Internet Address Management - APNIC · 2017-06-18 · Internet Address Management Yesterday, Today...
Transcript of Internet Address Management - APNIC · 2017-06-18 · Internet Address Management Yesterday, Today...
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Internet Address Management
Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
- U Connect 2005 -12 September, Ulaan Bataar, Mongolia
Nurani NimpunoAPNIC
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What is APNIC?• Regional Internet Registry (RIR)
for the Asia Pacific Region• Regional authority for Internet Resource distribution• IP addresses (IPv4 and IPv6), AS numbers, in-addr.arpa delegation
• Membership-based organisation• Established 1993• Non-profit, neutral and impartial
Not operations forum Not standards development
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What is an IP address?Example:The email address:
will be translated into Internet destination:
202.12.29.211
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What is an IP address?• A number used for routing
• Not dependent on the DNS• A finite common resource
• IPv4: 32-bit number• 4 billion addresses available
• IPv6: 128-bit number• 340 billion billion billion billion available
• Not “owned” by address users
• IP does not mean “Intellectual Property”
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A look back in time…
The development of the Internetwe have today
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Brief history of the Internet (’61-’71)• 1961
• 1st paper on packet-switching theory• "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets"
Leonard Kleinrock, MIT
• 1969• ARPANET created – 4 initial nodes
• 1972• Ray Tomlinson (BBN) modifies email program for ARPANET -
becomes a quick hit. The @ sign is chosen to symbolise “at”
1st email“@”
1972
ARPANET
1969
packet-switching
theory
1961
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Brief history of the Internet (’73-’84)• 1973
• First international connections to the ARPANET: UniversityCollege of London (England) via NORSAR (Norway)
• 1974• Vint Cerf & Bob Kahn publishes “A protocol for Packet Network
Interconnection” – Transmission Control Program (TCP)
• 1984• Domain Name System (DNS) introduced• Number of hosts breaks 1,000• The Internet converts en masse to use TCP/IP
ARPANET 1st email
“@”
19721969
TCP specification
1974
DNS introducedTCP/IP
1000 hosts
1984
packet-switching
theory
1961
1st international
connections toARPANET
1973
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Brief history of the Internet (’87-’92)
• 1987• 10,000 hosts connected to the Internet
• 1989• 100,000 hosts connected to the Internet
• 1991• The World Wide Web is released by CERN
• 1992• 1,000,000 hosts connect to the Internet
1st international
connections toARPANET ARPANET
1st email“@”
19721969
1st international
connections toARPANET
1973
TCP specification
1974
DNS introducedTCP/IP
1000 hosts
1984 1987
10,000 hosts
1989
100,000 hosts
1991
WWW
1992
1,000,000 hosts
packet-switching
theory
1961
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IP allocation pre-1992
“The assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon.If you are developing a protocol or application thatwill require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, ornetwork number please contact Jon to receive anumber assignment.”
RFC 7901981
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Address management challenges 1992
• Address space depletion• Wasteful, classful allocation (A, B, C)
• Routing chaos• Legacy routing structure, router overload• Lack of routing aggregation
• Inequitable management• Unstructured and wasteful address space distribution
1st international
connections toARPANET ARPANET
1st email“@”
19721969
1st international
connections toARPANET
1973
TCP specification
1974
DNS introducedTCP/IP
1000 hosts
1984 1987
10,000 hosts
1989
100,000 hosts
1991
WWW
1992
1,000,000 hosts
packet-switching
theory
1961
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The Internet in 1992• Internet widely projected to fail
• Growth would stop by mid-’90s• Urgent measures required• Action taken by IETF / Internet community
1st international
connections toARPANET ARPANET
1st email“@”
19721969
1st international
connections toARPANET
1973
TCP specification
1974
DNS introducedTCP/IP
1000 hosts
1984 1987
10,000 hosts
1989
100,000 hosts
1991
WWW
1992
1,000,000 hosts
packet-switching
theory
1961
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Important developments 1992-93• 1992
• RFC 1366: the “growth of the Internet and its increasingglobalization”
• Additional complexity of address management• Basis for a regionally distributed Internet registry system
• The RIPE NCC is established
• 1993• Development of “CIDR”
• addressed both Address depletion & Routing table overload• APNIC is established
ARPA-NET
1khosts
1969 ‘84
1M hostsISOC
RIPE NCC
1992
TCP spec
10k hosts
100k hosts
‘89‘87‘74 1993
CIDRAPNIC
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Brief history of the Internet (’96-2000)• 1996
• 10M hosts connected to the Internet• Hotmail is born
• 1997• The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is
established
• 2000• ICANN selects 7 new TLDs: .aero, .biz, .coop, .info, .museum,
.name, .pro
ARPA-NET
1M hostsISOC
RIPE NCC1k
hosts
1969 19931992‘84
10M hostsHotmail
1996
ARIN
1997 2000
7 newTLDs
TCP spec
10k hosts
100k hosts
‘89‘87‘74
CIDRAPNIC
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Brief history of the Internet (2001-2005)• 2001
• The Code Red worm hits thousands of webservers and email accounts
• 2002• LACNIC is established
• 2003• The slammer worm causes one of the largest and fastest spreading
DDos attacks ever• UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) - 1st phase
• 2005• AfriNIC is established
ARPA-NET
1M hostsISOC
RIPE NCC1k
hosts10M hosts
Hotmail ARIN
1969 20001997199619931992‘84
7 newTLDs
2001
Code Redworm
2002
LACNIC
2003
Slammer wormWSIS
TCP spec
10k hosts
100k hosts
‘89‘87‘74
CIDRAPNIC
2005
AfriNIC
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History to date…
Initially… Then… Now
70-90s• Research project• Open, cooperative,
public domain• Highly collaborative
environment• “Rough consensus
and running code”
90s• Product of
liberalisation• Also catalyst for
deregulation• Highly competitive
environment• Still free to join and
use
2000s• Public utility and
critical infrastructure• Re-regulation
(governance) is arecent afterthought
ARPA-NET
1M hostsISOC
RIPE NCC1k
hosts10M hosts
Hotmail ARIN
1969 20001997199619931992‘84
7 newTLDs
2001
Code Redworm
2002
LACNIC
2003
Slammer wormWSIS
TCP spec
10k hosts
100k hosts
‘89‘87‘74
CIDRAPNIC
2005
AfriNIC
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Address management today• Five RIRs in the world
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Internet Governance
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What is Internet Governance?• May include any aspect of the Internet which
requires regulation, coordination or oversight• Cybercrime, security, spam, phishing, hacking• Content regulation• Commerce, trade and taxation• Intellectual property• Telecommunications regulation, competition policy• Development and facilitation, capacity building• Equity of access• Technical standards and coordination
• None of these are entirely new areas
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WSIS• Intergovernmental summit hosted by UN
• Phase I: Geneva 2003 (complete)• Phase II: Tunis 2005
• WSIS scope covers all aspects of ICTs• Content, crime, digital divide, ecommerce, capacity
building, financing…• Internet Governance: names and numbers,
interconnection, security…• Outcomes: “Declaration” and “Plan of Action”
• Guidance to UN and Governments• Non-binding, but highly influential
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AP concerns & RIRs position• AP concerns voiced during WSIS
• Outcomes of the system of Internet governance notfair
• Dissatisfaction over US government oversight ofICANN
• Concerns about access to resources• RIRs position
• Promote need for continued stability• Dispel misconceptions and misunderstanding• Promote a position of “do no harm”, and be mindful
of cross-impacts when proposing changes toinfrastructure administrative functions
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What are RIRs?• Industry self-regulatory structures
• Non-profit, open membership bodies
• First established in early 1990’s• Voluntarily by consensus of community• To satisfy emerging technical/admin
needs
• In the “Internet Tradition”• Consensus-based, open and
transparent
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Bottom-up decision making
Open community discussions
Consensus
Implementation
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Address management objectives
Conservation• Efficient use of resources• Based on demonstrated need
Aggregation• Limit routing table growth• Support provider-based routing
Registration• Ensure uniqueness• Facilitate trouble shooting
Uniqueness, fairness and consistency
(Lessons learnt from the past)
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Geography of the Internet
IP Address view
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Internet Geography
The Internet
Net
Net
Net
NetNet
NetNet
Net
Net
Net
Net
4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16…
Global Routing Table
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Internet Geography• “Nations” of the Internet are networks
• “Frontiers” are border routers• “Treaties” are peering relationships between
networks• It’s a very dynamic world…
• New nations are formed daily• New borders are established hourly• Routing tables change by the minute• Driven almost entirely by industry• No centralised control
• Very different from “traditional” networks• Telephony for example
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Geographical distribution?• Some have proposed to use a telephony-
like model for IP address management• However the geography of telephony is
very different• Countries and country prefixes are fixed• Static bi-lateral peering arrangements• Telephone numbers are localised and
extensible• To impose a telephony-like regime would
impose a major change• Substantial risks involved
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The RIR structure• Industry self-regulatory structures
• Non-profit, open membership bodies• Open and transparent processes
• Consensus-based decision-making• Policy development• Flexibility allows adaptation to Industry changes• Open participation, Democratic, bottom-up
processes• Membership structure
• 100% Self-funded through membership fees• National Internet Registries
• National representative bodies
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Summary
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Summary• The Public Internet has a history of 25 years
• 13 years of successful RIR history• Current IP address management system has
served the Internet well• Current system is dynamic and able to be
changed by evolution• What are your challenges?
• Participate in the open processes• Be a part of the future
• Responsible management essential to keepthe Internet running
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Thank You
Nurani NimpunoAPNIC
Presentation at: http://www.apnic.net/community/presentations/other