram Routing .............................................................................. 101 4.2 Internet Control Message Protocol .................................................... 127 4.3 Intranetwork Tools: PING and TRACEROUTE ............................... 132

4.6 Looking Ahead ................................................................................... 140 4.7 References ......................................................................................... 140

5.1 The Host-to-Host Connection ............................................................ 143 5.2 Port Addresses ................................................................................... 146 5.3 User Datagram Protocol .................................................................... 150 5.4 Transmission Control Protocol .......................................................... 151

Chapter 2: Analyzing the IP Network ................................................... 15

2.4 Analyzing the ARPA Architecture ....................................................... 36 2.5 Looking Ahead ..................................................................................... 60

Chapter 3: Datagram Addressing and Delivery ................................... 63 3.1 Internet Protocol .................................................................................. 64

3.5 The Domain Name System .................................................................. 95

4.4 Internet Group Management Protocol ............................................... 134 4.5 Resource Reservation Protocol .......................................................... 136

Chapter 5: End-to-End Reliability ...................................................... 143

ix

X Contents

5.5 TCP Functions ................................................................................... 155 5.6 TCP Network Optimization ............................................................... 166 5.7 Stream Control Transport Protocol .................................................... 167 5.8 Looking Ahead ................................................................................... 173 5.9 References ......................................................................................... 173 Chapter 6: The Next Generation IPv6 ................................................ 175 6.1 IPng Development ............................................................................. 175 6.2 The IPv6 Header ................................................................................ 180 6.3 Extension Headers ............................................................................. 189 6.4 IPv6 Addressing ................................................................................. 202 6.5 Intranetwork Communication ............................................................ 219 6.6 Station Configuration ........................................................................ 225 6.7 Routing Enhancements ...................................................................... 237 6.8 Upper Layer Protocol and Host Issues .............................................. 242 6.9 IPv4 to IpV6 Transition Strategies ..................................................... 247

6.11 References ........................................................................................ 268 6.10 Looking Ahead ................................................................................. 268

Chapter 7: Case Studies in Packet Transport .................................... 273 7.1 Login to a Remote Host ..................................................................... 273 7.2 Fragmenting Long Messages ............................................................. 282 7.3 Duplicate IP Addresses ...................................................................... 287 7.4 Incorrect Address Mask ..................................................................... 295 7.5 Using ICMP Echo Messages ............................................................. 299 7.6 Misdirected Datagrams ...................................................................... 303 7.7 Using OSPF and BGP ........................................................................ 310 7.8 Examining BOOTP with UDP Transport ........................................... 327 7.9 Establishing and Terminating TCP Connections ............................... 332

7.11 Using the Finger User Information Protocoal .................................. 344 7.12 Optimizing the TCP Window Size ................................................... 349 7.13 Data Transport Using IPv6 .............................................................. 363 7.14 Looking Ahead ................................................................................. 380 7.15 References ....................................................................................... 380 Chapter 8: Data Transport .................................................................. 381 8.1 The Process/Application Connection ................................................ 381 8.2 File Transfers using TFTP ................................................................. 384 8.3 File Transfers using FTP ................................................................... 388 8.4 Terminal Emulation ........................................................................... 392 8.5 Electronic Mail .................................................................................. 396

7.10 Reset TCP Connection .................................................................... 339

Contents xi

8.6 NetBIOS ............................................................................................ 407 8.7 Hypertext Transfer Protocol .............................................................. 414 8.8 Looking Ahead ................................................................................... 422 8.9 References ......................................................................................... 422 Chapter 9: Converged Networks and Multimedia Transport .......... 425 9.1 Voice and Data Network Characteristics ........................................... 426 9.2 Converged Network Architecture and Applications ......................... 435 9.3 ARPA Protocols Supporting Converged Networks ........................... 439 9.4 Signaling Processes and Protocols .................................................... 456

9.6 The Voice over IP Packet ................................................................... 484

9.8 References ......................................................................................... 486 Chapter 10: Case Studies in Application Support ............................. 491

10.2 Collaborative Efforts of FTP, ARP, and TFTP ................................. 499

9.5 Quality of Service .............................................................................. 478

9.7 Looking Ahead ................................................................................... 486

10.1 Using TFTP ..................................................................................... 491

10.3 TCP/IP Incompatible Terminal Type ............................................... 513 10.4 Selecting the Proper Terminal Option for TELNET ........................ 520 10.5 TELNET over ATM ......................................................................... 532 10.6 SMTP Interoperability Problems ..................................................... 553 10.7 NetBIOS and TCP Interactions ........................................................ 559 10.8 Web Page Access Using HTTP ........................................................ 572 10.9 Measuring WAN Response Times ................................................... 584 10.10 Analyzing SIP Phone Connections ................................................ 605 10.1 1 Looking Ahead ............................................................................... 621 Chapter 11: Network Management Architectures ............................. 623 11.1 The Challenge of Network Management ......................................... 623 11.2 The System Being Managed ............................................................ 625 1 1.3 The OSI Network Management Model ............................................ 627 11.4 Elements ofa Network Management Architecture .......................... 630 11.5 The Internet Network Management Framework .............................. 632 1 1.6 Web-based Network Management ................................................... 636 11.7 Looking ehead ................................................................................. 638 1 1.8 References ........................................................................................ 638 Chapter 12: Network Management System Components ................. 639 12.1 The SMI Defined for SNMPv 1 ........................................................ 640 12.2 The MIB Defined for SNMPv1 ....................................................... 671 12.3 Remote Monitoring ( W O N ) MIB .................................................. 688 12.4 SNMP version 1 ............................................................................... 698

xii Contents

12.5 SNMP version 2 ............................................................................... 722 12.6 SNMP version 3 ............................................................................... 739

12.8 References ....................................................................................... 780 Chapter 13: Case Studies in Network and Performance Management ........................................................................................... 785 13.1 SNMPvl PDUs ................................................................................ 785

13.3 Using SNMPvl with UDP and IP .................................................... 804 13.4 Communicating Device and Link Status with Traps ....................... 812 13.5 Incompatible Private Enterprise MIBs ............................................ 816 13.6 Proper Handling of an Invalid Object Identifier (OD) ................... 820 13.7 Comparing TELNET and SNMP for Network Management ........... 823 13.8 Supporting the RMON MU3 with a Network Monitor .................... 838

13.10 Encrypting Management Information with SNMPv3 .................... 859

12.7 Looking Ahead ................................................................................. 779

13.2 Accessing a MIB .............................................................................. 800

13.9 Event Notification Using RMON .................................................... 848

13.11 Looking Back ................................................................................. 870

Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................ 871

Appendix B: Sources of Internet Information ................................... 895

Appendix C: Addresses of Standards Organizations ......................... 907

Appendix D: 'kademarks .................................................................... 913

Index ....................................................................................................... 915

Table of Illustrations

Figure 1-1

Figure 1-2

Figure 1-3

Figure 1-4

Figure 1-5

Figure 1-6

Figure 2-1

Figure 2-2a

Figure 2-2b

Figure 2-3

Figure 2-4

Figure 2-5

Figure 2-6

Figure 2-7

Figure 2-8

Figure 2-9

Figure 2-10

Figure 2-1 1

Figure 2-12

Figure 2-13

Figure 2-14a

Internet Development Timeline

Internet Hosts

WWW Networks Growth

ARPA Core Protocols

ARPA Control, Routing, and Address Resolution Protocols

ARPA Multimedia Protocols

Traditional Distributed Processing

Local PC to Host Connection

Remote PC to Host Connection

Connectivity with Ethernet / IEEE 8023

Connectivity with Token Ring / IEEE 8025

Internetworking and Interoperability within the OSI Framework

Communications and Host Functions within the OSI Framework

Building a Frame for Transmission

Comparing a Repeater to OSI

Comparing a Bridge to OSI

Comparing a Router to OSI

Comparing a Gateway to OSI

Networks Connected with Gateways to Form an Internetwork

Comparing OSI and ARPA Models

Connection-oriented Network

X i i i

xiv Table of Illustrations

Figure 2-14b

Figure 2-1 5

Figure 2- 16

Figure 2- 17a

Figure 2- 17b

Figure 2- 17c

Figure 2- 18

Figure 2-19

Figure 3-la

Figure 3-lb

Figure 3-lc

Figure 3-ld

Figure 3-2

Figure 3-3

Figure 3-4

Figure 3-5

Figure 3-6a

Figure 3-6b

Figure 3-7a

Figure 3-7b

Figure 3-8a

Figure 3-8b

Connectionless Network

Layered Protocol Control Information within a Data Link Layer Frame

LAN and WAN Analysis

The Network Interface Connection

ARPA Network Interface Layer Protocols

The Internet Transmission Frame

EthernetlIEEE 802.3 Network with Novel1 NetWare and TCPnP

TCPAP over Frame Relay

The Internet Connection

ARPA Internet Layer Protocols

Internet Routing, Control, and Address Resolution Protocols

The Internet Transmission Frame and IP Header Position

Internet Protocol (IPv4) Header Format

P v 4 Address Formats

Network Address Translation Example

CIDR Addressing

Addressing Functions - Local Delivery

Addressing Functions - Remote Delivery

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Packet Formats

ATM Address Resolution Protocol (ATMARP) and Inverse ATM Address Resolution Protocol (InATMARP) Packet Formats

Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) Packet Format

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Message Format

Table of Illustrations xv

Figure 3-9

Figure 4- 1 a

Figure 4-lb

Figure 4-lc

Figure 4-ld

Figure 4-le

Figure 4-lf

Figure 4-2a

Figure 4-2b

Figure 4-2c

Figure 4-2d

Figure 4-2e

Figure 4-2f

Figure 4-2g

Figure 4-2h

Figure 4-2i

Figure 4-2j

Figure 4-2k

Figure 4-21

Figure 4-3

Figure 4 4 a

Figure 44b

Figure 4 4 c

Figure 4-4d

Domain Name System (DNS) Message Format

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Packet Format

Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) Packet Format

Authenticated RIPv2 Packet Format

Update Header Location within the RIP and RIPv2 Packet

Update Request Header for RIP and RIPv2

Update Response and Acknowledge Headers for RIP and RIPv2

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Packet Header Format

OSPF Packet Header Authentication Field (Cryptographic Authentication)

OSPF Hello Packet Format

OSPF Database Description Packet Format

OSPF Link State Request Packet Format

OSPF Link State Update Packet Format

OSPF Link State Advertisement Header Format

OSPF Router Links Advertisement Packet Format

OSPF Network Links Advertisement Packet Format

OSPF Summary Links Advertisement Packet Format

OSPF External Links Advertisement Packet Format

OSPF Link State Acknowledgment Packet Format

EGP Message Format

BGP4 Message Header

BGP OPEN Message Format

BGP UPDATE Message Format

BGP NOTIFICATION Message Format

XVi Table of Illustrations

Figure 4 4 e

Figure 4-5

Figure 4-6

Figure 4-7

Figure 4-8

Figure 5-la

Figure 5-lb

Figure 5-lc

Table 5-1 a

Table 5-lb

Figure 5-2

Figure 5-3

Figure 5 4

Figure 5-5

Figure 5-6

Figure 5-7

Figure 5-8

Figure 5-9a

Figure 5-9b

Figure 5-10

Figure 5-1 1

Figure 5-12

Figure 5-13

Figure 5-14

BGP KEEPALIVE Message Format

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Message Formats

Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) Message Format

RSVP Protocol Operation

RSVP Message Format

The Host-to-Host Connection

ARPA Host-to-Host Layer Protocols

The Internet Transmission Frame and UDP/TCP Header Position

Port Assignments

Port Assignments (continued)

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Header

UDP Pseudo Header

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Header

TCP Pseudo Header

TCP Data Retransmissions

TCP Data Transfer (Window Size Varying)

TCP Connection Establishment, Data Transfer, and Termination Events

TCP Connection State Diagram

TCP Connection States

An SCTP Association

Functional View of the SCTP Transport Service

SCTP Packet Format and Chunk Values

SCTP Data Chunk Format

SCTP INIT Chunk Format

Table of Nustrations

Figure 6-23 Authentication Header Format

Figure 6-1

Figure 6-2

Figure 6-3

Figure 6-4a

Figure 6-4b

Figure 6-5

Figure 6-6

Figure 6-7

Figure 6-8

Figure 6-9

Figure 6-10

Figure 6-1 1

Figure 6- 12

Figure 6-1 3

Figure 6- 14

Figure 6- 15

Figure 6-16

Figure 6-17

Figure 6- 18

Figure 6- 19a

Figure 6- 19b

Figure 6-20

Figure 6-21

Figure 6-22a

Figure 6-22b

Internet Transmission Frame with IPv6

IPv6 Header Format

Version Field

Traffic Class Field

Differentiated Services Field

Flow Label Field

Payload Length Field

Next Header Field

Next Header Field Operation

Hop Limit Field

Source Address Field

Destination Address Field

IPv6 Packet Format with Optional Extension Headers

TLV Encoded Options Format

Pad1 Option Format

PadN Option Format

Hop-by-Hop Options Header Format

Jumbo Payload Option Format

Destination Options Header Format

Routing Header Format

Routing Header Format (Type 0)

Routing Header Usage

Fragment Header Format

Original Packet Requiring Fragmentation

Fragment Packets

XVii

xviii Table of Illustrations

Figure 6-24

Figure 6-25

Figure 6-26

Figure 6-27

Figure 6-28

Figure 6-29

Figure 6-30

Figure 6-3 1

Figure 6-32

Figure 6-33

Figure 6-34

Figure 6-35

Figure 6-36

Figure 6-37

Figure 6-38

Figure 6-39

Figure 6-40

Figure 6-41

Figure 6-42

Figure 6-43

Figure 6-44

Figure 6-45

Figure 6-46

Figure 6-47

Figure 6-48

Encapsulating Security Payload Header Format

No Next Header Format

Unicast Addressing

Anycast Addressing

Multicast Addressing

IPv6 Addressing Architecture

Unicast Address without Internal Structure

Unicast Address with Subnet

IEEE EUI-64 Address

IEEE EUI-64 Address (Universal)

IEEE EUI-64 Address (Local)

IEEE EUI-64 Address (48- to 64-bit Compatibility)

IEEE EUI-64 Address (With Nonglobal Identifiers)

Unspecified Address

Loopback Address

Aggregatable Global Unicast Address

IPv4-Compatible IPv6 Address

IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Address

Unicast Link-Local Address

Unicast Site-Local Address

Testing Address

Subnet-Router Anycast Address (Required)

Multicast Address

ICMPv6, Multicast Listener Discovery, and Neighbor Discovery Messages

Path MTU Discovery

Table of Illustrations xix

Figure 6-49a

Figure 6-49b

Figure 6-50

Figure 6-5 1

Figure 6-52

Figure 6-53

Figure 6-54

Figure 6-55a

Figure 6-55b

Figure 6-56

Figure 6-57

Figure 6-58

Figure 6-59

Figure 6-60

Figure 6-61

Figure 6-62a

Figure 6-62b

Figure 6-63

Figure 6-64a

Figure 6-64b

Figure 6-65

Figure 6-66

Figure 6-67

Figure 6-68

Figure 6-69

Figure 6-70

The Stateless Autoconfiguration Process

The Stateless Autoconfiguration Process, continued

Ethernet Frame with IPv6 Packet

Link-Local Address for Ethernet

Ethernet Multicast Address Mapping

PPP Frame with IPv6 or IPV6CP Packet

Link-Local Address for PPP

Frame Relay Frame with IPv6 Packet

Frame Relay Address Field Formats

Link-Local Address for Frame Relay

NPng Packet Format

Route Table Entry Format

Next Hop RTE Format

OSPF for IPv6 Header

BGP-4 Message Header

Pseudo Header Position and Checksum Range

Pseudo Header for Use with IPv6

Dual IP Stack Architecture

Encapsulating IPv6 in IPv4

Decapsulating IPv6 from IPv4

Router-to-Router Configured Tunnel

Host-to-Router Configured Tunnel

IPv4-compatible IPv6 Address

Host-to-Host Automatic Tunnel

Router-to-Host Automatic Tunnel

Automatic Tunneling Combinations

XX Table of Illustrations

Figure 6-7 1 a

Figure 6-7 1 b

Figure 6-71c

Figure 6-7 Id

Figure 6-7 le

Figure 6-7 1 f

Figure 7-1

Figure 7-2

Figure 7-3

Figure 7-4

Figure 7-5

Figure 7-6

Figure 7-7

Figure 7-8

Figure 7-9

Figure 8- 1 a

Figure 8-lb

Figure 8-lc

Figure 8-2

Figure 8-3

Figure 8-4

Figure 8-5

Figure 8-6

Routing Example

Routing Example: IPv4 Datagram from H, to H, (via IPv4 Forwarding)

Routing Example: IPv4 Datagram from H, to H, (via IPv4 Forwarding)

Routing Example: IPv6 Packet fkom H, to H, (via Router-to-Host Tunnel)

Routing Example: IPv6 Packet from H, to H, (via Host-to-Host Automatic Tunnel)

Routing Example: IPv6 Packet from H, to H, (via Host-to-Router Configured Tunnel)

Login to Remote Host

IPv4 Fragments

Misdirected Datagram Topology

Router Communication Using OSPF and BGP

Booting Remote Bridge Using BOOTP

TCP Connection EstablishmentlTermination

TCP Connection Reset

Finger User Information Protocol Operation

Host-to-Host Connections via WAN Bridges

The Process/Application Connection

ARPA Process/Application Layer Protocols

The Internet Transmission Frame and Application Data Position

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) Packet Formats

TFTP Connection, Data Transfer, and Termination

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Model

TELNET Network Virtual Terminal Operation

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Model

Table of Illustrations XXi

Figure 8-7a

Figure 8-7b

Figure 8-7c

Figure 8-8

Figure 8-9a

Figure 8-9b

Figure 8-9c

Figure 9-1

Figure 9-2

Figure 9-3

Figure 9-4

Figure 9-5

Figure 9-6

Figure 9-7

Figure 9-8

Figure 9-9

Figure 9- 10

Figure 9- 1 1

Figure 9-12

Figure 9-13

Figure 9-14

Figure 9-15

Figure 9- 16

Figure 9- 17

Figure 9-18

NetBIOS Name Service Header

NetBIOS Session Service Header

NetBIOS Datagram Header

TCP and NetBIOS Connection EstablishmentDisconnect Events

HTTP Communication with Single Connection

HTTP Communication with Intermediary Connection

HTTP Communication with Shortened RequestResponse Chain

Public Switched Telephone Network

Private Voice Network

Public Data Network

Private Data Network

Integrated Voicemata Network

Typical Voice and Data Network Growth Patterns

Voice over IP Network Elements

Voice over IP Protocols

IP Multicast Operation

Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Message Header

Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Operation

Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Message Header

PSTN Call Processing and Protocol Flows

VoIP Call Processing and Protocol Flows

H.323 Components and Architecture

H.323 Related Protocols

SIP Agent and Server Communication

SIP-related Protocols

X x i i

Figure 9-19

Figure 9-20

Figure 9-21

Figure 9-22

Figure 9-23

Figure 9-24

Figure 9-25

Figure 10-1

Figure 10-2

Figure 10-3

Figure 10-4

Figure 10-5

Figure 10-6

Figure 10-7

Figure 10-8

Figure 10-9

Figure 10-10a

Figure 10-lob

Figure 10-1Oc

Figure 10-10d

Figure 11-1

Figure 11-2

Figure 11-3

Figure 11-4

Figure I1 -5

Figure 11-6

Table of Illustrations

SIP Call Signaling

SIP Call Setup Using Proxy Server

SIP Registration

SIP Call Setup Using Redirect Server

Decomposed Gateway Architecture

Sources of Delays with the VoIP Network

Voice over IP Packet Format

TFTP File Transfers

File Transfer of Bridge Boot Image

TCP/IP Incompatible Terminal 'Qpe

TELNET Access to IBM Using TN3270

TELNET Connection via ATM

Mail Delivery Incompatibilities

Workstation Communication Using NetBIOS

Web Page Access Using HTTP

Local and WAN Connections

SIP Phone-to-Phone Connection

SIP Control Message Flow

SIP Control Message Details

Voice over IP Packet Format with G.7 1 1 Encoded Audio Data

Evolution in Distributed Systems

The Scope of Network Management Systems

The WAN Bottleneck Challenge

OSI Network Management Functional Areas

Network Managed Agent Relationships

Network ManagerIAgent Realization

Table of Illustrations XXiii

Figure 11-7

Figure 11-8

Figure 12-1

Figure 12-2

Figure 12-3

Figure 12-4

Figure 12-5

Figure 12-6

Figure 12-7

Figure 12-8

Figure 12-9

Figure 12-10

Figure 12-11

Figure 12-12

Figure 12-13

Figure 12-14

Figure 12-15

Figure 12-16

Figure 12-17

Figure 12-18

Figure 12-19

Figure 12-20

Figure 12-21

Fimre 12-22

S N M P Architecture (81990, IEEE)

Web-based Management Architecture

Internal and External Data Representations

BER Bit Ordering, as Defined in IS0 8825-1

Type-Length-Value (TLV) Encoding

Type Field Encoding as Defined in IS0 8825-1

Length Field Encoding

Encoding for the INTEGER Type, Value = “75”

Encoding for the OCTET STRING Type, Value = “BBM’

Encoding for OBJECT IDENTIFIER Type, Value = { 1.3.6.1.2.1.1 }

Encoding for the NULL Type, Value = NULL

Encoding for the SEQUENCE Type, a Variable Binding (VarBind)

Encoding for the IpAddress Type, Value = “128.150.161.8”

Encoding for the Counter Type, Value = “1 901 05”

Encoding for the Gauge Type, Value = “32”

Encoding for the TimeTicks Type, Value = “263691156”

Encoding for the Context-specific Types Used with SNMP

The Root Node and ITU-T-assigned OBJECT IDENTIFIER Component Values

The Root Node and ISO-assigned OBJECT IDENTIFIER Component Values

Internet-assigned OBJECT IDENTIFIER Component Values

The Internet OID Tree

The System Group

The Interfaces Group

The Address Translation Grouu ”

xxiv Table of Illustrations

Figure 12-23 The IP Group

Figure 12-24 The ICMP Group

Figure 12-25 The TCP Group

Figure 12-26 The UDP Group

Figure 12-27 The EGP Group

Figure 12-28 The Transmission Group

Figure 12-29 The SNMP Group

Figure 12-30

Figure 12-3 1

Figure 12-32

Figure 12-33

Figure 12-34

Figure 12-35

Figure 12-36a RMON2 OID Tree

Figure 12-36b RMON2 OID Tree, Continued

Figure 12-36c RMON2 OID Tree, Continued

Figure 12-37a Comparing the SNMP Architecture with the OSI and ARPA Models

Figure 1 2-3 7b Application-to-application Connection

Figure 12-38 SNMP Architecture

Figure 12-39 Network Management Relationships

Figure 1240a The IP Address Table within the OID Tree

Figure 1240b Object Instance in the IP Address Tables

Figure 1241 SNMP Message within a Transmission Frame

Figure 12-42 The SNMP GeRequest, GetNextRequest, GetResponse, and SetRequest PDU Structures

Figure 1243 GetRequesVGetResponse PDU Transmission (with No Errors)

Single Segment Network Monitoring

Distributed Segment Network Monitoring Using RMON

RMON MIB Position in the Internet OID Tree

The Ethernet RMON MIB

The Token Ring RMON MIB

RMONl and RMON2 Object Trees

Table of Illustrations xxv

Figure 12-44 GetNextRequestlGetResponse PDU Transmission

Figure 12-45 SetRequestlGetResponse PDU Transmission (with No Errors)

Figure 12-46 SNMP Trap PDU Structure

(with No Errors)

Figure 12-47

Figure 12-48

Figure 12-49

Figure 12-50

Figure 12-51a

Figure 12-51b

Figure 12-52

Figure 12-53

Trap PDU Operation

TLV Encoding of a (non-Trap) SNMP PDU

SNMPv2 Elements within the OID Tree

SNMPv2 PDU Structure

The system and snmp Groups Implemented for SNMPv2

The snmpMIl3 Group for SNMPv2

SNMPvl/SNMPv2 Proxy Agent Operation

SNMPv 1, SNMPv2, and SNMPv3

Figure 12-54 SNMPv3 Document Set

Figure 12-55

Figure 12-56

Figure 12-57 SNMPv3 Security Subsystem

Figure 12-58

Figure 12-59a SNMPv3 Manager

Figure 12-59b SNMPv3 Agent

Figure 12-60a Command Generator Scenario

Figure 12-60b Command Responder Scenario

Figure 12-61 SNMP Message Format

Figure 12-62

Figure 12-63

Figure 12-64

SNMPv3 Entity and its Components

SNMPv3 Message Processing Subsystem

SNMPv3 Access Control Subsystem

SNMP Framework MIB Module

SNMP Message Processing and Dispatching ME3 Module

SNMP Target ME3 Module

xxvi Table of Illustrations

Figure 12-65

Figure 12-66

Figure 12-67

Figure 12-68

Figure 12-69

Figure 13-1

Figure 13-2

Figure 13-3

Figure 13-4

Figure 13-5

Figure 13-6

Figure 13-7

Figure 13-8

Figure 13-9

Figure 13-10

SNMP Notification MIB Module

SNMP Proxy MU3 Module

SNMP User-based Security Model MIB Module

SNMP View-based Access Control Model MIB Module

SNMP Community MIB Module

SNMPvl Traps from a Network Analyzer

Expansion of the SNMP GetRequest PDU within an Ethernet Frame

Communicating Device and Link Status Information

Incompatible Private Enterprise MIBs

Invalid Object Identifier (OD)

Remote Device Configuration Using TELNET and SNMP

Retrieving Remote Information Using the RMON MIB

RMON Event Notification

SNMPv3 Agenmanager Interaction

SNMPv3 Message Format for User-Based Security Model (USM) with Encryption

Preface

The Internet is an amazing communication medium. Its predecessor network, the ARPANET, was developed over three decades ago, yet many of the fun- damental algorithms and protocols are still in use today. Granted, we don’t have to run these protocols on a refrigerator-sized computer; our laptop or palmtop PC will do quite well. But think of it - how many other worldwide systems do we have today that have been serving us for several decades, and in much the same form? This is a true credit to the original architects of the Internet, as they clearly took the time to do their homework and designed a very solid system that benefits millions of us everyday.

But all systems require a tuneup or remodeling job over time, and the Internet is no exception. In the last few years we have seen the explosive growth of the World Wide Web, and the transport of multimedia signals, such as voice and video, over the Internet. As a result, new protocols to support real-time traffic have been developed. We have also seen the growth of elec- tronic commerce, which has brought issues of network security to the fore- front. And perhaps the biggest issue of all - the overall growth of the Internet - has inspired the development of a new protocol called Internet Protocol version 6, or IPv6, that addresses all three of the above challenges: multime- dia support, enhanced security, and addressing shortages.

These and many other issues are addressed in this book. My objec- tive has been to provide a comprehensive foundation of information that ex- plains the underlying protocols of the Internet, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), while still looking forward to newer technologies such as Voice over Internet Protocol (Vow).

In working towards that objective, I had the support of a great team. My technical editor, Dr. John Thompson, made many constructive comments on the manuscript, and my copy editor, Annette Devlin, made sure that no grammatical rules were violated in the process. My assistant, Donna Mullen, produced all of the figures in the book, researched the appendices, and handled the final layout. My colleagues at John Wiley & Sons, George Telecki and Brendan Codey, provided great logistical support. And I would be remiss not to mention my support from the home front: Holly, Nathan, and Nicholas, with assistance from Boomer and Baron.

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xxviii Preface

I trust that you will find the information in this text to be helpful. Drop me a note if you have any comments or suggestions for the next edition.

mark@diginet.com March 2004