Internet Research ProjectPart 1: History of the InternetPart 2: Streaming VideoPart 3: Copyright Issues

Beth A. Henry

ED 526: Internet Literacy for Educators

Part 1: History of the Internet

What is the Internet?

How did the Internet get started?

Worldwide group of 1000s of linked computers working together to share or exchange info via phone wires & satellite links

Spider web or international plumbing system of computers

Lacks central authority, bound by few rules, answers to no single person or organization

Allows people to connect to other computers; exchange email; post & update info; retrieve sounds, photos, & videos; reach all parts of the world for diverse info

What is the Internet?

How did the Internet get started? 19th & 20th Century (1858-1969)

1858: Cable across Atlantic established; was a failure 1866: Subsequent cables laid successful

1958: US Dept. of Defense established Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in response to Russia’s launch of Sputnik

1962: J.C.R. Licklider heads DARPA research: improve military computer technology; lay ARPANET groundwork (computer system used in nat’l crisis); Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) started

1965: Lawrence Roberts connects MIT computer to California computer over dial-up telephone lines; showed wide area networking capabilities & telephone line’s circuit switching inadequacies

1966: Roberts goes to DARPA & develops ARPANET plan 1969: 1st online info transmission from UCLA-Stanford;

system crashed immediately

History of the Internet (cont.) 20th Century (1972-1979)

Late 1960s-mid 1970s: Libraries automated & networked their catalogs

1972: 1st public demonstration of ARPANET, renamed Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPANET); Ray Tomlinson adapted email & chose the @ symbol in the web address

1974: the term Internet first came to use

1978: Unix to Unix Copy Protocol (UUCP) invented at Bell Labs

1979: Usenet started, based on UUCP; newsgroups followed – started the community building we see today

History of the Internet (cont.) 20th Century (1981-1989)

1981: IBM mainframes in education world connected by BITNET (Because It’s Time Network) to provide mail services; listserv software & gateways developed to connect BITNET with Internet for email exchanges & discussion lists

1986: Technical scope of IPTO expands and becomes the Information Science and Technology Office (ISTO); NSF funded NSFNet as a country-wide 56 Kbps backbone for the Internet- set rules for its non-commercial gov’t & research use

1989: Peter Deutsch (McGill University in Montreal) created an index of Internet sites; named Archie; European Laboratory for Particle Physics developed a new protocol of info distribution (became the WWW in 1991) which was based on hypertext & embedded links in text

History of the Internet (cont.) 20th Century (1990-1994)

Early 1990s: Independent commercial networks grow

1991: ISTO splits into the Computing Systems Technology Office (CSTO) and the Software and Intelligent Systems Office; University of Minnesota developed a user-friendly interface for students to access files & info; named a gopher after their mascot

1992: Delphi was 1st nat’l commercial online service to offer Internet access to subscribers

1993: Marc Andreessen at the Nat’l Center For Supercomputing applications (NCSA) developed graphical browser Mosaic; Andreessen moved to Netscape Corp., which created the most successful graphical browser until Microsoft’s Internet Explorer

1994: World Wide Web Consortium created to develop Web standards

History of the Internet (cont.) 20th & 21st Century (1995-present)

1995: NSF ended Internet backbone sponsorship & limitations on commercial use of the Internet; AOL, Prodigy, & CompuServe go online

1998: Microsoft released Windows 98; caused a major shift to commercially based Internet

2000: Release of Windows 2000

Early 2000s: 56K modems replaced by high-speed cable modems and digital subscriber lines (DSL)

Mid 2000s: Wi-fi hot spots pop up everywhere; small devices enabled to connect to Internet access including small tablets, pocket PCs, cell phones, & GPS devices

Sources What’s the Internet?http://www.eslnetworld.com/start.html

Center Span Internet Tutorial: What is the Internet?http://www.centerspan.org/tutorial/net.htm

Roads and Crossroads of Internet History by Gregory Gromov http://www.netvalley.com/intval/07262/main.htm?sdf=1

Walt Howe’s Internet Learning Center: A Brief History of the Internet

http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/history.html

Microsoft Corporationhttp://www.microsoft.com/en/us/default.aspx

National Science Foundationhttp://www.nsf.gov/index.jsp

Part 2: Streaming Video

What are streaming videos?

How do streaming videos work?

How can I use streaming videos in my curriculum?

What are Streaming Videos? Sequence of moving images sent in

compressed form over Internet

Viewed upon arrival; used to transmit large multimedia files quickly

Streaming media = streaming video with sound

Internet user does not have to wait to download a large file before seeing video/hearing sound because media is sent in continuous stream & played as it arrives

User needs a player (special program that uncompresses & sends video data to the display & audio data to speakers) to view video

A player is contained in a browser or downloaded from the Web; includes Real Media, Real Player, Windows Media Player, QuickTime, Macromedia Flash, Microsoft Producer, or Video Framer

How do streaming videos work?

Step 1: The user clicks on a media clip link, causing his/her computer’s web browser to request the media clip from an Internet server

Step 2: The server, once connected, sends the data back to the user’s computer in a continuous stream

Step 3: The user’s computer loads a media player (Real Player, QuickTime, etc.)

Step 4: A buffer (internal memory area) in the user’s computer stores the streaming data.

Step 5: The media clip begins to play once enough data has been received (doesn’t have to be the whole clip).

Step 6: The media clip continue to load while it plays

How can I use streaming videos in my math curriculum?

Teach an example of emerging technology

Show students live broadcasts or video conferences

Allow students to take virtual tours of remote locations

Have discussions with other classrooms in U.S. or other countries

Discussions with other teachers

Listen to political or public speeches

Watch movie clips or full-length videos

Sources Look Up Tech Terms: What is Streaming Video?http://searchvoip.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid66_gci213055,00.html

Video LEARN THE NET: How Streaming Media Workshttp://www.learnthenet.com/english/animate/media.html

Streaming Video: Tips and Tutorialshttp://streaming.wisconsin.edu/creation/st_video.html

Video Straming Technologieshttp://www.networkdictionary.com/networking/VideoStreaming.php

Part 3: Copyright IssuesWhat is the history of copyright?

What are some copyright basics?

What is fair use?

What is the history of copyrights?

After printing press invention & wide literacy, England’s Charles II passed Licensing Act of 1662 (established an index of licensed books & required a copy be kept with Stationers Company

Statue of Anne (Copyright Act of 1709) – 1st real copyright act

1886 Berne Convention recognized copyrights in sovereign nations: lets authors copyright as soon as works written or recorded; Signed by UK in 1886, not implemented until 1988 Copyright, Designs, & Patents Act

1910 Buenos Aires Convention coins phrase ”All rights reserved”

1976 Copyright Act amended by USA when it finally signed the Berne Convention Implementation Act

**No international copyright laws; each country has its own laws, but refer to the Berne Convention

What are some copyright basics?

Exclusive rights of holders: produce & sell reproductions/copies, import/export, make derivatives, public perform/display, sell/assign rights, transmit/display by means of digital audio transmission

Protection: Through author’s lifetime +70 years; if produced before 1978, has protection for maximum of 95 years

Protected Items: Books, articles, photographs, paintings, sculpture, software, websites, movies, architecture, pantomimes, ballets, music & lyrics, sound recordings, doodles, scribbles, and graffiti

Non-Protected Items: facts, slogans, titles, simple phrases, U.S. gov’t works, familiar symbols/designs, ideas, procedures, methods, discoveries, devices, works of standard common property, improvised expression/speeches

Infringement: Occurs if a person besides holder exercises these rights including photocopying, uploading to websites, copying software, MP3 files, musical performances, and public film exhibitions

What is Fair Use? Vague & unclear definition/territory

Included in U.S. Copyright Law, allows for limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the owner

Includes reproduction of copyrighted works in copies/phonorecords for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research

Based on a 4 Factor Test: purpose & character of use, nature of the work, amount of the portion used in relation to the whole, effect of the use upon the market for the original or for permission if used widespread

Use a checklist to see if you are covered under fair use policy: http://www.copyright.iupui.edu/checklist.htm

Sources Copyright – Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright

Copyright Quickguidehttp://www.copyright.iupui.edu/quickguide.htm

Copyright Office Basicshttp://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ1.html#wci

Fair-Use: Overview and Meaning for Higher Educationhttp://www.copyright.iupui.edu/highered.htm

Checklist for Fair Use http://www.copyright.iupui.edu/checklist.htm

Fair Use – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use