International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications, Volume XII, Special Issue, May 18, www.ijcea.com ISSN 2321-3469

Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 1

INTERNET OF THINGS: A Revolution of Internet

Ritu Dubey1, Priya Kumari2, Surabhi Sharan3, Sunita Mahato4

Student, Department of Information Technology

Jamshedpur Womens College

ABSTRACT:

The internet of things refers to the concept that the internet is no longer just a global network for

people to communicate, but it is also a platform for devices to communicate electronically with the world

around them. Internet of Things (IoT) is a new revolution of the Internet or it can be said the expansion

of internet services. It provides a platform for communication between objects where objects can

organize and manage themselves. It allows objects to communicate between each other by using radio

frequency identification (RFID), wireless sensor network (WSN), Zigbee, etc. This paper includes a brief

description of internet of things and it also defines various architectures and profiles some applications

that have the potential to make a striking difference in human life especially for the differently abled and

the elderly.

Keywords:Radio frequency identification, sensors, actuators.

[1] INTRODUCTION

Today the internet has become ubiquitous,

has touched almost every corner of the

globe, and is affecting human life in

unimaginable ways. We are now entering an

era of even more pervasive connectivity

where a wide variety of appliances will be

connected to the web. We are entering an

era of the internet of things .The Internet

of Things (IoT) is the network of physical

objects, devices, vehicles, buildings and

other items which are embedded with

INTERNET OF THINGS: A Revolution of Internet

Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 2

electronics, software, sensors, and network

connectivity, which enables these objects to

collect and exchange data. IoT is defined as

a paradigm in which objects equipped with

sensors, actuators, and processors

communicate with each other to serve a

meaningful purpose. Different authors have

defined iot in many different ways.

Vermesanet al. defined internet of things as

simply an interaction between the physical

and digital worlds. The digital world

interacts with the physical world using a

plethora of sensors and actuators. Another

author Pena-Lopez et al defines internet of

things as paradigm in which computing and

networking capabilities are embedded in any

kind of conceivable object. In other words,

the internet of things refers to a new kind of

world where almost every object that we use

is connected to the internet. The iot allows

objects to be sensed or controlled remotely

across existing network infrastructure,

creating opportunities for more direct

integration of the physical world into

computer-based systems, and resulting in

improved efficiency, accuracy and economic

benefit in addition to reduce human

intervention.WhenIoT is augmented with

sensors and actuators, the technology

becomes an instance of the more general

class of cyber-physical systems, which also

encompasses technologies such as smart

grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation

and smart cities. Each thing is uniquely

identifiable through its embedded computing

system but is able to interoperate within the

existing Internet infrastructure. Experts

estimate that the IoT will consist of almost

50 billion objects by 2020.British

entrepreneur Kevin Ashton first coined the

term in 1999 while working at Auto-ID Labs

(originally called Auto-ID centers - referring

to a global network of Radio-frequency

identification (RFID) connected objects).

Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced

connectivity of devices, systems, and

services that goes beyond machine-to-

machine communications (M2M) and covers

a variety of protocols, domains, and

applications. The interconnection of these

embedded devices (including smart objects),

is expected to usher in automation in nearly

all fields, while also enabling advanced

applications like a Smart Grid, and

expanding to the areas such as smart cities.

There are various devices such as sensors

and actuators that help in interacting with

the physical environment. The data collected

by the sensors has to be stored and

processed intelligently in order to derive

useful inferences from it. A sensor can be

any device;a mobile phone or even a

microwave oven can be considered as a

sensor as long as it provides inputs about its

current state. An actuator is a device that is

used to effect a change in the environment

such as the temperature controller of an air

conditioner. The storage and processing of

the data can be done on the edge of the

network itself or in a remote server. If any

preprocessing of data is possible, then it is

typically done at either the sensor or some

other proximate device. The processed data

is then typically sent to remote server. The

storage and processing capabilities of an iot

object are also restricted by the resources

available, which are often very constrained

due to limitations of size, energy, power,

and computational capability. Iot faces many

challenges like data collection and data

handling. There are other challenges like

communication because almost everything

in iot is wireless. The communication

between iot devices is mainly wireless

because they are generally installed at

geographically dispersed locations. The

Internet of Things finds various

applications in health care, fitness,

education, entertainment, social life,

energy conservation, environment

monitoring, home automation, and

transport systems. In all the application

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications, Volume XII, Special Issue, May 18, www.ijcea.com ISSN 2321-3469

Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 3

areas, iot technologies have significantly

been able to reduce human effort and to

improve the quality of human life.

[2]ARCHITECTURE OF IOT

Different researchers have proposed

different architectures of iot.

[2.1] Three- and Five-Layer

Architectures

The most basic architecture is three-layer

architecture. It was introduced in the

early stages of research in this area. It

has three layers, namely, the perception,

network, and application layers.

(i)The perception layer is the physical

layer, which has sensors for sensing and

gathering information about the

environment. It senses some physical

parameters or identifies other smart

objects in the environment.

(ii)The network layer is responsible for

connecting to other smart things,

network devices, and servers. Its features

are also used for transmitting and

processing sensor data.

(iii)The application layer is responsible

for delivering application specific

services to the user. It defines various

applications in which the Internet of

Things can be deployed, for example,

smart homes, smart cities, and smart

health.

The three-layer architecture defines the

main idea of the Internet of Things, but it

is not sufficient for research on IoT

because research often focuses on finer

aspects of the Internet of Things. That is

why, we have many more layered

architectures proposed in the literature.

Fig: Three layer architecture of iot

One is the five-layer architecture, which

additionally includes the processing and

business layers. The five layers are

perception, transport, processing,

application, and business layers. The role

of the perception and application layers

is the same as the architecture with three

layers. We outline the function of the

remaining three layers.

(i) The transport layer transfers the

sensor data from the perception layer to

the processing layer and vice versa

through networks such as wireless, 3G,

LAN, Bluetooth, RFID, and NFC.

(ii) The processing layer is also known

as the middleware layer. It stores,

analyzes, and processes huge amounts of

data that comes from the transport layer.

It can manage and provide a diverse set

of services to the lower layers. It

employs many technologies such as

databases, cloud computing, and big data

processing modules.

(iii) The business layer manages the

whole IoT system, including

applications, business and profit models,

and user`s privacy.

Application layer

Network layer

Perception layer

Business Layer

Application layer

INTERNET OF THINGS: A Revolution of Internet

Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 4

Fig: Five layer architecture of iot

[3]SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

All IoT applications need to