Internet Option in the 2010 Census of Korea
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LOGO
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Internet Option in the 2010 Census Internet Option in the 2010 Census of Koreaof Korea
Internet Option in the 2010 Census Internet Option in the 2010 Census of Koreaof Korea
Counting the 7 Billion: The Future of Population and Housing Censuses
Challenges and Benefits of Using Modern Technologies
Ki-Jong WooKi-Jong Woo
Commissioner
Statistics Korea
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ContentsContents
MMotivatorsotivatorsMMotivatorsotivators1111
Internet Option for the 2010 CensusInternet Option for the 2010 Census2222
Internet Uptake RatesInternet Uptake Rates3333
Data QualityData Quality4444
Lessons LearnedLessons Learned5555
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1. Motivators1. Motivators1. Motivators1. Motivators
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Rising cost of census-taking
- on average, cost increases
by
1.5 times between censuses
$46.8M
1995 2000 2005 2010
$72.5M
$112.1M
$157.2M
1$ = 1,150 Won
A need to reduce the cost of census-taking
(1) More adverse census-taking environment(1) More adverse census-taking environment
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Changes in household patterns (2010)
- one-person households : 23.9%
- dual-earner households : 37.2%
- elderly aged 65+ : 11.3%
Making it difficult to interview households
15.5%
20.0%
12.7%
23.9%
1995 2000 2005 2010
414
317222
164(In ‘000)
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Growing awareness of privacy
- Increasing non-response rate
More and more people are reluctant to cooperate with government
1.7%
2006
2.2%2.8%
3.6%
2007 2008 2009
< Economically Active Population Survey >
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70.2%
2002
< Korea Internet Security Agency >
2004 2006 2008 2010
72.2%78.4%
80.6%81.6%
(2) Opportunities for introducing modern technologies (2) Opportunities for introducing modern technologies
Internet penetration rate:
- 81.6% (May, 2010)
Improved quality of administrative data
- Population register
- Building register
- New address system, etc.
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Ample experience of conducting electronic surveys
by Statistics Korea
(2010)2727 (2009)
25252525
(2006)6666(2005)3333
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2. Internet Option 2. Internet Option for the 2010 Census for the 2010 Census2. Internet Option 2. Internet Option for the 2010 Census for the 2010 Census
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HistoryHistory
Census Day
EnumerationPeriod
Census Questionnaire
(1) Outline of the 2010 Census
Conducted every five years since 1925. 2010 Population Census (18th )
As of 0:00, November 1, 2010
November 1 – 15 (15 days)
(e-Census : Oct. 22-31, 10 days)
50 items (short form: 19, long form: 31)
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Citizenship
Year/Monthof Arrival
Child care
Number of childrenmothers plan to have
Impairmentcare
Heating facility
Main means ofcommuting
Use of transportation
meansIT facilitiesSocial activities
MulticulturalMulticulturalFamilyFamily
MulticulturalMulticulturalFamilyFamily
LowLowBirth Rate &Birth Rate &
Aging SocietyAging Society
LowLowBirth Rate &Birth Rate &
Aging SocietyAging Society
SocialSocialParticipationParticipation
SocialSocialParticipationParticipation
DigitalDigitalBroadcastingBroadcasting
DigitalDigitalBroadcastingBroadcasting
Low CarbonLow CarbonGreen growthGreen growth
Low CarbonLow CarbonGreen growthGreen growth
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Results Release
Budget
Workforce 119,000: 6,000 officials + 113,000 enumerators
Preliminary: Dec. 2010
Short form: Jul. 2011 / Long form : Oct. 2011
$157.2 M
* 1995: $46.8M, 2000: $72.5M, 2005: $112.1M.
Labor cost$106.1M67.5%67.5%
17.9%17.9%
7.0%
Censusactivity & supplies $28.1M
Data processing$11.9M
Publicity cost$11.0M
7.6%7.6%
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Oct. 19-21Oct. 19-21 Oct. 22-31Oct. 22-31 Nov. 1-15Nov. 1-15
(2) Timeline for Internet Option Period
PreparatoryPreparatoryPeriodPeriod
InternetInternetOptionOption
Door-to-door Door-to-door VisitsVisits
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DBDB
(3) Work Flow of the Internet Option
Address DB, Household list, Housing DB Pull & Push Strategy
Thank YouNote (e-mail)
YesYes
YesYes
YesYes
NoNo
NoNo
Create Internet Access CodeCreate Internet Access Code
Intent toparticipateIntent toparticipate
• Send SMS to encourage response
Give Internet Access CodeGive Internet Access Code
PreparationPreparation
Automatic editingAutomatic editingAutomatic editingAutomatic editing
PublicCampaignPublicCampaign
Fill Out the FormFill Out the FormFill Out the FormFill Out the Form
ConfirmConfirmConfirmConfirm
Finished?Finished?Finished?Finished?
Electronic management
Re-contact those who haven’t completed the form
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Country Internet Access Code Digit
Canada
* Internet Access Code(15-digit)
Australia
* Census Form Number(13-digit)* E-Census Number(12-digit)
Japan
* Government approval number(4-digit)
* Questionnaire ID(11-digit)* Verification Number(8-digit)
(4) Internet Access Code
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Access the Internet Access the Internet Access the Internet Access the Internet
For foreigners For foreigners For foreigners For foreigners
Begin the e-CensusBegin the e-CensusBegin the e-CensusBegin the e-Census
(5) Accessing the Online Form
EnterEnter Internet Access CodeInternet Access Code
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CoverCoverCoverCover
HouseholdHouseholdHouseholdHousehold
Household MembersHousehold MembersHousehold MembersHousehold Members
HousingHousingHousingHousing
(6) Census Questionnaire for the Internet
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Range and logic checks Range and logic checks Number of edit specifications : 88 for short form, 227 for long formNumber of edit specifications : 88 for short form, 227 for long form
(7) Input and Automatic Editing
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these households
have completed
the form
Shown hereShown hereShown hereShown here
This household
has not completed
the form
(8) Automated Response Management
Automatically manage the input process and report the statusAutomatically manage the input process and report the status
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Encoding SSL
External Network Internal Firewall
WEB Sever WEB Sever WAS Sever DB Sever
WEB EXT
WEB WAS DB
Internet
(9) Ensure Security
e-Census Systeme-Census Systeme-Census Systeme-Census System
InternetInternetRouterRouter
InternetInternetRouterRouter
Web FirewallWeb FirewallWeb FirewallWeb Firewall ExternalExternalFirewallFirewallExternalExternalFirewallFirewall
WEBWEBFirewallFirewallWEBWEB
FirewallFirewallWASWAS
FirewallFirewallWASWAS
FirewallFirewallDBDB
FirewallFirewallDBDB
FirewallFirewall
User Security
PC SecurityPC Security
User Security(Level 1)
Network Security(Level 2)
Web Service(Level 3)
Server Security(Level 4)
DB Security(Level 5)
Access ControlAccess Control Web Service SecurityWeb Service Security Security OSSecurity OS Encoding DataEncoding Data
PC keyboard Web browser No capture Encoding SSL
Web Firewall Encoding personal
information
Controlling
accesses to server
Separating internal and external network
Control irregular
traffic
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3. Internet Uptake Rate3. Internet Uptake Rate3. Internet Uptake Rate3. Internet Uptake Rate
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47.7%47.7%47.7%47.7%
49.3%49.3%49.3%49.3%
Short
Long
100%
100%
49.6%49.6%49.6%49.6%
40.4%40.4%40.4%40.4%
Urban
Rural
100%
100%
(1) Overall Internet Uptake Rate : 47.9%
(2) By questionnaire and region
Beginning period 5.4%, Ending Period 5.0%
10/19
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
10/20 10/21 10/2210/23 10/24 10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2 11/3 11/4 11/5 11/6 11/7
56
172209
943
491464
655
595546
611 619580
866
408
329
258
194 146101 115
Weekend effectWeekend effect
Beginning PeriodBeginning PeriodEnding PeriodEnding Period
Preparation Internet option period Extension
(Thousand
Households)
Daily internet response rate
(3) Characteristics of Internet Participants
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Response rate by the time of day
8 pm~10 pm(16.4%), 10 pm~midnight(12.6%), 10 am~noon(12.1%)
0 - 2
(%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2 - 4 4 - 6 6 - 8 8 - 10 10 - 12 12 - 14 14 - 16 16 - 18 18 - 20 20 - 22 22 - 24
3.6
0.60.3
1.3
7.9
12.1
10.711.0
12.0
11.6
16.4
12.6
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Age group (Internet respondents)
AgeAge
54.9%
35.7%
59.8%
48.2%
34.5%
20~29 30~39 40~49 50~59 60~
35.3%
~19
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Education of household head (Internet respondents)
EducationEducation
Elementary Middle School High School College+
33.4% 33.9%
46.3%
59.8%
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Size and type of household
1-person hhs
2-personhhs
5+personhhs
3-personhhs
4-personhhs
Married couplew/ childrenMarried couplew/ children
31.3%31.3%
39.2%39.2%
53.9%53.9%
64.1%64.1% 64.4%64.4%62.1%62.1%
38.3%38.3%
Married couplew/o childrenMarried couplew/o children
SizeSize TypeType
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Type of housing and occupancy
59.3%
36.0%
47.9%43.5%
Detacheddwelling
Apartment Row house Apartment unit in a house
Others
47.1%
HousingHousing OccupancyOccupancy
51.7% 49.8% 47.5%
Owned Tenement Rent-free
37.3%
Rent
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4. Data Quality4. Data Quality4. Data Quality4. Data Quality
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(1) Coverage Error
The Internet option shows lower omission and duplication rates
Post-enumeration Survey of the 2010 Census Post-enumeration Survey of the 2010 Census
Internet Interview
Net omission rate 0.06 0.80
Omission rate 0.20 1.24
Duplication rate 0.14 0.44
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(2) Content Error
The Internet responses show lower error rates
<Error rates of Internet and interview option by major census items><Error rates of Internet and interview option by major census items>
Edit and Imputation Edit and Imputation
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ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) analysis ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) analysis
Controlling for age, education, sex, occupancy, and the type of living quarters, Internet responses show less errors.
Controlling for age, education, sex, occupancy, and the type of living quarters, Internet responses show less errors.
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5. Lessons Learned5. Lessons Learned5. Lessons Learned5. Lessons Learned
(1) Prove to be a cost-effective tool for census(1) Prove to be a cost-effective tool for census
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- 10,000 fewer enumerators: $3.9M saved
- Shorter enumeration period: 19 days 16 days $10.3M saved
Reduce personnel expenditure: by $14.2M
1,774 fewer data capture operators : $3.5M saved
Save data processing cost: by $3.5M
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< Reasons for choosing the Internet option >
(from add-on questionnaire on Internet option in 2010 Census)
Reduce enumerator’s visits to householdsReduce enumerator’s visits to households
2.5%
Convenience SafetyDislike visit by enumerators
Incentive
10.5%11.7%
72.2%
(2) Proven to be a convenient tool for surveys
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- Of them, 73.5% responded “Satisfied”
Overall Degree of Satisfaction
1-5Scale
Very Satisfied
SatisfiedNeither Satisfied Nor dissatisfied
DissatisfiedVery
dissatisfiedNo
response
Total 4.01 29.9 43.6 20.4 2.3 1.3 2.4
Short 4.06 31.7 44.1 19.1 1.8 1.0 2.3
Long 3.60 16.2 40.4 30.1 6.6 4.0 2.7
(Unit: %)
Most participants were satisfied with the Internet option
70.9% (5.72M households) of the Internet participants responded.
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(3) Prove to obtain more accurate responses
Higher coverage according to the PES
The range and logic check functions of the Internet optionworked effectively to secure accurate response.
Respondents with higher education are more likely to choose the Internet option
# of edit specifications : Long-form 227, Short-form 88
- # of mean error in short-form : 0.08 for Internet response vs1.83 for Interview - # of mean error in long-form : 1.27 for Internet response vs 3.56 for Interview - # of mean error in short-form : 0.08 for Internet response vs1.83 for Interview - # of mean error in long-form : 1.27 for Internet response vs 3.56 for Interview
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(4) Success Factors
As of 2010, the highest level in the world 0.5% in the 2005 Korean Census
Singapore(15.0%, 2000; 38.0%, 2010), Canada(18.5%, 2006), Norway(9.9%, 2001), Australia(9.0%, 2006; 37%, 2011),New Zealand(7.0%, 2006), Switzerland(4.2%, 2000)
54.4% in the 2011 Census of Canada
4.2%4.2% 7.0%7.0% 8.0%8.0%
37.0%37.0% 38.0%38.0%
47.9%47.9%
Switzerland(2000)
Switzerland(2000)
New Zealand(2006)
New Zealand(2006)
Norway(2001)
Norway(2001)
9.9%9.9%
Japan(2010)Japan(2010)
Australia(2011)
Australia(2011)
Singapore(2010)
Singapore(2010)
Korea(2010)Korea(2010)
Seven Seven months later, months later, 54.4% in the 54.4% in the 2011 Census 2011 Census of Canadaof Canada
Seven Seven months later, months later, 54.4% in the 54.4% in the 2011 Census 2011 Census of Canadaof Canada
Canada(2011)
Canada(2011)
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Stability of e-Census system
User-friendly, well-designed questionnaire → convenient to respond
High Internet penetration rate for households : 81.6% as of 2010
Competitive sprit for higher Internet participation among provinces
(4) Success Factors
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Strategy for enhancing Internet responses
PullPull
- Hand out gifts by drawing : LED TV(20), Notebook (80), Bicycle(240) …- Give students two hour credits for volunteer work
Internet first
Incentives
- Campaign for e-CensusPublicity Campaign
Internet Interview
PushPush
(4) Success Factors
Thank you!Thank you!