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Transcript of InternationalTelecommunicationUnion Regional Office for Asia and Pacific Bangkok, Thailand.
InternationalInternationalTelecommunicationTelecommunication
UnionUnion
Regional Office for Regional Office for Asia and PacificAsia and PacificBangkok, Thailand Bangkok, Thailand
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Creating Universal Access to ICT
Creating Universal Access to ICT
Dr.Eun-Ju Kim, Ph.D.Senior Advisor for Asia and Pacific, ITU
Dr.Eun-Ju Kim, Ph.D.Senior Advisor for Asia and Pacific, ITU
Joint Asia-Pacific Regional Conference“E-commerce Strategies for Development”
UNCC, Bangkok, 20-22 Nov. 2002
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AgendaAgenda
What is E-Commerce (EC) ? Results of a survey on EC What are ICT & its trends: pros & cons ? Access to converged ICTs as a prerequisite
of EC: ICT indicators & statistics An issue of access to ICT: gender digital
divide ITU’s activities on EC Mechanism for creating universal access Let’s work together for the better world !
What is E-Commerce (EC) ? Results of a survey on EC What are ICT & its trends: pros & cons ? Access to converged ICTs as a prerequisite
of EC: ICT indicators & statistics An issue of access to ICT: gender digital
divide ITU’s activities on EC Mechanism for creating universal access Let’s work together for the better world !
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What is E-Commerce ?What is E-Commerce ?
By UNCITRAL Model Law on E-Commerce
* These include, but not limited to, such transaction as any trade transaction for the supply or exchange of goods or services; distribution agreement; commercial representation or agency; factoring; leasing; construction of works; consulting; engineering; licensing; investment; financing; banking; insurance; exploitation agreement or concession; joint venture and other forms of industrial or business cooperation; carriage of goods or passengers by air, sea, rail or road.
By UNCITRAL Model Law on E-Commerce
* These include, but not limited to, such transaction as any trade transaction for the supply or exchange of goods or services; distribution agreement; commercial representation or agency; factoring; leasing; construction of works; consulting; engineering; licensing; investment; financing; banking; insurance; exploitation agreement or concession; joint venture and other forms of industrial or business cooperation; carriage of goods or passengers by air, sea, rail or road.
Commercial activities*using a data message generated, sent, received or stored
by electronic, optical or similar means including, but not limited to, electronic data interchange (EDI),
e-mail, telegram, telex or telecopy’
Commercial activities*using a data message generated, sent, received or stored
by electronic, optical or similar means including, but not limited to, electronic data interchange (EDI),
e-mail, telegram, telex or telecopy’
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Results of a survey on E-Commerce Results of a survey on E-Commerce
• Enhancing Infrastructure
• Building Trust
• Establishing Ground Rules &
• Maximizing Benefits
• Enhancing Infrastructure
• Building Trust
• Establishing Ground Rules &
• Maximizing Benefits
OECD established four main categories of regulatory & policy objectives
OECD established four main categories of regulatory & policy objectives
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Enhancing infrastructure ?Enhancing infrastructure ?
• Access to Information & Communication Technology (ICT)* infrastructure & EC services required to be a top level priority for national development goals;
• Regulations & policies on international interconnection & pricing* required to revise for affordable EC services;
• Banking & financial services are identified as equally critical elements for seamless links with businesses, consumers, & the international financial community to allow efficient transactions and to participate in the digital economy.
• Access to Information & Communication Technology (ICT)* infrastructure & EC services required to be a top level priority for national development goals;
• Regulations & policies on international interconnection & pricing* required to revise for affordable EC services;
• Banking & financial services are identified as equally critical elements for seamless links with businesses, consumers, & the international financial community to allow efficient transactions and to participate in the digital economy.
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Building trust ?Building trust ?
Security of data transmissions: the need for
- treatment of cryptography in both domestic law & international agreements;
- government access to public key codes of private cryptography; &
- mutual recognition of cryptography standards
Security of data transmissions: the need for
- treatment of cryptography in both domestic law & international agreements;
- government access to public key codes of private cryptography; &
- mutual recognition of cryptography standards
Privacy protection: the need for explicit privacy protection laws &
regulations or policies to govern the use of personal data by on-line services
Privacy protection: the need for explicit privacy protection laws &
regulations or policies to govern the use of personal data by on-line services
Digital signatures & electronic contracts:the need for revising / new legislation on
electronic transactions
Digital signatures & electronic contracts:the need for revising / new legislation on
electronic transactions
Certification & Certification Authorities: the need for credibility & security for EC
transactions both domestic & international
Certification & Certification Authorities: the need for credibility & security for EC
transactions both domestic & international
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Establishing ground rules ?Establishing ground rules ?
The success of worldwide E-Commerce depends on a worldwide harmonization of basic policies such as taxation, duties, treatment of intellectual property right (IPR), domain name etc.
The success of worldwide E-Commerce depends on a worldwide harmonization of basic policies such as taxation, duties, treatment of intellectual property right (IPR), domain name etc.
• Creating culture with stable social, economic and political environment for maximizing benefits of E-Commerce.
• Creating culture with stable social, economic and political environment for maximizing benefits of E-Commerce.
especially through
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What is ICT* ?What is ICT* ?
Regulations Administrations Policies
Telecommunications(fixed & mobile)
Computer Mass Coms
Technologies Legislations
INTERNET
* Refer to Table 1 in hand-out
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ICT Trends: pros ICT Trends: pros
• Internet as the fastest-growing medium: e.g., global accesses in 205 countries;
• Absence of centralized control or authority over the use of Internet developed at markets without or least regulations;
• ICT as great potentials for small & large enterprises with more employment opportunities;
• ICT with great potentials and numerous possibilities of applications from e-commerce, e-government, to e-medicine;
• Estimated e-commerce sales in 2003/5 are US$ 1,000 billion compared to US$26 billion in 1996/7;
• Transactions (e.g., e-payment) across-borders especially via e-commerce; and
• Many others.
• Internet as the fastest-growing medium: e.g., global accesses in 205 countries;
• Absence of centralized control or authority over the use of Internet developed at markets without or least regulations;
• ICT as great potentials for small & large enterprises with more employment opportunities;
• ICT with great potentials and numerous possibilities of applications from e-commerce, e-government, to e-medicine;
• Estimated e-commerce sales in 2003/5 are US$ 1,000 billion compared to US$26 billion in 1996/7;
• Transactions (e.g., e-payment) across-borders especially via e-commerce; and
• Many others.
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ICT Trends: consICT Trends: cons
• Transactions across national jurisdictions especially via e-commerce;
• Lack of harmonization in national & international laws;
• Ever fast increasing number of reported cybercrimes;
• 1,500% increase in new viruses reported in the 2 days around New Years of 2000 alone;
• Security (e.g., e-payment), fraud, privacy, Spam etc. are growing concerns, if not threats;
• Digital divide between haves & have-nots, knows & know-nots and even men & women;
• Any others.
• Transactions across national jurisdictions especially via e-commerce;
• Lack of harmonization in national & international laws;
• Ever fast increasing number of reported cybercrimes;
• 1,500% increase in new viruses reported in the 2 days around New Years of 2000 alone;
• Security (e.g., e-payment), fraud, privacy, Spam etc. are growing concerns, if not threats;
• Digital divide between haves & have-nots, knows & know-nots and even men & women;
• Any others.
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Access to converged ICTs:As a prerequisite of E-Commerce
Access to converged ICTs:As a prerequisite of E-Commerce
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57
15
27
13 14
67
52
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Low Lower Middle Upper Middle High
Fixed line by income (1995&2001)
1995
2001
57
15
27
13 14
67
52
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Low Lower Middle Upper Middle High
Fixed line by income (1995&2001)
1995
2001
ICT indicators* & statistics: Digital Divide !
{Source: ITU’s various publications} & * Refer to Tables 2&3 in hard-out
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2 2
27
38
32
28
37
31
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Oceania Africa Asia Americas Europe
Fixed line by region (1995&2001)
1995
2001
{Source: ITU's various publications}
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7
21
8
18
84
58
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Low Lower Middle Upper Middle High
Mobile subscribers by income (1995&2001)
1995
2001
{Source: ITU's various publications}
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21 1
3
25
35
44
24
27
37
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Oceania Africa Asia Americas Europe
Mobile subscribers by region (1995&2001)
1995
2001
{Source: ITU’s various publications}
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1 3 1
11
5
13
93
73
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Low Lower Middle Upper Middle High
Internet users by income (1995&2001)
1995
2001
{Source: ITU’s various publications}
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2 2 1 1
9
31
68
37
20
29
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Oceania Africa Asia Americas Europe
Internet users by region (1995&2001)
1995
2001
{Source: ITU’s various publications}
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Internet users,top 10 total users,millions,2001
142.8
57.9
33.7
30
24.4
24
16
15.7
13.5
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United States
Japan
China
Germany
Korea(Rep.)
United Kingdom
Italy
France
Canada
Brazil
Brazil
Canada
France
Italy
United Kingdom
Korea(Rep.)
Germany
China
Japan
United States
{Source: ITU’s various publications}
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Combined density: Asia / Pacific, per 100 inhab., 2001
0 50 100 150 200
HK,China
Taiwan,China
Singapore
Japan
Korea(Rep.)
Israel
Australia
UAE
New Zealand
Macao,China
FixedMobile
Internet
{Source: ITU’s various publications}
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Combined density between haves & have-nots in Asia & Pacific, 2001
0 50 100 150 200
HK,China
Taiwan,China
Singapore
Japan
Korea(Rep.)
Average
Cambodia
Solomon Islands
Lao
Bangladesh
Myanmar
FixedMobile
Internet
{Source: ITU’s various publications}
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Countries with highest DSL penetration rates,January 2002(in DSL lines per 100 persons)
1.59
1.66
2.18
2.23
2.76
2.85
3.73
4.83
5.56
10.95
USA
Finland
Sweden
Germany
Belgium
Denmark
Canada
Taiwan
Hong Kong
South Korea
South Korea
Hong Kong
Taiwan
Canada
Denmark
Belgium
Germany
Sweden
Finland
USA
* S.Korea reached its penetration rate of 17.16% by the end of Oct. 2002
Transform from just ‘access’ to ‘quality’
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Telecom expenditure of countries in Asia & the Pacific,(2001-2002)
Thai
Taiwan
Singapore
Philippines
Malaysia
South Korea
India
Hong Kong
Australia
China
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
{Source: Asia Pacific Development, 2002}
‘Access with quality’ vs. ‘investments’
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An issue of access to ICT:
gender digital divide
An issue of access to ICT:
gender digital divide
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Requirements for gender balanceRequirements for gender balance• Awareness of ICT & EC;• Accessibility to ICT;• Affordability of ICT services (e.g., EC); &• Bridging gender digital divide through:e.g.
– Adopting & implementing gender-sensitive policies & legislations on ICT;
– Coordinating various institutions dealing ICT & gender issues separately;
– Creating social, cultural and economic environments etc.
so that men & women alike equally access to and benefit from ICT & its various potentials & applications like E-Commerce.
• Awareness of ICT & EC;• Accessibility to ICT;• Affordability of ICT services (e.g., EC); &• Bridging gender digital divide through:e.g.
– Adopting & implementing gender-sensitive policies & legislations on ICT;
– Coordinating various institutions dealing ICT & gender issues separately;
– Creating social, cultural and economic environments etc.
so that men & women alike equally access to and benefit from ICT & its various potentials & applications like E-Commerce.
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Some examples for both ICT & genderSome examples for both ICT & gender
• Specific gender-aware policy guidelines on ICT developed by ITU and other organizations;
• A planed joint seminar on ‘ICT & Gender preparing for inputs to the WSIS’ in Malaysia, 2003; and
• Various projects such as ‘telecenters managed by women in communities’ as a way to reach universal access.
• Specific gender-aware policy guidelines on ICT developed by ITU and other organizations;
• A planed joint seminar on ‘ICT & Gender preparing for inputs to the WSIS’ in Malaysia, 2003; and
• Various projects such as ‘telecenters managed by women in communities’ as a way to reach universal access.
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ITU’S ACTIVITIESITU’S ACTIVITIES
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Relating to E-CommerceRelating to E-Commerce ITU-T standards for
global connectivity & operability with security;
E-Commerce for the developing countries
High Level Experts (HLE) Meeting in Dec. 1999;
E-Commerce Seminar on World Telecom Day, May 17 1999; &
National survey on E-Commerce etc.
ITU-T standards for global connectivity & operability with security;
E-Commerce for the developing countries
High Level Experts (HLE) Meeting in Dec. 1999;
E-Commerce Seminar on World Telecom Day, May 17 1999; &
National survey on E-Commerce etc.
Technical &Standards
Technical &Standards
Hands-on Assistance
Hands-on Assistance
Policy & Regulatory
Policy & Regulatory
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ITU: Technical ActivitiesITU: Technical Activities Strengthen the standard activities
of ITU on E-Commerce:e.g., Strengthen the standard activities
of ITU on E-Commerce:e.g.,
• ITU-T X.509: a joint text with ISO/IEC 9594-8:– applications related to Public Key
Infrastructure (PKI) as a tool for authentication - to form security policy;
– better support services and protocols in resource constrained (e.g., wireless) and business-to-business (B2B & web-based e-commerce) environment [under the development]
• ITU-T X.841-3: new Recommendations for approval in 10/2000 to develop Security Techniques - e.g.,– security information objects for access control;– guidelines on the use and management of
trusted third party services;– specification of TTP to support the application
of digital signature
• ITU-T X.509: a joint text with ISO/IEC 9594-8:– applications related to Public Key
Infrastructure (PKI) as a tool for authentication - to form security policy;
– better support services and protocols in resource constrained (e.g., wireless) and business-to-business (B2B & web-based e-commerce) environment [under the development]
• ITU-T X.841-3: new Recommendations for approval in 10/2000 to develop Security Techniques - e.g.,– security information objects for access control;– guidelines on the use and management of
trusted third party services;– specification of TTP to support the application
of digital signature
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ITU: Hands-on Activities - E-StrategyITU: Hands-on Activities - E-Strategy
• Launched at the ITU WDTC-98, Malta;• Aimed at establish the infrastructure &
services necessary to provide secure e-payment, transaction & trust services;
• Assists DCs to acquire and use E-Commerce technologies in such areas as:– infrastructure development;– capacity building & technology
transfer;– national policies and raising
awareness;– collaboration with the public & private
sectors
• Launched at the ITU WDTC-98, Malta;• Aimed at establish the infrastructure &
services necessary to provide secure e-payment, transaction & trust services;
• Assists DCs to acquire and use E-Commerce technologies in such areas as:– infrastructure development;– capacity building & technology
transfer;– national policies and raising
awareness;– collaboration with the public & private
sectors
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ITU: Policy & Regulatory ActivitiesITU: Policy & Regulatory Activities
.. Reviewed policy & regulatory issues on E-
Commerce through organizing a meeting of HLE, which largely recommended the ITU:
Reviewed policy & regulatory issues on E-Commerce through organizing a meeting of HLE, which largely recommended the ITU:
• enable & facilitate reasonable & appropriate authentication measures (e.g., e-signature) to create legal certainty in cross-border transactions;
• encourage ‘voluntary’ rather than mandatory approaches and promote effective competition;
• not engage in activities that constrain the development & implementation of market-based initiatives & standards or private arrangements;
• be technology-neutral;• be attentive to the needs of developing countries
and cultural differences;• facilitate authentication across borders, and so on
• enable & facilitate reasonable & appropriate authentication measures (e.g., e-signature) to create legal certainty in cross-border transactions;
• encourage ‘voluntary’ rather than mandatory approaches and promote effective competition;
• not engage in activities that constrain the development & implementation of market-based initiatives & standards or private arrangements;
• be technology-neutral;• be attentive to the needs of developing countries
and cultural differences;• facilitate authentication across borders, and so on
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MECHANISM FOR CREATING UNIVERSAL ACCESS
MECHANISM FOR CREATING UNIVERSAL ACCESS
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Policy* & Regulatory FrameworksPolicy* & Regulatory Frameworks
• Competition for a choice of services & suppliers as well as for competitive – if not, affordable - prices;
• Universal Service Obligation & its funds from the incumbents &/or various PTOs for access to even rural & underprivileged groups;
• Pricing & Rebalancing to reduce/update tariffs for affordability; etc.
• Competition for a choice of services & suppliers as well as for competitive – if not, affordable - prices;
• Universal Service Obligation & its funds from the incumbents &/or various PTOs for access to even rural & underprivileged groups;
• Pricing & Rebalancing to reduce/update tariffs for affordability; etc.
correlation between ‘policy/regulation’ & ‘access’
because of
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Internet Access ( 2001 )Internet Access ( 2001 )
Countries ISP C= competitionM = monopoly
(number of ISP)
Users(Per 100
habitants)
Tariffs(Off-peak:
30 hrs/month)
South KoreaSri LankaSingaporeChinaAustraliaJapan
C ( 270 )C ( 12 )C ( 47 )C ( 59 )C ( 235 )C ( 234 )
51.070.7960.522.6037.2345.47
10.1511.9712.1718.2423.3258.36
CambodiaMarshall I.MaldivesPNGTuvaluKiribati
C ( 2 )C ( 2 )M ( 1 )M ( 1 )M ( 1 )
-
0.071.293.702.811.022.50
129.56159.00168.22185.97212.73222.09
{Source: ITU’s various publications} & Refer to Tables 2 & 3
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Prerequisites for access to ICTPrerequisites for access to ICT
Mechanisms to raise capital or funds (e.g., USO Funds), Development of infrastructure (e.g., electricity, road,
transportation), Payment mechanisms (e.g., banking, exchange with goods
etc.), Education and training for human resources Socio-cultural awareness (e.g. for poverty eradication,
equality of genders, access from the underprivileged groups including the disabled),
Economic empowerment (e.g., for new business and employment opportunities),
Local languages and contents (e.g., multi-lingual software, local contents),
Technical and legal measures for security and confidence (e.g., standards, cyber laws),
Research, development, transfer, and implementation of new technologies
Political wills with transparency and commitment, & Stable social, economic and political environment
Mechanisms to raise capital or funds (e.g., USO Funds), Development of infrastructure (e.g., electricity, road,
transportation), Payment mechanisms (e.g., banking, exchange with goods
etc.), Education and training for human resources Socio-cultural awareness (e.g. for poverty eradication,
equality of genders, access from the underprivileged groups including the disabled),
Economic empowerment (e.g., for new business and employment opportunities),
Local languages and contents (e.g., multi-lingual software, local contents),
Technical and legal measures for security and confidence (e.g., standards, cyber laws),
Research, development, transfer, and implementation of new technologies
Political wills with transparency and commitment, & Stable social, economic and political environment
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Implementation through partnershipsImplementation through partnerships
• Policy-makers & Regulators– Policy & regulatory tools with political wills
• Industries– Operators/suppliers with their own interests or
as an obligation of universal service– Various SMEs with more creative
entrepreneurship• Communities
– Various initiatives like telecenters • Users
– Demands for ICTs at affordable prices with choices and quality of services
• International & Regional Organizations
– Harmonizing rules to deal with trans-border issues
• Policy-makers & Regulators– Policy & regulatory tools with political wills
• Industries– Operators/suppliers with their own interests or
as an obligation of universal service– Various SMEs with more creative
entrepreneurship• Communities
– Various initiatives like telecenters • Users
– Demands for ICTs at affordable prices with choices and quality of services
• International & Regional Organizations
– Harmonizing rules to deal with trans-border issues
37
Inte
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Inte
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Un
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Let’s work together !Let’s work together !
Through universal access to ICTThrough universal access to ICT
Regardless gender, age, disabilities …..Regardless gender, age, disabilities …..
For the world better place !For the world better place !
In both have & have-not countriesIn both have & have-not countries
To maximize benefits of ICTTo maximize benefits of ICT
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Thank You for
Your Kind Attention
Thank You for
Your Kind Attention
For further information:Mr.Georges Sebek for ITU-T SG7 standard
activities;Mr.Arthur Levin for HLE activities;Mr.Alexander Ntoko for E-strategy
at the ITU, Geneva Tel) +41 22 730 5111Web: http://www.itu.int
Dr.Eun-Ju KimSenior Adviser for Asia & the Pacific
ITU Regional Office, Bangkok, ThailandTel) +662 574 9326 Fax) +662 574 9328e-mail) [email protected]
For further information:Mr.Georges Sebek for ITU-T SG7 standard
activities;Mr.Arthur Levin for HLE activities;Mr.Alexander Ntoko for E-strategy
at the ITU, Geneva Tel) +41 22 730 5111Web: http://www.itu.int
Dr.Eun-Ju KimSenior Adviser for Asia & the Pacific
ITU Regional Office, Bangkok, ThailandTel) +662 574 9326 Fax) +662 574 9328e-mail) [email protected]
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