International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement...
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International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement Publications (2015) Achieving Better Liquid Measurement using a Different Perspective Author(s): Daniel J. Rudroff Abstract/Introduction: Custody Transfer Measure ment in the Oil and Gas Industry has been described many ways. It has been called An accuracy in measurement that both the buyers and sellers can agree upon, or The best that can be achieved to meet the contract conditions plus many others . Bu t in reality it is The Search for the Truth. Category: [Not Available] Advanced DP Meter Diagnostics - Developing Dynamic Pressure Field Monitoring (& Other Developments) Author(s): Jennifer Rabone Kim Lewis Bob Peebles George Kidd Andrey Safonov Josh Kinney Abstract/Introduction: Differential Pressure (DP) meters have a full diagn ostic suite. These diagnostics appeared suddenly and unexpectedly. Due to the DP m eters simplicity there was a long standing axiom that DP meters could have no diagnostics. For more than a century DP meter operators were blind to the inform ation contained in a DP meters pressure field. Operators of DP meters trad itionally knew of only a small proportion of the information available from each D P meter. However, DP meter technology has now evolved the ability to see and u nderstand the pressure field. This crucial DP meter evolutionary step has diverte d the DP meter from the slow road to obsolescence and placed it firmly back in the forefront of modern flow meter development Category: Differential Pressure Meter A modified En Numbers for Verifying the Long Term Stability of the Reference Flow Meters Author(s): Yong Moon Choi Woong Kang Hae Man Choi Byung Ro Yoon Abstract/Introduction: A reference flow meter is used in NMI (national measurement institute) or calibration laboratories in many countries. Even if the primary standard system has more accurate measurement capability, the reference flow meter has many advantages. The main criteria to select a reference flow meter are accuracy and stability. In this study, calibration data of 37 reference flow meters of 11 calibration laboratories were analyzed because those have been calibrated by the same primary standard system of the KRISS (Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science). The long term stability of the reference flow meter is estimated by the variation of deviation from the flow rate value of the primary standard system for several years. Also uncertainty is modified at each flow rate point including the annual variance of deviation. Finally, a modified En number is propose d to check the performance of reference flow meters. The long term stability suggested in this study can be used to make a decision of working flow range, calibration period, repair or replacement of the reference flow meter Category: Uncertainty Analysis
Transcript of International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement...
International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement Publications (2015)
Achieving Better Liquid Measurement using a Different Perspective Author(s): Daniel J. Rudroff
Abstract/Introduction: Custody Transfer Measure ment in the Oil and Gas Industry has been described many ways.
It has been called An accuracy in measurement that both the buyers and sellers can agree upon, or The best that can be achieved to meet the contract conditions plus many others . Bu t
in reality it is The Search for the Truth. Category: [Not Available]
Advanced DP Meter Diagnostics - Developing Dynamic Pressure Field Monitoring (& Other Developments)
Author(s): Jennifer Rabone Kim Lewis Bob Peebles George Kidd Andrey Safonov Josh Kinney
Abstract/Introduction: Differential Pressure (DP) meters have a full diagn ostic suite. These diagnostics appeared
suddenly and unexpectedly. Due to the DP m eters simplicity there was a long standing axiom that DP meters could have no diagnostics. For more than a century DP meter operators
were blind to the inform ation contained in a DP meters pressure field. Operators of DP meters trad itionally knew of only a small proportion of the information available from each
D P meter. However, DP meter technology has now evolved the ability to see and u nderstand the pressure field. This crucial DP meter evolutionary step has diverte d the DP meter from
the slow road to obsolescence and placed it firmly back in the forefront of modern flow meter development
Category: Differential Pressure Meter
A modified En Numbers for Verifying the Long Term Stability of the Reference Flow Meters
Author(s): Yong Moon Choi Woong Kang Hae Man Choi Byung Ro Yoon Abstract/Introduction:
A reference flow meter is used in NMI (national measurement institute) or calibration laboratories in many countries. Even if the primary standard system has more accurate
measurement capability, the reference flow meter has many advantages. The main criteria to select a reference flow meter are accuracy and stability. In this study, calibration data of 37 reference flow meters of 11 calibration laboratories were analyzed because those have been calibrated by the same primary standard system of the KRISS (Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science). The long term stability of the reference flow meter is estimated by
the variation of deviation from the flow rate value of the primary standard system for several years. Also uncertainty is modified at each flow rate point including the annual variance of
deviation. Finally, a modified En number is propose d to check the performance of reference flow meters. The long term stability suggested in this study can be used to make a decision of
working flow range, calibration period, repair or replacement of the reference flow meter Category: Uncertainty Analysis
Analysis of Flow Meters Calibration Author(s): Pier Giorgio Spazzini Francesca Pennecchi Enrica Pessana Aline Piccato
Abstract/Introduction: Calibration data of flow meters are often reported using the so called c alibration c oefficient,
i.e. the ratio between the reference flow rate (or equivalent quantity, e.g. airspeed, accumulated volume etc.) and the corresponding quantity as indicated by the instrument to be
calibrated. The main reasons for this choice are twofold: - First of all, this approach is very practical for the end user of the instrument, who can get the corrected flow rate by simple multiplication of the readout times the coefficient - Second, this representation allows to
highlight the non - linearities of the instrument, which usually show up in the lower end of the range and might be hidden by a direct representation
Category: Uncertainty Analysis
A New Approach to High Flow Rate Bilateral Hydrocarbon Laboratory Comparison Testing
Author(s): Fernando de Lis Pablo Carmona Loeches Ray Kalivoda Mark Martin Mitchell Reckner
Abstract/Introduction: Located in Erie, Pennsylvania, FMC Technologies Flow Research and Test Center recently performed a bi lateral comparison test with Compaia Logistica de Hidrocarburos CLH, S.A.
of Spain using liquid hydrocarbon products. The comparison test was based on an 8 inch (203 mm) Smith Meter Sentry conventional turbine meter with flow conditioner in series with a Smith Meter Ultra 8c 8 - path liquid ultrasonic meter located upstream. The intention of the ultrasonic meter was to use its advanced diagnostic capabilities to provide a window into the
flow stream and perform flow profile analysis. Installation effect s can have a profound influence on the performance of turbine and ultrasonic flow meters due to changes in flow profile between two different systems. The following technical paper discusses the testing
approach and results, investigating the effects of th e flow profile characteristics on the turbine meter performance as observed at both facilities
Category: Fluid Properties, Hydrates, Turbine Meter, Uncertainty Analysis, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
A New PVTt Primary Gas Flow Standard at CMS Author(s): Ching-Yi Kuo Yi-Lin Ho Wen-Ti Lin Chun-Min Su
Abstract/Introduction: Center for Measurement Standards (CMS) has finished constructing a new pressure, volume, temperature, and time (PVTt) primary gas flo w standard at the end of 2013. The PVTt gas flow standard spans the flow range of 0.01 L/mi n to 300 L/min using three gas collection
tanks with an expanded uncertainty ( k 2) of 0.10 %. Each gas collection tank has an in dividual three-way diverter valve composed of a specially-des igned reduced-bore ball valve and a pneumatic cylinder. The collection tanks are immerse d in a circulated water bath and the uncertainty of the collected gas temperature after ac hieving thermal equilibrium is 0.05 K. The design of this flow standard and the strategy to redu ce the uncertainty of the flow measurements are introduced in this paper. In addit ion, an intra-comparison between the
PVTt gas flow standard and the existing three other prima ry gas flow standards, i.e. a piston prover and two bell provers, were conducted. Results showe d the three systems agreed
within deviation of 0.05 % Category: Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis
An Experimental Study of the Near Wake of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines Author(s): Mina G. Mourad Samir S. Ayad Osama E. Abdellatif Ali A. Abdelaziz
Abstract/Introduction: The present work considers an experimental investigation of wind turbine near wake by using
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) visualization technique. The PIV technique gives a complete picture of all poin ts at the domain under consideration. The study is focused on the effect of tip speed ratio ( ? ) and Reynolds number (Re c ) on the near wake characteristics. A three - blade model of wind turbine with airfoil SG 6040 16% is tested in water channel at Re c range between 1.28 10 4 and 7.68 10 4 . Various tip speed ratios are tested between ? 2 and ? 12. Experiments are also performed at constant ? 8 and variable Re c in the range between
2.56 10 4 and 5.12 10 4 . Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Turbine Meter, Turbine Meter, Turbo Machinery
Novel High Accuracy Delay Time Estimation Algorit hm to Compute Vortex Convection Velocity
Author(s): Kaluri V. Ranga Rao A Venugopal A Yegneswaran Abstract/Introduction:
Conventional vortex flowmeters suffers performance dete rioration at low Reynolds number ( Re D 30000) owing to piping vibrations and hydrodynamic n oise. Under these conditions the
strength of the shed vortices is not sufficient enough to be captured by conventional frequency detection techniques. The present study employs a pair of piezoelectric sensors
located downstream the bluff body to capture the convection of the shed vortices. The convection velocity of the shed vortices is computed using a novel delay time estimation
algorithm. Conventionally the delay time is estimated using correla tion methods. Category: Analysis and Measurement, Vortex Meter, Vortex Meter
Are Legacy requirements still essential in Hydrocarbon Custody Measurement Systems?
Author(s): Chandulal Bhatasana Abstract/Introduction:
Technology applied to accurately measure the quantity and quality of hydrocarbon fluids has continually evolved since the inception of flow measurement. Over the years, oil and gas flow measurement has been pe rformed using various technologies, such as a differential
pressure meter, propeller type turbine and displacement meters. The instrument technology, installation and maintenance, calibration, process operating conditions, etc., ha ve a direct
bearing on flow measurement with the lowest uncertainty. W ith the latest state - of - the - art electronics and techniques for better diagnosis of measurement parameters - by c oriolis and ultrasonic flow meter (UFM) technology - the question can be ask ed if performance is still
adversely affected by variation in process operating parameters ? In addition, does the method of field installation have an effect? A nd have advances in flow measurement technologies made some of these criteria irrelevant or dim inished their importance?
Category: Hydrates, Positive Displacement Meter, Turbine Meter, Uncertainty Analysis, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
Sampling Challenges Associated with Unconventional Gas Sources Author(s): Mark Firmin Abstract/Introduction:
Natural gas sources that in the past have been regarded as unconventional are becoming common. This paper will discuss gas sampling system design fundamentals highlight key
aspects of current industry standards explore the challenges associated with sampling unconventional sources such shale formations, deep- water offshore wells and enhanced recovery systems. Methods for the continuous sampling natural gas that is wet, at high pressure or even supercritical will be presented. T he primary focus of this paper is on minimizing the error associated with sampling for compositional analysis. Sampling
considerations associated with the measurement of s ingle components will however also be discussed.
Category: Fluid Properties, Gas Chromatograph, Natural Gas, Uncertainty Analysis
Alternate Calibration Methodology F or Point - Velocity Devices ( Pitot - Tube s,
Anemometers, Hot - Wire Probes ) Using NIST Traceable Mass Flow Measurement Standards
Author(s): Eric Harman William Johansen Abstract/Introduction:
An alternate methodology for calibrating Pitot tubes, Anemometers, Hot - Wire Probes, and other Point - Velocity Devices is described utilizing NIST Traceable Mass Flow
Measurement Standards, velocity profile conditioning, velocity pr ofile mapping and normalization techniques. This methodology wa s used to determine three Pitot - static flow coefficients. The r esulting average of the three experimentally determined flow coefficients
w a s within 0 . 4 % of a theoretical ly calculated flow coefficient . An uncertainty analysis of the experimenta lly determined flow coefficients produced an estimated uncertainty of 0 .62
% at one sigma Category: Analysis and Measurement, Differential Pressure Meter, Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis,
Uncertainty Analysis
Systematic Error of Gas Flow Rate Measurement Caused by Flow Pulsation Author(s): Roman Fedoryshyn Fedir Matiko Ihor Kostyk Yevhen Pistun
Abstract/Introduction: This work deals with investigation of influence of flow pulsation on the accuracy of gas flow
rate and volume measurement by means of the differential pressure flow meters. Experimental studies of the step response curves of an impuls e line with a pressure
transducer (PT) were carried out with application of a high - frequency analog - to - digital
converter of the pressure signal in the PT chamber. Mathematical model of an impulse line with a PT was built. This model provides simulati o n and investigation of the transient
processes with high accuracy. The influence of the impulse line design (length, diameter) on the step response curves and on the frequency response curves as well as on the resonant
frequency of the oscillating system (an im pulse line with a PT chamber) was studied. Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties
Asymmetric flow measurement in space constrained cooling water ducts using a traversing probe
Author(s): Rudzani Mutshinya Dr Wim Fuls Dr Francois du Preez Abstract/Introduction:
The majority of Eskoms coal - fired po wer stations utilize surface condensers and wet cooling towers to discard the waste heat from the steam cycle. The cooling water (cw) flow
rate to the cooling tower affects the temperature at which condensation takes place inside the condenser. This in tur n affects the back pressure of the turbine as well as the overall plant
efficiency Category: Fluid Properties, Turbine Meter
Automated 3D Traverse System Design and Pitot Tubes Calibration in the Wind Tunnel
Author(s): Hsin Hung Lee Jian Yuan Chen Abstract/Introduction:
Greenhouse gas emissions have been regarded as a global challenge and it is even more serious in Asia Pacific region. Smokestack emissions are one of the main pollution sources
and its flow measurements draw much attention due to the unstable flow conditions and complex gas composition. Pitot tubes have been widely used for flow measurements in the
environmental analysis. However, the traditional pitot tubes (L type or S type ) can only provide one - dimensional flow velocity and the measurement locations also require to be
arranged with care. The EPA in the USA already announced that 3D pitot tubes (prism type, spherical type) can be used for three - dimensional swirl flow measurements in the
smokestack and could provide more detailed flow information Category: Analysis and Measurement, Differential Pressure Meter, Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis
Bi-Comparison for High Te mperature Water Flow between PTB and NMIJ Author(s): Noriyuki Furuichi Yoshiya Terao Leopoldo Cordove Thomas Lederer
Abstract/Introduction: Bi-comparison for high temperature water fl ow is performed between PTB and AIST, NMIJ
using differential pressure meters. Flowrate range in the comparison is from 250 m 3 /h to 740 m 3 /h and temperature range is from 20 ? C to 80 ? C. Reynolds number based on the pipe diameter ranges from 4.4 ? 10 5 to 3.6 ? 10 6 . The transfer meters are a throat tap type flow nozzle based on ASME standard and an orifice with corner tap. The transfer meters are
calibrated by a static gravimetric method using weighing tank in PTB and a volumetric method using prover system in AIST, NMIJ. The results of the discharge coefficient are
agreed well between the labs. Especially, the results by the orifice with flow conditioner are excellently agreed. The differences of discharge coefficients given by the both labs are less
than 0.03%
Category: Differential Pressure Meter, Orifice Meter
Blockage effect of different types of anemometers i n a closed wind tunnel Author(s): sabelle Caré Hervé Miler
Abstract/Introduction: Airspeed measurements are of increasing relevance f or efficiency and safety related subject areas. The intrusion of an anemometer in a duct may lead to a measurement error because of
the change in flow profile and blockage effect. Thi s impact has to be taken into account when performing measurements of air speed. It is therefore important to understand the
phenome na, to be able to analyze and quantify them at all levels of the traceability chain, from Natio nal Metrology Institutes to on site measurements, from calibration test rigs to industrial measuremen ts in duct. The research project led in 2012 by EDF R&D and CET
IAT about the comparison of experimental and numerical results for different ty pes of anemometers in a closed wind tunnel has been extended to different sizes of closed wind
tunnel. The new results were obtained by numerical simulati on using a CFD code, named STAR CCM+
Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties
Technology and application of ultrasonic gasflow meters for the measurement of steam in process and custody transfer applications
Author(s): J. van Klooster A. Huijzer E. Funke D. Laan Abstract/Introduction:
Measurement of steam is quite common in the process industry, power plants and oil and gas production. In many cases primary elements like orifice, venturi, pitot tubes or nozzles are
used for this in combi nation with a DP transmitter. For smaller diameters also vortex flowmeters are used. However this measurement can be complicated due to the harsh
conditions provided by steam . At the same time demands on the performance of steamflow measurements are incre asing with regards to long term stability, accuracy, range abi lity and
periodic verification. Category: Differential Pressure Meter, Fluid Properties, Orifice Meter, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter,
Vortex Meter
Temperature Effects on the Performance of Tunable Diode Laser Moisture Analyzer s Author(s): John Geerligs jeff Crowe Robert McBrien
Abstract/Introduction: Measuring water content in natural gas is critical to operating a pipeline system. High water
content can lead to the formation of gas hydrates and increased corrosion of the pipeline. Measuring water vapor down to the ppm range in natural gas is a difficult technical
challenge. The objective of this work was to test the AMETEK 5100 HD and SpectraSensors SS2000e gas analyzer for measurin g water content in natural gas . Each device employs T
unable D iode L aser A bsorption S pectroscopy (TDLAS) to detect water in natural gas . W ater was added to a steady gas flow to test the analyzer accuracy and response time . The response to a 20% ethylene glycol (balance water) and a 20% methanol (balance water) solution (by weight) was also evaluated. Baseline accuracy was established with a Scott
moisture standard distributed by Air Liquide. Each analyzer was subjected to changes in sample gas temperature and an alyzer environment temperature
Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties, Hydrates, Natural Gas
The diverse and unsteady characteristics of premature unchoking phenomena for the sonic nozzles
Author(s): Chunhui Li Lishui Cui Abstract/Introduction:
The critical back pressure ratio is the key parameter for the sonic nozzle. The occurrence of the premature unchoking phenomena had seriously influence on the CBPR. In 2012, Mickan et al.,s research showed the phenomena might be depressed by the lower turbulent intensity
resulted from the porous media of upstream flow condition Category: CFV / Sonic Nozzle Meter, Fluid Properties
The Effect of Liquid Kinematic Viscosity and Drain Time on the Volume Delivered from a Test Measure
Author(s): John D.Wright Sherry D.Sheckels Christian Lachance Farhad Sharifi Adam Falick Dominic Ondoro
Abstract/Introduction: Volumetric test measures are used for calibration and traceability of petroleum measurements and their low uncertainty is important for the equitable trade of valuable liquids. The volume
delivered from a test measure depends in part on the volume of liquid retained on the test measure walls after the draining procedure is complete. Mixtures of propylene glycol and
water with kinematic viscosity ranging from 1 mm 2 /s to 55 mm 2 /s were used to measure the delivered volumes of three test measures (19 L, 20 L, and 38 L) for 30 s drip times
Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis
The Hydrometric Calibration Facility from METAS: A Primary Standard for Liquid
Flow Speed Author(s): Marc de Huu Beat Wüthrich
Abstract/Introduction: Watercourses can only be monitored and controlled if the prevailing water flow rates are known. These velocities are regularly determined on site using hydrometric measuring
instrumen ts like mechanical current meters or acoustic Doppler current meters. The data sets gathered from these measurements are indispensable for flood prevention or to protect
watercourses against overexploitation. Calibrated hydrometric measuring instruments ar e therefore of vital importance for the energy and water sectors as well as for the upkeep,
monitoring and maintenance of waterways Category: Fluid Properties, Ultrasonic Meter
The Introduction of the Multipurpose PVTt Gas Flow Fac Author(s): Yi Zhou
Abstract/Introduction: The PVTt facility is under construction and will be operated as one primary nation al
standard in the following months. This facility is located in Zhenjiang , China with innovation structure, outstanding accuracy, large rangeability, automatically, low power
consumption, good efficiency and various applications. The relative extend uncertainty (Urel) will reach 0.07% (k2 ) at standard vessels in 1 m 3 and above , and 0.1% below 1m
Category: [Not Available]
The Practical Application of Multi - Point Piecewise Linear Interpolation (PWL) and Other Developing Trends with Coriolis Meters for Natural Gas Custody Transfer
Applications Author(s): Marc Buttler Ron Gibson Gary McCargar Karl Stappert Tonya Wyatt
Abstract/Introduction: This paper provides an update on the growing use of Coriolis flow meters for natural gas
wholesale custody transfer measurement . Practical application s of provisions found within the 2 nd Edition of the American Gas Association Report No. 11 (AGA 11) will be covered
that deal with calibration fluid flexibility, compensation for the effect of pressure on the meter, automatic multi - point piecewise linear interpolation , and in - situ secondary verificat ion methods that can be used after meters are installed in service as an ongoing check of the
calibration accurac Category: Coriolis Meter, Fluid Properties, Natural Gas
Calibration Lab Flow Characteristics as Measured by Ultrasonic Flow Meters Author(s): Nicholas J. Mollo Kristina G. Berardi Thomas Ballard
Abstract/Introduction: Calibration of most flow meters is considered to be an important and necessary step in
delivering a high quality and accurate meter s to end user s . Such calibrations are crucial for ultrasonic flow meters which will be used in custody transfer applications. Selecting the
correct facility for the calibration has historically involved finding a lab that could match both the pipe size of the meter as well as cover the range of flow rates necessary to verify the
meter over the application range Category: Fluid Properties, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
CFD Analysis for Ultrasonic Flow Meter Accuracy Improvement in Flare Gas Applications
Author(s): Isaac Sadovnik Jed Matson Selvakumaran Senthamizhchai Venugopal Arumuru Lei Sui
Abstract/Introduction: Ultrasonic Flow Meters (USM) rely on Fully Developed flow profile (FD) for the accurate
measurement of flow rate in Flare Gas or, in general, for any application. The US M are loaded with meter factors or K - factors which correspond to the conversion from the
measured Ultrasonic Path Line velocity average, to the flow cross - section area average velocity which is the Bulk velocity of the flow. In order to produce a suitable FD flow profile prior to entering the flow meter, one may need to have a length of straight pipe upwards of 50
pipe diameters. Most Flare Gas Flow Meter installations dont typically have this kind of length of straight pipe upstream of their installation locations. As a result, the meters will
read bulk flow velocities that can be inaccurate by typically 5 - 10% of reading . CFD
Analysis can improve the meters accuracy by predicting the flow profiles for a particular installation and thus providing the meter with more accurate correction factors or, Meter Factors (MF). The meter fa ctors that CFD analyses provides , are decomposed into two separate factors: the fully developed flow meter factor (FDMF) and the meter correction
factor (MCF) that is multiplied to the FDMF in order to obtain the final Correction F actor s (Installed Correction Factors) to be loaded into the meters software
Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
THE REAL HISTORY OF CUSTODY TRANSFER ULT RASONIC FLOW METERS Author(s): t.cousins
Abstract/Introduction: Previous presentations on history of high Accuracy Ultrasonic flow meters have always made the assumption that everything started with the British gas meter. In fact this is far from the truth we have to go back to the early 1960 s to see the beginnings of such meters, and these were generally liquid meters. One of the first pioneers was Al Brown, initially he used the sing around method to give a frequency proportional to velocity, to avoid the need for high
resolution timing. Later he refined his meters to used analogue timing methods. Category: Fluid Properties, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
Thermal Effects on Critical Flow Venturis Author(s): John D.Wright Woong Kang Liang Zhang Aaron N.Johnson
Abstract/Introduction: Critical flow venturis (CFVs) are widely used as working and transfer standards for gas flow measurement because of their long - term calibration stability ( 0.06 %) and well developed physical model. At Reynolds numbers Re 2.5 x 10 5 ( e.g. , a 2 mm throat diameter flowing air at 1 MPa), CFVs exhibit sensitivity to the environmental temperature of approximately
200 parts in 10 6 / K, primarily due to the difficulty of measuring the temperature of the gas entering the CFV (temperature sampling errors) and thermal boundary layer effects. For
example, during the CCM.FF - K6 2002 key comparison 2, the temperature sensitivity of the CFV transfer standard accounted for as much as 40 % of the transfer standard uncertainty Category: Analysis and Measurement, CFV / Sonic Nozzle Meter, Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis
Towards a cryogenic LDV fluid flow measurement stan dard Author(s): A. Strzelecki O. Valet R. Maury J.P. Vallet
Abstract/Introduction: A very promising alternative to the state-of-the-ar t static volume measurement for Liquid
Natural Gas (LNG) custody transfer processes is the dynamic principle of flow metering. In the frame of the first (2010-2013) & second (2014-2017) Joint Pr oject Research
METROLOGY for LNG , CESAME EXADEBIT explored a novel cryogenic flow metering technolog y using Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), as alternative to ultrasonic and Coriolis
flow metering . The study focused on the technological challenges a nd solutions for extending the LDV method to cryogenic temperatures, and on the estimation of the
uncertainty that can be realistically achieved with such a measurement system to measure the LNG flowrate
Category: Analysis and Measurement, Coriolis Meter, Cryogenics, Natural Gas, Uncertainty Analysis,
Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
ULTRASONIC FLOW METER COMPLIANCE WITH API 14.10 MEASUREMENT OF FLOW TO FLAREs
Author(s): Wil Camara Ekkehard Riedel Sven Holzbächer Abstract/Introduction:
Ultrasonic flow meters have been used for over 3 0 years to measure flow to flare stack s. Due to changes in plant construction philosophies to more compact building, environmental
regulations , and an increased offshore activity the demands to these measurements have changed during recent years. New regulations implemented in Europe and Nor th America
requires the measurement of fuel and flare gas to calculate CO2 and VOC emissions Category: Cryogenics, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
Ultrasonic Gas Flow Meter - Evaluations on CO 2 Rich Natural Gas Author(s): Joerg Wenzel Ekkehard Riedel, Sebastian Stoof, Dr. Volker Herrmann,
Abstract/Introduction: n the last 15 years, ultrasonic gas flow meters (U SM) have become state-of-the-art
technology for fiscal gas metering. Today, ultrason ic meters are moving beyond the realms of fiscal metering and into upstream applica tions like allocation metering, along with less
conventional applications like biogas, po wer-to-gas operations and carbon capture and storage (CCS), as well as the measureme nt of natural gas from marginal gas fields with
carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) rich natural gas Category: Fluid Properties, Natural Gas, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
Uncertainty Analysis of Stack Gas Flowrate Measurement with S - Type Pitot Tube for Estimating Greenhouse Gases Emission
Author(s): Woong Kang Yong Moon Choi Nguyen Doan Trang Hee Soo Jang Abstract/Introduction:
Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), all countries concerned are required to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission for mitigating
climate change. In order to reduce GHGs emission, accurate and reliable GHGs emission estimate with proper uncertainties should be carried out first. GHGs emission estimate have been based on an activity - based method (i.e., fuel consumption and emission factor) and a continuous emission measurement (CEM). CEM directly measures GHGs emission through
monitoring GHG concentrations and volumetric flow rate at a stack. In the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), GHGs emission by CEM was classified as a
highest quality tier (IV) with lowest uncertainty level. Category: Differential Pressure Meter, Uncertainty Analysis, Uncertainty Analysis
Unidirectional Capt ive Displacement Prover f or Inline Measurement Verification of all Metering Technologies Author(s): Greg Williams Abstract/Introduction:
This paper will verify the history, r equiremen ts and operation of all Provers accepted for liquid pipeline meter uncertainty verification in the Liquid Oil/Gas Industry. It will continue
with an explanation and the industries wide acceptance of the Uni - directional Captive Displacement Prover ( UDCDP ) . Th is document will supply the reader with information
regarding meter types and the flow volumes that can be used with the UDCDP and will look at the opportunities for the use of a UD C DP as a mass prover. It will also provide the
information for field verific a tion of provers known as a water draw Category: Differential Pressure Meter, Fluid Properties, Positive Displacement Meter, Uncertainty Analysis
The Benefits of Ultrasonic Gas Measurement in Upstream Applications Author(s):
Abstract/Introduction: While ultrasonic meters are widely accepted in larger pipeline transportation applications ultrasonic meters (USMs) are not as commonplace as you move up into the gathering and
production pad metering points. This paper will present the benefits that ultrasonic measurement technology can bring to this segment
Category: Fluid Properties, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
CFD Analysis for Ultrasonic Flow Meter Accuracy Improvement in Flare Gas
Applications Author(s): Isaac Sadovnik Jed Matson Selvakumaran Senthamizhchai Venugopal Arumuru
Lei Su Abstract/Introduction:
Ultrasonic Flow Meters (USM) rely on Fully Developed flow profile (FD) for the accurate measurement of flow rate in Flare Gas or, in general, for any application. The US M are
loaded with meter factors or K - factors which correspond to the conversion from the measured Ultrasonic Path Line velocity average, to the flow cross - section area average
velocity which is the Bulk velocity of the flow. In order to produce a suitable FD flow profile prior to entering the flow meter, one may need to have a length of straight pipe upwards of 50
pipe diameters. Most Flare Gas Flow Meter installations dont typically have this kind of length of straight pipe upstream of their installation locations. As a result, the meters will
read bulk flow velocities that can be inaccurate by typically 5 - 10% of reading . CFD Analysis can improve the meters accuracy by predicting the flow profiles for a particular installation and thus providing the meter with more accurate correction factors or, Meter Factors (MF). The meter factors that CFD analyses provides , are decomposed into two
separate factors Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis, Ultrasonic
Meter, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
MEASURING COLLECTED GAS WITH MICROWAVE A ND ACOUSTIC RESONANC ES
Author(s): K A Gilli J W Schmidt J B Mehl M R Moldover Abstract/Introduction:
With calibrations of large flow meters in mind, we established the feasibility of determining the mass M of argon gas contained within a 0.3 m 3 commercially manufactured pressure
vessel (tank) with a rel a- tive standard uncertainty of u r ( M ) 0.0016 at 0.6 MPa by combining the measured argon pressure and the measured microwave and acoustic resonance
frequencies withi n the pressure vessel with an accurate equation of state for argon Category: Analysis and Measurement, Differential Pressure Meter, Uncertainty Analysis, Ultrasonic Meter
Micro-Flow Calibration Facility at NIST Author(s): James W. Schmidt
Abstract/Introduction: The Fluid Metrology Group (FMG) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is developing a primary, dynamic gravimetric liquid flow standard for use in the
range 100 nL/min to 1 mL/min (and eventually lower). An elevated reservoir of water with a pressure head of a few centimeters provides a flow to the meter under test and the discharged water from it flows to a micro-balance. The flow is collected in a beaker which is weighed at
intervals while it fills. The time-rate-of-change of the buoyancy-corrected mass of the beakers contents gives the mass flow. The FMGs implementation of the flow standard will allow accurate measurements of non-steady flows and heterogeneous flows (liquids with cells, proteins, and other soluble and non-soluble components). Evaporation of the water
from the beaker is a significant effect and must be measured or controlled accurately. Intermittent liquid wetting or patchy wettability of the pipette by the water in the beaker is also a significant effect. At present we are exploring two techniques: 1) using an oil film to
limit evaporation, and 2) using a porous glass element to control capillary forces and evaporation losses. We present an uncertainty analysis for the first iteration of the flow
standard. A preliminary calibration of a commercial flow meter was within 3 % or better down to 2 ?L/min of the unofficial calibrations conducted by the Danish and Swiss National
Metrology Institutes. Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis, Uncertainty
Analysis
HOKING PRESSURE RATIO GUIDELINES FOR CRITICAL FLOW VENTURIS AND THE STUDY OF DIFFUSER PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
Author(s): Michael S. Carter Bradford W. Sims Robert J. McKee Abstract/Introduction:
he ratio of maximum exit pressure to inlet pressure that maintains sonic velocity at the throat of a Critical Flow Venturi (CFV) is referred to as the Maximum Back Pressur e Ratio
(MBPR). Current standards provide MBPR equations for CFVs operated at throat Reynolds Numbers (Red ) above 200,000 and previous research has provided a MBPR equation for
specific diffuser geometries down to a Re d of 12,000 and at inlet pressures of 100 and 150 kPa. This paper will present unchoking test results for additional inlet pressures ranges and
provide MBPR guidelines for s pecific diffuser geometries operated from 20 to 500 kPa. Thi s previous research also demonstrated that CF Vs with lon g er diffuser s were less
susceptible to Diffuser Performance Inversion, DPI, or what has previously been known as premature unchoking. This paper will present testing and analysis regarding DPI, optimal
diffuser length, diffuser pressure stability , and the effects of a small diffuser step downstream of the CFV throat.
Category: CFV / Sonic Nozzle Meter, Differential Pressure Meter, Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis
Compact Installation Testing of a HHR ProPak Meter Author(s): Adam Hawley Jacob Thorson Richard Wakeland
Abstract/Introduction: Natural gas flow testing was conducted on a High Head Recovery (HHR) ProPak, a
differential pressure meter manufactured by Flui dic Techniques (FTI) , at the Metering Research Facility (MRF) at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) . The purpose of the testing was to determine the coefficient of discharge and the minimum upstream length required for various upstream and downstream piping disturbances. The test plan was designed based on
the recommendations in American Petroleum Institute ( API ) Manual of Petroleum Measurement (MPMS) Chapter 22.2. The testing included meters of different beta ratios and
line sizes, flow testing at different pressures and flow rates, and installation testing with various upstream and downstream disturbances. The results identified a compact installation
that provided high meter performance while minimizing the overall footprint of the flow meter run
Category: Fluid Properties, Natural Gas
mprovements on Clamp - on Accuracy using advanced installation methods Author(s): Bob Fritz Ron McCarthy
Abstract/Introduction: Clampon Ultrasonic Flowmeters have been commercially available for more than 45 years
and have become an accepted method of measuring flow. Over the past 15 to 20 years several improvements have moved the technology forward. First the change from analogue
transducers to Piezo ceramic (digital) transducers Se cond the change from analogue timing to digital timing. methods. Third the change from transit time to differential transit time.
Category: Ultrasonic Meter
Design and Capabilities of NISTs S cale-Model Smokestack Simulator (SMSS Author(s): Aaron N. Johnson Joey T. Boyd Eric Harman Mark Khalil Jacob R. Ricker Chris
J. Crowley John D. Wright Rodney A. Bryant Iosif Shinder Abstract/Introduction:
The amount of CO 2 emitted from a coal-fired power plant (CFPP) is measured by continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) permanently installed in the exhaust
smokestack. Both the CO 2 concentration and the bulk flow are cont inuously measured by CEMS, and the product of these measurements gives the CO 2 flux. The EPA requires CEMS
to be calibrated yearly using a test procedure called a relative accuracy test audit (RATA). This calibration procedure links the concentration measurement to the SI through reference gas standards. However, establishing flow traceability is more difficult because the CE MS
flow meter and the flow meter used to perform the RATA can be adversely affected by the complex velocity fields (i.e., swirling flow with a skewed velocity profile) prevalent in
smokestacks. As a result the RATA only provides relative accuracy instead of flow traceability to a primary standard. In order to quantify the uncertainty of smokestack flow measurements, and to establish a calibration platform with documented tracea- bility to the
derived SI unit of flow, NIST constructed a 1/10 th scale model smokestack simulator (SMSS). The test section of the SMSS will have the same velocity range and similar flow
distor- tions found in to a typical CFPP smokestack. Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis
DESIGN AND F L O W FIELD SIMULATION OF A ROTARY FLAT VALVE WITH LINEAR FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
Author(s): Xu Zhipeng Ding Fenfen Xie Dailiang Abstract/Introduction:
A rotary flat flow valve with linear characteristics is proposed to overcome the disadvantages like poor linearity, lack of repeatability and so on. Firstly , the structure and working
principle of the valve are introduced. Secondly , the function of the flat curve is deduced within Matlab. Finally, the 3D CFD model of the valve is built up and detailed simulation is
carried out. The results show that the linear correlat ion coefficient reaches 0.9985 Category: Analysis and Measurement, Positive Displacement Meter
Design of Photonic Vortex Flow M eter for M easurement of W ide D ynamic Range of V elocities at High T emperature s and P ress ure s
Author(s): Henrik Krisch Ali Gediklib Benedikt Niermann Ernst von Lavante Pouya Mirzaei Abstract/Introduction:
he present publication describes a new solution of flow meter for metering fluids using fiber sensing methods. Mach - Zehnder interferometer is implemented for the detection of the
vortices . The signal generation is based on the frequency detection of a vibrating diaphragm placed in a measuring chamber optimized for this purpose . The stress of the vibrating
diaphragm is sensed using a Mach - Zehnder (MZ) fiber interferometer , w ith fiber arms fixed to the diaphragm. This solution allows measuring flow rates of liquids, gases and
vapors having temperature s up to + 700 C and pressures up to 300bar Category: Differential Pressure Meter, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties, Vortex Meter, Vortex Meter
Design and Uncertainty Estimation of a Calibrator for the Feedwater Flowmeter at High Reynolds Number
Author(s): Ki Han Nam Kye Hyeon Ryu Abstract/Introduction:
Calibration system at high Reynolds number flow was designed and fabricated, for calibrating the flowmeter used for fee dwater flow measurement in a nuclear power plant.
Conditions of the feedwater flow are under 230 C of the temperature and 8 M Pa of the pressure . Four ultrasonic flowmeters, which have 3000 m 3 /h maximum flowrate
respectively, were used as the master flowmeter for calibrating the feedwater flowmeter . We
have achieved the maximum flowrate 12000 m 3 /h with parallelly connected four ultrasonic flowmeters. To get the high Reynolds number flow, the temperature of the working fluid was controlled up to 90 C . Then we can get Reynolds number 2.5x10 7 , which was coincide with
that of Advance Power Reactor 1400 MW (APR 1400 ) nuclear power plant model. Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic
Meter
Development of a Dealiasing Method in Ultrasonic Pulsed Doppler Method for Flowrate Measurement
Author(s): Hideki Murakawa Ei Muramatsu Katsumi Sugimoto Nobuyuki Takenaka Abstract/Introduction:
Ultrasonic pulsed Doppler method has been developed mainly in medical field for blood flow measurement. The technique has several desirable characteristics, and it has been utilized for
engineering field. Furthermore, the method has been applied for me asuring flowrate. However, the maximum detectable velocity is limited by the Nyquist sampling theorem. The longer measurable distance is, the lower maximum velocity is. Therefore, the pulsed Doppler
flowmeter is generally limited for measuring lower flowra te condition comparing to the ultrasonic time - of - flight flowmeter
Category: Fluid Properties, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
Development of prototype low - flow rate test rig applicable for highly volatile liquids Author(s): Ryouji D ihara Takashi Shimada Kar-Hooi Cheong Yoshiya Terao
Abstract/Introduction: A prototype flow rig has been developed, of which flow rate range is from 60 L/h down to 0.02 L/h. The test rig has consisted of a gravimetric weighing tank and a syringe pump. A
flowmeter has been calibrated using the syringe pump to overcome issues on low - flow rate of volatile liquids and on a standing method. For this purpose the syringe pump system was
designed employing a servo - motor, a precise ball screw and a linear encoder. The gravimetric sy stem has been improved to reduce influence of evaporation and outflow pipe contact. The syringe pulse factor s have been calibrated using the gravimetric system in all
flow rates with light oil and industrial gasoline and they all agree within 0.02%. Preliminary expanded uncertainties of the prototype test rig are estimated to be 0.060% for mass flow and
0.068% for volumetric flow Category: [Not Available]
Development of a Reciprocating Double - Pistons Gas Prover Author(s): Zhi-Peng XU Jia-Yin DAI Hui-Yun CHEN Dai-Liang Xie
Abstract/Introduction: Piston prover is widely used as a standard gas flow device for its advantages of high accuracy
in standard volume, flow stability and repeatability . The applications of the conventional piston provers are limited by the maximum calibration flow generated by the piston cylinder
volume. I n the current paper, a reciprocating double - pistons gas prover was proposed, which can provide a continuous standard flow to cal ibrate meters like critical nozzles and so
on. There are two pistons within the proposed prover, which could be operated in three modes: single - piston mode, double - pistons parallel mode and double - pistons
reciprocating mode Category: Fluid Properties
1 Direct Test Comparisons of Ultrasonic and Different ial Pressure Meter Responses to Wet Natural Gas Flow
Author(s): Richard Steven Josh Kinney Charlie Britton Abstract/Introduction:
Wet natural gas flow metering is important to natur al gas producers. Whereas there are multiphase wet gas meter designs available, due to economic constraints the majority of wet natural gas flows world-wide are still metered by s ingle phase gas flow meter technologies. Gas meter manufacturers have to varying extents res earched their respective meters wet gas
performance, sometimes made limited modifications, and promoted the pros and played down the cons to their best advantage. Due to limit ed experience or education in this
relatively new, specialised and complex subject of wet gas metering many operators find themselves largely reliant on the advice of flow me ter salesmen
Category: Fluid Properties, Natural Gas, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter, Wet Gas / Multiphase, Wet Gas / Multiphase
Effect of Shape of Critical Flow V enturi Nozzles on the Transitional B ehavio u r Author(s): Ernst von Lavante Harun Kaya
Abstract/Introduction: The flow fields in several toroidal Venturi nozzles operating at critical conditions have been inves tigated using numerical flow simulation. The present study focused on the transitional effects in the boundary layer, occurring in critic al flow Venturi nozzles (CFVN) with shapes that do not confirm to the ISO 9300 standard. Here, several intake geometries were studied, with various transition criteria being applied. The nozzles displayed in most cases delayed
transition at Reynolds numbers much higher than indicated in the ISO 9300 standard Category: Analysis and Measurement, CFV / Sonic Nozzle Meter, CFV / Sonic Nozzle Meter
Effect s of Vibration and Flow Pattern on Coriolis Flow Meter Author(s): Chun-Lin Chiang Chun-Min Su Yi-Lin Ho Yi-Huan Kao
Abstract/Introduction: Coriolis flow meter is widely used to measure the mass flow rate in many fields of research
and industry because of its highly accurate measurement performance and superbly repeatable characteristic . The working principle of Coriolis flowmeter relies on the Coriolis
Effect generated by the fluid flowing through the vibrating tubes. Therefore, the measurement accuracy of a Coriolis flow meter might be influenced by the vibration surrounding a Coriolis
flow meter , the flow pulsation, and the fluid distribution between the vibration tubes . The
presented work studies the impact s of possible vibration , and asymmetric flow pattern induce d by the water flowing through a partially closed ball valve on a Coriolis flow meter .
When a partially closed ball valve and the Coriolis flow meter are installed in series , the vibration caused by the water flow hitting a partially closed ball valve would result in a clear measurement error and a negative effect on the short - term repeatability of the Coriolis flow
meter is observed . The installation of two rubber sections surrounding the Coriolis flow meter is effective to isolate the vibration as a noise on the measurement result. A
Category: Coriolis Meter, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties
Effect of Vibration and Asymmetric Flow Pattern on Flow Measurement Using Coriolis Flow Meter
Author(s): Chun-Lin Chiang Chun-Min Su Yi-Lin Ho Yi-Huan Kao Abstract/Introduction:
Coriolis flow meter is widely used to measure the mass flow rate in many fields of research and industry because of its highly accurate measurement performance and superbly
repeatable characteristic . The working principle of Coriolis flowmeter relies on the Coriolis Effect generated by the fluid flowing through the v ibrating tu bes. Therefore, the
measurement accuracy of a Coriolis flow meter might be influenced by the vibration surrounding a Coriolis flow meter and the fluid distribution between the vibration tubes . The
presented work studies the impact s of possible vibration an d asymmetric flow pattern induced by the water flow ing through a partially closed ball valve on a Coriolis flow meter .
When a partially closed ball valve and the Coriolis flow meter are installed in series , the vibration caused by the water flow hitting a partially closed ball valve would result in a clear measurement error and a negative effect on the short - term repeatability of the Coriolis flow
meter is inferred Category: Coriolis Meter, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties
EUROPEAN RESEARCH PROJECT ON MICROFLOW MEASUREMENTS - MEDD
Author(s): Elsa Batista Eduarda Filipe Hugo Bissig Harm Tido Petter Peter Lucas Florestan Ogheard Anders Koustrup Niemann
Abstract/Introduction: Micro and nano flow rate calibrations are important in several applications such as
volumetric dosage or drug delivery. Particularly, for drugs with a very short half - life (order of 1 minute) or for drugs that require a very small blood concentration for reason of toxicity,
such as vasoactive drugs and anesthetics, the exact amount of the delivered volume or a stable flow rate is crucial for the effective operation of the drug delivery. However,
international traceability at the micro and nano flow scale is not validated up to date in Europe for flow rate ranges below 16 l/min.
Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties
Expansion of Calibration Flow Range of Small Liquid Hydrocarbon Flow Facility at NMIJ
Author(s): Kar-Hooi Cheong Ryouji Doihara Takashi Shimada Yoshiya Terao Abstract/Introduction:
Lower limit of calibration flow range of small liquid hydrocarbon flow facility at NMIJ has been expanded from 1 L/h to 0.02 L/h corresponding to about 0.016 kg/h for mass flow rate. The upper limit remains unchanged at 100 L/h. Working liquids include kerosene and light oil. Calibration and measurement capacity (CMC) is estimated to be 0.078 % for volumetric
flow range (0.02 L/h 1 L/h) and 0.050 % for mass flow range (0.016 kg/h 0.8 kg/h) (coverage factor: k 2). To cover the expanded flow range, a new gravimetric weighing system
employing a smaller weighing scale (maximum liquid collection of 100 g) was installe d in addition to the current weighing system (maximum liquid collection of 2 kg). Uncertainty
analysis shows that liquid mass measurement and dead volume effect become more significant in terms of contribution to the overall uncertainty compared with estimation of liquid density which is still the largest uncertainty source. Comparison was also carried out between the smaller (100 g) and the larger (2 kg) weighing systems over their overlapping
flow range using a volumetric flow meter as a transfer standard. Category: Fluid Properties, Hydrates, Uncertainty Analysis, Uncertainty Analysis
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Detection Chamber of a Photonic Vortex Flow Meter
Author(s): E. von Lavante S. Brinkhorst H.Krisch A.Gedikli P. Mirzaei G. Delannoy S. Lassalle
Abstract/Introduction: In the present investigation, a vortex flow meter based on Mach - Zender sensor for pressure
detection and photonic signal transfer has been investigated numerically as well as experimentally in order to obtain better signal linearity (constant K - factor) when liquids are to be metered. To this end, the design of the pressure detection chamber has been optimized to achieve quicker bleeding of air partially contained in the chamber. It has been found that
reducing the volume of the pressure chamber by approximately 20% resulted in significantly shorter times required to fill the chamber with liquid
Category: Vortex Meter
Extended type examination tests for high - pressure ultrasonic meters used in outdoor metering stations
Author(s): Jos G.M. van der Grinten Abstract/Introduction:
As metering stations are often located in the open air a series of tests were performed to check the actual performance of a number of ultrasonic meter s for a new metering station. A flow distortion test using a perforated perturbation plate, simulated the mild flow distortion caused by two out - of - plane bends followed by an expander. Mounting the perturbation
plate is as simple as installing a flow conditione Category: Fluid Properties, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
Extension of the flow rate range of a calibration facility for liquids combining a gravimetric reference with a couple of In-house calibrated Master meters
Author(s): Hans-Joachim Baade Abstract/Introduction:
n order to reduce expenditures for the installation or refurbishment of a calibration facility, simplifications and minimization of the equipment of the rig are considered, especially with respect to the realization of the requirement of major flow rates as well as for the minor flow rate range. Sometimes minimum realizable measurement uncertainties are not requested to
cover the entire flow rate range of the facility. In particular for the upper range major uncertainties are accepted often. This fact can open remarkable options.
Category: Fluid Properties
Flow Disturbance Effects on the Performance of the Elster - Instromet Q . Sonic - plus Ultrasonic Meter
Author(s): John Geerligs Jeff Crowe Robert McBrien Abstract/Introduction:
he objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of flow disturbances on the performance of the Elster - Instromet Q . Sonic - plus 200 - mm (8 - inch) ultrasonic meter . The Q.Sonic - plus has a reduced bore with custom machined inlet and outlet tapers that match the meter run piping. Testing was performed with high pressure (5000 to 6000 kPa) natural gas to evaluate the performance of the meter in baseline and single - elbow installations . Due to concern that liquid may collect in front of the reduced - bore meter at low flow rates, meter performance was also measured during the onset of, and recovery from, liquid loading. An 80:20 mix, by weight, of compressor oil and glycol was injected approximately 75 pipe diameters upstream of the flow conditioner. The liquid load ranged from 0.08 % to 0.26% , by weight, of the gas
flow Category: Natural Gas, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
Flow Stability of Critical - Flow Venturi Nozzles Author(s): Bülent Ünsal Utkan Çaliskan TÜBITAK Gebze Yerleskesi Baris Mah. Dr. Zeki
Aca Abstract/Introduction:
Series of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations were performed for Critical - Flow Venturi Nozzles (CFVN) to investigate the stability of transonic and supersonic shock
structures forming within the nozzle geometries. 5 and 1.56 mm throat diameter nozzle s with ISO 9300 form . Investigations were performed by means of two sets of simulation s . For the
first set, nozzle inlet pressure was varied from atmospheric to higher values and the nozzle outlet pressure was kept constant at atmospheric conditions. For the second set, nozzle inlet
pressure was kept constant at atmospheric conditions and the nozzle outlet pressure was varied from atmospheric to lower pressures . The results from both sets of simulations
showed that at high back pressure ratios (BPR) there were pressure and corresponding flow rate fluctuations exist. While decreasing BPR, amplitude and frequenc y of the pressure
fluctuations were increasing but the flow rate pulsations disappear at some certain BPR Category: Analysis and Measurement, CFV / Sonic Nozzle Meter
FLUID FLOW CONDITIONING FOR METER ACCURACY AND REPEATABILITY
Author(s): Danny Sawchuk Abstract/Introduction:
Flow conditioning is one of the most critical aspects dealing with any type of volumetric flow metering. Flow conditioning is the final buffer between the flow meter and the upstream
piping layout and is responsible for eliminating swirl, restoring flow symmetry and generating a repeatable, fully developed velocity flow profile. Even though modern
advancements have resulted in low uncertainty, high repeatability device s that are effective across a range of flow rates, proper utilization of flow conditioner is still required to
maximize the meters performance, diagnostics and ens ure the most stable long term flow measurement
Category: Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis
GAS MASS FLOW METERING - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH Author(s): ERIC SANFORD JIM STORER KIM LEWIS RICHARD STEVE
Abstract/Introduction: Metering a fluids mass flow rate in a pipe with methods that do not require an external fluid
density prediction is an attractive option in many flow meter applications. Such meter designs tend to be described as mass flow meters. The development of a simple, robust and compact
gas mas s flow meter concept is described here Category: [Not Available]
Gas Turbine Meter Operating Characteristics, Results from a Large Database Author(s): Thomas Kegel Walter Seidl
Abstract/Introduction: CEESI has published a number of similar papers where flow measurement experience is
applied to the analysis of calibration results. Meter technologies include ultrasonic, Coriolis, subsonic venturi, and the critical flow venturi. A typical analysis involves a mix of
calibrations: 1) a large quantity of data from one meter, or a few meters, and 2) a smaller quantity of data from many meters. This paper represents a continuation of the effort, the
topic is gas turbine meter Category: CFV / Sonic Nozzle Meter, Coriolis Meter, Differential Pressure Meter, Turbine Meter, Uncertainty
Analysis, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
Gas Ultrasonic Meter Installation Effects & Diagnostic Indicators A History of NAFFMC Installation Effects Testing including Current Testing
Author(s): Randy Miller Ed Hanks Abstract/Introduction:
For nearly a decade the North American Fluid Flow Measurement Council has investigated a variety of ultrasonic meter effects on both low and high pressure ultrasonic meters . Our
research studied effects ranging from low flow, flow conditioner rotation, header designs, various meter tube end - treatment s , flow conditioner s , and inline filters . While this paper
examines the history of the NAFFMC research , much of our focus will encompass our examinations into the use of an ultrasonic meters diagnostics to determine the health and
uncertainty of the meter. Category: Analysis and Measurement, Uncertainty Analysis, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
Hydrogen Field Test Standard: Laboratory Performance Author(s): Jodie G. Pope John D. Wright
Abstract/Introduction: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed a prototype field test standard (FTS) that incorporates three test methods that could be used by state weights and
measures inspectors to periodically test retail hydrogen dispensers, much as gasoline dispensers are tested today. The three field test methods are: 1) gravimetric, 2) Pressure,
Volume, Temperature ( PVT ), and 3) master meter. The FTS was tested in NISTs Transient Flow Facility with helium gas. All three methods agree within the expected uncertainty of
0.57 % for all test drafts of helium gas in the laboratory setting. The time required to perform six test drafts is similar for all three methods, ranging from 5.8 h for the gravimetric method
to 7.5 h for the PVT method. The estimated cost of equipment to perform each method ranges from 18K ( PVT method) to 29K (master meter method).
Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis
Implementation of Uncertainty - Based Measurement in the Regulation of Oil and Gas Meters Used to Determine Federal and Indian Royalty
Author(s): Richard Estabrook Abstract/Introduction:
The United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM) manages about 700 million acres of Federal and Indian mineral estate, which contributes a significant portion to domestic oil and gas production. BLMs role in oil and gas measurement is to ensure that volumes and qualities are accurately measured and properly reported, as Federal and Indian royalty is derived from these measurements. BLMs measurement requirements are dictated by Federal law s, from
which BLM develops regulations, Onshore Orders, and Notices to Lessees, as well as policy to implement measurement standards and guide Field Offices.
Category: Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis
Improvement an d Measurement of Velocity Distribution i n a Wind Tunnel Author(s): Tolentino-Eslava R., Tolentino-Eslava G., Sánchez-Silva F
Abstract/Introduction: In this paper the changes made to improve the behavior of the flow in the wind tunnel of the Thermal Engineering and Applied Hydraulics Laboratory (LABINTHAP), like the design
and construction of a settling chamber whit five screens and a honeycomb, and a contraction nozzle with an area ratio of 9: 1 are presented. The original wind tunnel configuration was a bell mouth follow by a test section and a diffuser, with this arrangement the flow quality was poor as result of an inadequate entrance section, the mean velocity variation was greater than
? 2% in the test section at 30 m/s and the turbulence was 4.5%. These conditions were not acceptable for research purpose. To improve the flow behavior the above modifications were
made Category: Fluid Properties
Influence of Non - Developed Flow Condition on Uncertainty of Flowrate Measurement using Ultrasonic Doppler Velocity Profile Method
Author(s): Sanehiro WADA Noriyuki FURUICHI Abstract/Introduction:
To obtain an uncertainty of flowrate measurement using ultrasonic Doppler velocity profile method (UVP) , experiments are carried out in a disturbed flow. Flowrate measurement is based on a multi - path measurement using three ultrasonic transducers. To generate the disturbed flow, obstacle plates are installed upstream of the test section. The maximum
difference from the reference flowrate given by the national standard calibration facility of water flowrate is over 2% when the measurement is performed at 8 D downstream of the
obstacle plate. At 25 D downstream of the obstacle plate, the deviation is within the fundamental uncertainty level. The relative expanded uncertainties ( k 2) are estimated to be
1.2% for 25 D , 2.4% for 16 D and 2.9% for 8 D , respectively Category: Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
Investigation into Flow Rate Dependency of Small Volume Prover for Hydrocarbon Flowmeters
Author(s): Takashi Shimada Ryouji Doihara Yoshiya Terao Abstract/Introduction:
A small volume prover (SVP) has been calibrated using some commercial and mechanical flowmeters, namely, turbine meters and positive displacement flowmeters, which have been
calibrated using the primary standard for hydrocarbon flow measurement in Japan, in order to investigate the performance of the SVP. The deviations of the calibration factor s of the SVP
are within 0.1 % although they were changed by repair of the SVP. Furthermore, the calibration factors of the SVP are dependent on the flow rates through the SVP, while it is
independent from the types of flowmeters and the flow rates through the flowmeters, which were set in parallel. These results indicate that the SVP should be calibrated in the all flow
rate range instead of a constant displacement of volume in order to achieve a lower uncertainty
Category: Hydrates, Positive Displacement Meter, Turbine Meter, Uncertainty Analysis
Laboratory Testing of Chordal Path Ultrasonic Gas Meters With New Noise Reduction Tee Designs
Author(s): Philip A Lawrence Abstract/Introduction:
The use of chordal path ultrasonic meters is becoming more prevalent as the technology is maturing. Using these types of electronic measuring devices requires some thought regarding the installation conditions and factors that may affect the meters in-field performance. This paper discusses the recent testing performed using high pressure Natural Gas at the CEESI
Iowa Natural Gas Test Facility on a chordal path transit time Ultrasonic Flow Meter. Enable Midstream Partners flow calibrate every ultrasonic meter used for fiscal purposes at the
CEESI facility Category: Natural Gas, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
Large Eddy Simulation and Laser Doppler Velocimetry on a vortex flow meter model Author(s): Olle Penttinen Håkan Nilsson
Abstract/Introduction: The present work compares the results from a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and the result of
two Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) measurements. The work focuses on a model of a vortex flow meter, a common flow meter type in process industry. It s measuring principle is that the frequency of a vortex street, generated by a shedder bar, is acquired by pressure or
velocity sensors. The shedding frequency is proportional to the bulk flow rate. Tests are performed at a Reynolds number of 61400, based on the pipe diameter. A complementary
LDV measurement is also performed at a Reynolds number of 62800. All results are normalized with the bulk velocity to be comparable to each other. A comparison of the mean
streamwise velocity profiles shows excellent agreement between the numerical and experimental methods. The variance of the two velocity components is also in good
agreement between the investigated results. Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Vortex Meter, Vortex Meter
A Proposed Simplified Technique for Accurate Calculation of Flared Gas Volume. Case Study of an Oil and Gas Processing Plant in Niger Delta
Author(s): Umeh Ebuka Abonyi Chukwunonoso Nwanna Nnaemeka Ikpeka Princewill Abstract/Introduction:
In Nigeria, although the regulatory agencies in the oil and gas industry has placed some financial and cost measures to minimize the amount of standard cubic feet of gas flared per day by operating companies yet some operators and contractors cant still keep an accurate
measure on the actual amount of gas they flare from their production facilities. These shortcomings are partially caused due to lack of technologies, equipment malfunctions/ in
efficiencies, human resource deficiencies among others. However, gas flaring is by no means a simple measurement process on its own.
Category: [Not Available]
Magnetic Resonance Multiphase Flowmeter: Novel technology for direct oil, water and gas measurement in multiphase production streams
Author(s): Marco Zoeteweij Olaf Bousché Rutger Tromp Mark van der Zande Jankees Hogendoorn André Boer Abstract/Introduction:
Theupstreamoilandgasindustryrequiresmulti-phaseflowmeteringcapabilityforwellheadinstal- lation, to replace the test separators and related infrastructure. These instruments should satisfy the need in terms of accuracy and reliability across a broad range of operational
conditions and (hydrocarbon) fluid properties. This paper describes a Magnetic Resonance (MR) based multi- phase flow meter, developed in a joint project with KROHNE and Shell, which allows for accurate and real-time measurement of the flow rates for oil, water and gas.
Unlike the conventional multi- phaseflowmeters,theMRmeterhasnointrusivesensorsorradioactivesources. Next to the flow rate measurement per phase, the MR measurement principle can, similar to MRI used for medical application, identify different hydrogen containing fluids (like water, oil and gas)
each with its own velocity and distribution profiles Category: Fluid Properties, Gas Chromatograph, Hydrates, Wet Gas / Multiphase, Wet Gas / Multiphase
Measurement of Flow in Viscous Fluids Author(s): Chris Mills
Abstract/Introduction: The vast majority of the world's remaining oil reserves are categorised as heavy /
unconventional oils (high viscosity). Due to diminishing conventional oil reserves and the need to secure future energy supplies to a rising world population, the exploitation of
unconventional oils will increase. As the development of these viscous deposits grows, so too will the requirement for accurate flow measurement of heavy crude oils and other viscous
products Category: Fluid Properties
Mechanism analysis and estimation tool of installation effect on multipath ultrasonic flowmeter
Author(s): Heming Hu Liang Zhang Tao Meng Chi Wang Abstract/Introduction:
Multipath ultrasonic flowmeters are widely used for accurate large diameter flow measurement. Their performance is sensitive to flow filed in conduits which can be disturbed
by adjacent installations . This paper focuses on numerical approach to estimate flow error related to disturbed flow filed. Lots of CFD codes can simulate flow field in ultrasonic
flowmeter pipeline. I t is more critical to calculate flow error efficiently and reliably after obtaining the numerical flow filed. We have analyzed influence mechanism of disturbed flow filed on installation effect , and developed a post - processing tool to calculate flow error for
flowmeter with any configuration based on FLUENT flow filed. In the calculation, decomposition of installation effect in to integration error and transverse error is beneficial to analyze the flow error mechanism, and some special treatments of indication flow - rate and
standard flow - rate can decrease estimation bias due to numerical discretization Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis, Uncertainty
Analysis, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
Meter Factor Traceability Coriolis Mass Flowmeter Water Calibration And Use In Gaseous Hydrocarbon Applications
Author(s): Michael Keilty Abstract/Introduction:
Coriolis mass flowmeters that are gravimetrically calibrated on water have been proven to be capable to satisfy the specifications and requirements of national and international standards
for the measurement of natural gas in custody transfer applications Category: Analysis and Measurement, Coriolis Meter, Hydrates, Natural Gas
METHODOLOGY OF PROVING LIQUID FLOW METERS Author(s): Dave Seiler
Abstract/Introduction: The purpose of a liquid flow prover is to provide a precise means for calibrating flow meters. Provers are most commonly used to calibrate turbine, displacement, coriolis and ultrasonic
meters although they may also be used to calibrate other types of meters. A prover provides a known standard for comparison to the meter output, and, in application, is used to establish
factors for correction of the indicated volume of the meter being proved, thereby resulting in more precise measurement. The most common types of provers include
Category: Coriolis Meter, Fluid Properties, Positive Displacement Meter, Turbine Meter, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
New facility for anemometer calibrations in air - speed range of (0.05 - 1) m/s Author(s): Jan Sluse Jan Gersl
Abstract/Introduction: Increasing demand on calibrations of anemometers for low air - speed motivated
development of a new device for calibrations in air - speed range of (0.05 - 1) m/ s at Czech Metrology Institute. The device is based on an aerodynamic towing tank, i.e. the meter under
test is towed through a closed tube with calm air. The motion of the meter is ensured by a high stability linear motor. An optical scale is used for position measurement of the trolley
with the meter. The tube of a square cross - section is 12 m long and its walls are covered by acoustic pyramid foam to prevent reflections and acoustic noise . The stability of the air
inside of the tube is controlled by a thermal probe. Inter - comparison of the towing tank with the wind tunnel standard of CMI was performed in the velocity range overlap (0.3 - 1) m/s
Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties, Ultrasonic Meter
NISTs New 3D Airspeed Calibration Rig Addresses Turbulent Flow Measurement Challenges
Author(s): Iosif I. Shinder Vladimir B. Khromchenko Michael R. Moldover Abstract/Introduction:
Outdoor air flows and flue - gas flows in large conduits and large stacks have significant swirl and turbulence. Accurate measurements of such complex flows are needed by weather
services and diverse industries ( e.g. automotive, aircraft, wind - power, fossil - fueled
electricity - generating). The instruments used for accurately measuring complex flows must be calibrated under conditions similar to the conditions encountered when these instruments are used in the field. To meet th is requirement, NIST developed a 3 - dimensional (3 - D) calibration rig that orients test instruments at user - selected pitch angles ( - 45 to 45 ) and yaw angles ( - 180 to +180 ) with a resolution of 0. 1 with respect to the air flow in NISTs wind tunnel. The rig accommodates probes up to 2.5 m long and achieves an expanded air speed uncertainty of approximately 1% (95 % confidence level) over the range 5 m/s to 45
m/s. Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties,
Uncertainty Analysis
NISTs Fully Dynamic Gravimetric Liquid Flowmeter Standard Author(s): Jodie G. Pope Aaron N. Johnson James B. Filla Joey T. Boyd Christopher J.
Crowley Vern E. Bean Abstract/Introduction:
We describe a new dynamic, gravimetric, liquid flow standard (LFS) that determines flow by measuring the rate of change of the liquid mass accumulating in a collection tank. The LFS is a fully- automated,15 kg/s system that uses a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control loop to achieve liquid flows with a stability that is the smaller of 0.001 % or 0.1 kg/s. The
expanded uncertainty (corresponding to 95 % confidence level) is 0.021 % for the flow range of the standard 15 kg/s to 0.22 kg/s. We verify the uncertainty budget by comparing the LFS
results with two well-established NIST primary flow standards. Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis
Non - Intrusive Measurement of Steam Flow Rate in a Steel Pipe by Means of a Clamp -
O n Ultrasound Flow meter Author(s): Tatsuya Kawaguchi Taiki Aiba Keisuke Tsukada Nobuyoshi Tsuzuki Hiroshige
Kikura Abstract/Introduction:
T he flow meter ing of the steam in pipe applied to a various kinds of industrial facilities suc h as chemical plants, nuclear reactors, power station s and production process is one of the
significant technique that enable us to visualize, diagnose and control the working fluid, and to operate the entire fluid systems. In order to optimize the aforementioned systems, the
precise measurement of the flow rate is required. The conventional f low meter , however, needs the installation of the spool section that disturbs the stable and continuous operation of the working plant. i.e., the undesirable and destructive set - up process of the test section is
require Category: [Not Available]
Non-iterative Calculation of Compressibility Factors and Isentropic Exponents of Natural Gases Complying with AGA8-92DC Method at Decent Uncertainties
Author(s): Masahiro Ishibashi Abstract/Introduction:
A simple 2D numerical table was created in order to calculate compressibility factors of natural gases of various compositions only by simple arithmetical operations without iterative calculation at temperatures from -10 C to +80 C and pressures up to 10 MP a. The table uses two variables similar to pseudo-reduced critical pressure and temperature. The pseudo critical
temperatures and pressures of each component to calculate the pseudo-reduced parameters were modified from the values opened in literatures to make the table error from the
calculation results by AGA8-92DC method smaller than 0.5% for pipeline quality gases comprised of CH 4 and other 14 important components. More than 65.5 thousands natural gases within the pipeline quality were virtually created and all the compressibility factors were calculated by AGA8-92DC method to determine the table values and estimate their
errors Category: Analysis and Measurement, Differential Pressure Meter, Fluid Properties, Natural Gas
Not Just Surviving Wet Gas, Measuring Through It Author(s): Martin Schlebach
Abstract/Introduction: As part of new product development and joint industry projects, adaptive path configurations have been designed as standalone devices or to work in conjunction with the original British gas design. Developmental designs are intended to help meters survive and provide data to help predict liquid volume fractions (LVF). Tests were conducted at multi-phase loops in
Groningen, Netherlands and CEESI Nunn. The results from both tests have and will be used to further develop ultrasonic meters and associated algorithms that will help indicate and
predict liquid loading, contamination and ultimately the effects on uncertainty. These designs will be useful in off shore installations and shale gas sites where higher LVF are expected to
be higher and on aging wells that are starting to produce higher levels of liquid Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic
Meter, Ultrasonic Meter, Wet Gas / Multiphase, Wet Gas / Multiphase, Wet Gas / Multiphase, Wet Gas / Multiphase
Numerical Assessment of Discharge Coefficient and Wall Temperature Dependence of Discharge Coefficient for Critical - Flow Venturi Nozzles
Author(s): Bülent Ünsal Utkan Çaliskan TÜBITAK Gebze Yerleskesi Baris Mah. Dr. Zeki Acar
Abstract/Introduction: Series of two dimensional axisymmetric and adiabatic CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations were carried out for Critical - F low Venturi Nozzles (CFVN) to investigate dis
charge coefficient dependency on Reynolds number (Re) and wall temperature . Ten different nozzle diameters were considered in the range of 1 to 30 mm. Nozzle shapes were according
to standard ISO 9300. As boundary conditions, nozzle inlet pressure was varied from atmospheric to higher values and the nozzle outlet pressure was kept constant at atmospheric
conditions. For some of the nozzle diameters, nozzle inlet pressure was kept constant at atmospheric conditions and the nozzle outlet pressure was varied from atmospheric to lower
pressures. Extracted discharge coefficients from the simulation results showed good conformity with literature and ISO 9300
Category: Analysis and Measurement, CFV / Sonic Nozzle Meter, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties
Numerical Investigation of Effects of Geometry on Cavitation in Herschel Venturi-Tubes applied to Liquid Flow Metering
Author(s): S. Brinkhorst E.von Lavante G. Wend Abstract/Introduction:
Although cavitating nozzles are a long time subject of experimental as well as numerical investigations, they represent a fairly new way of metering liquid flow and are only recently being considered in more detail concentrating on their metering capabilities ( 3 ). The choked mass flow condition that goes hand in hand with the onset of cavitation shows a great analogy
to the critical flow Venturi-nozzles known from gas metering Category: CFV / Sonic Nozzle Meter, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties
Oil and Natural Gas Sampling - Where are we today? Author(s): David J. Fish Abstract/Introduction:
In the past 35 years, sampling systems have been refined to meet more exacting requirement s of the industry and sampling standards have been revised to reflect the latest reliable
knowledge and techniques. The equipment available today is truly state of the art. Samplers, cylinders, containers, probe regulators, protective filtration system s, separators, membranes, protective shut in devices for analyzers, mixing or stream conditioning systems, insulated and
heated enclosures and the like are available from a number of known manufacturers Category: Fluid Properties, Gas Chromatograph, Natural Gas
On the Water Tariff Specification s for Pipeline Quality Natural Gas Author(s): Kamal K. Botros Grady Hunt
Abstract/Introduction: Before natural gas is delivered to a pipeline at receipt points it must be conditioned and
adhere to certain specifications pertaining to the maximum allowable water content . Additionally, water is naturally present in gas as it is produced from the reservoir, and in some cases, natural gas is directly introduced into the pipeline with little conditioning.
Because of the adverse impact of water content on the operation and integrity of the pipeline, water tariff specifications are always imposed at receipt points to limit the maximum amount
of water content in the gas admitted to the pipeline. In the gas pipeline industry, water specifications can be defined either by the maximum amount of water (mass or mole) per unit
mass of gas, or by the water dew point at a given pressure. Category: Natural Gas
Pass / Fail / Inconclusive Criteria for Inter - Laboratory Comparisons Author(s): john Wright Blaza Toman Bodo Mickan Gerd Wübbeler OlhaBodnar Clemens
Elster Abstract/Introduction:
Inter - laboratory comparisons use the best available transfer standards to check the participants uncertainty analyses, identify underestimated uncertainty claims or unknown measurement biases, and improve the global measurement system. For some measurands
(e.g., flow) instability of the transfer standard can lead to an inconclusive comparison result. If the transfer standard uncertainty is large relative to a participating laboratories uncertainty,
the commonly used standardized degree of equivalence ?? ? ?1 criterion does not always correctly assess whether a participant is working within its uncertainty claims. We show
comparison results that demonstrate the problem and discuss the loss of explanatory power in terms of statistical hypothesis tests
Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis, Uncertainty Analysis
Performance of an 8-Path Ultrasonic Meter Downstream of a PTB Disturbance Plate Author(s): Dr Gregor J Brown William R Freund Jn
Abstract/Introduction: Ultrasonic meters are now commonplace for custody transfer measurement of natural gas,
with several established manufacturers and some new entrants. For the end-user the competing claims in terms of meter design can be difficult to unravel, with the result that
differentiation between one manufacturer and the next will often come down to knowledge gained from laboratory testing and experience in the field
Category: Natural Gas, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
Performance Evaluation of Ultrasonic Flow Meters in NISTs Smoke- stack Simulator Author(s): Liang Zhang Abstract/Introduction:
ccurate flow measurements are necessary to quantify the level of hazardous emissions from the smokestacks of fossil fuel burning power plants. Typical smokestack flow measurements
are made using an ultrasonic flow meter (USM) with either a single diametric path or a symmetrica l- ly oriented dual path orientation. Due to the size of smokestacks the flow
performance of USMs has not been quantified at the industrial scale. NIST designed and built a Scale - Model Smoke- stack Simulator (SMSS) that is 1/10th the industrial size to use as a
test bed for research purposes. In this study, we use CFD to simulate the flow field in the SMSS. The results show that the SMSS generates asymmetric, swirling flows typical of
industrial smokestacks Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
Potential of laser-Doppler velocimetry for applications in the flow measurement
industry Author(s): Denis F. Hinz Christian Bombis
Abstract/Introduction:
Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) is commonly used at academic research institutions and national metrology institutes. Likewise, the method has potential to support the industrial development of commercial flow meters and the associated calibration and verification facilities. In this paper, we assess the potential of laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV) for
applications in the flow measurement industry. After reviewing the current capabilities and limitations of LDV with emphasis on industrial applications, we present results from new
research initiatives involving experiments with a commercial LDV system (Optolution/ILA) at Kamstrup A/S. In the first part, we show how we use LDV for the quantification of flow
profiles and performance indicators for different flow conditions by discussing two illustrative examples.
Category: Analysis and Measurement
Primary Standard in Micro Flow for Traceability in Steady and Pulsating F low Regime Author(s): Hugo Bissig Martin Tschannen Marc de Huu
Abstract/Introduction: Micro and nano flow calibrations are important in several applications such as volumetric
dosage or drug delivery where the exact amount of the delivered volume or a stable flow rate is crucial for the efficient operation. METAS develops in the framework of the EMRP project HLT07 Metrology for Drug Delivery a primary standard to cover the flow rate range from 1
ml/min down to 100 nl/min with uncertainties in the range from 0.1 % to 0.6 % ( k2 ) for steady flow and from 1 ml/min down to 1 ? l/min with uncertainties in the range from 0.2 % to 2.7 % for pulsating flow. Moreover, METAS develops a homemade syringe pump as flow generator to cover the flow rate range from at least 5 ml/min down to 100 nl/min for water
and other liquids. The design of the micro flow facility and the syringe pump will be discussed as well as measurement results of flow meters and flow generators
Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Fluid Propert
Primary standards for liquid flow rates from 2 mg/h to 1000 g/h Author(s): Peter Lucas Harm Tido Pette Erik Smits
Abstract/Introduction: Micro and nanoflow rate calibrations are important in several applications such as liquid
chromatography, (scaled down) process technology and health care for special applications. However, international traceability for micro and nanoflow rates is not properly taken care of.
Therefore, the EMRP project Metrology for drug delivery (MeDD) was started in 2012 to develop and validate several primary standards for micro and nanoflow rates. The
development focused on extending the flow rate down to nanoflow rates 1 mg/h, whereas the validation focused on validating primary standards in range of 600 g/h down to 1 mg/h. In
this paper the two primary standards of VSL are discussed. One conventional primary standard based on the gravimetric method to cover flow rates from ( 0.25 to 1 5 00 ) g/h (uncertainty ranging from 0.1% to 0 .3%) and one less conventional standard based on
volume expansion to cover flow rates from ( 2 to 100 ) mg/h (uncertainty around 2.5%) . Also the results of a near complete intercomparison (EURAMET project 1291) are discussed Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Gas Chromatograph, Gas Chromatograph, Uncertainty
Analysis
Real Gas Corrections for High Beta Ratio ( 0.25) Critical Flow Venturi (CFV)
Installations Author(s): Aaron N. Johnson Eric Lemmon
Abstract/Introduction: For almost 50 years, flow measurement applications using critical flow venturis (CFVs) have
relied exclusively on the critical flow function ( * C ) to correct for real gas effects. This work shows that * C does not account for all real gas effects. For high beta ratio ( ? 0.25) CFV installations, real gas effects can result in significant mass flow errors even after * C corrections have been made. These errors are attributed to the idealized thermodynamic
models (ITMs) used to calculate the stagnation temperature and pressure. The errors in the stagnation temperature and pressure cause errors in * C , and ultimately in the CF V mass flow. For methane gas the mass flow errors exceeded 0.1 % for ? 0.5 at 10 MPa, and are
larger than 0.3 % for ? 0.6 at 20 MPa. For CFVs these errors are comparable with the uncertainty of the flow measurement.
Category: Analysis and Measurement, CFV / Sonic Nozzle Meter, CFV / Sonic Nozzle Meter, CFV / Sonic Nozzle Meter, Differential Pressure Meter, Fluid Properties, Fluid Properties, Uncertainty Analysis
Reduce Curve Fitting Error in Paddlewheel Turbine with Roshko/Strouhal Coefficient -
based Equations Author(s): Richard Fertell Abstract/Introduction:
Curve fitting errors are reduced to 0 .1 % of reading (O.R.) from 1 to 3% of full scale by using Rosko/Strouhal Coefficient Equations for Paddlewheel Turbine Meters for viscosities
from 0.2cSt to 150cSt. This finding was reproduced with several meters at two different flow laboratories . This technology behavior will be added to the Technical Report for ASME (The
Flow Technology Cross Index as referred by Dr. M. J. Reade r - Harris ) that is in draft by Richard Fertell , in the Turbine Meter Section of the Flow Technology Application,
Selection, and Use with Cross Index to Flow Technology Standards and Technical Report Documents (previously presented at FLOMEKO 2011 and CFM 20 09).
Category: Turbine Meter
Reducing the Uncertainty of the CEESIowa Calibration Facility Author(s): Thomas Kegel William Johansen
Abstract/Introduction: The CEESIowa test facility has been in operation for sixteen years. Periodically the
traceability path is adjusted to reduce uncertainty or improve efficiency. This paper discusses the evaluation of two options being considered for a planned change in the traceability path.
The new process will be based on a turbine meter based package calibrated in the CEESI Colorado facility. The two options a single twelve inch meter or two four inch meters
installed in parallel. Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Turbine Meter, Uncertainty Analysis, Ultrasonic Meter
Remote Monitoring of Gas USM Facilities Author(s): Ed hanks John Lansing
Abstract/Introduction: During the past several years the use of ultrasonic meters (USMs) has gained worldwide acceptance for fiscal applications. The many benefits of USMs have been documented in
papers at virtually every major conference. The significance of knowing the ultrasonic meter is operating accurately has never been more important. The use of diagnostics to help identify
metering issues has been discussed in several papers at many conferences Ref 1, 2 & 3. Category: Fluid Properties, Ultrasonic Meter, Ultrasonic Meter
Results of the second round of International Comparison for volume of Liquids at 20 L and 100 mL
Author(s): Roberto Arias John Wright Christian Lachance Elsa Batista Erik Smits Olle Penttinen Andrea Malengo Wang Jintao Dominic Ondoro Dalni Malta
Abstract/Introduction: By agreement a t the 10th WGFF meeting , the international comparison , for Volume of
Liquids at 20 L and 100 mL, was performed during 2012 - 2014. Specially designed stainless steel pipettes were used as transfer standards for 20 L, whereas commercially available
pycnometers were used for 100 mL. Only one measurement result, out of 39, was qualified as non - consistent. The average degree of equivalence ? ? , ? , for artifacts at 20 L (TS 710 - 04
and 710 - 05) resulted in 0.000 1 % and 0.000 44 %, respectively. As for the 1 00 mL artifacts, the average degree of equivalence ? ? , ? , for artifacts TS 03.01.12, 03.01.16 and
03.01.17 resulted in 0.000 54 %, 0.000 17 % and 0.001 1 %, respectively. Category: [Not Available]
A data-driven predictor of the discharge coefficient of orifice plates Author(s): James R. Whetstone Antonio Possolo
Abstract/Introduction: We have developed a new functional relationship to predict the value of the discharge
coefficient of an orifice plate used to measure volumetric flow rate in cylindrical pipes, as a function of the beta ratio of the orifice and pipe combination, and of the Reynolds number of
the flow. This relationship is empirical, resulting from fitting a data-driven universal approximant to a large collection of experimental data gathered at the National Institute of
Standards and Technology during the 1980s, within the scope of a collaborative project with the American Petroleum Institute (API), and published as NIST Technical Note 1264. The performance of this new relationship compares favorably with the conventional Reader-
Harris / Gallagher equation originally developed for the American Gas Association (AGA), and it is more widely applicable, achieving typical relative accuracy in the range of 0.05 % to
0.2 %. Category: Analysis and Measurement, Fluid Properties, Orifice Meter
Round robin testing for the new EuroLoop liquid flow facility Author(s): Jos van der Grinten Bart van der Stap Pico Brand
Abstract/Introduction: after the initial calibration of EuroLoop a comparison between the EuroLoop and Trapil
facilities was performed using an 8 7 path ultrasonic flow meter. Both labs find calibration results in a band of 0.15%. The curves obtained with different products connect well in the Reynolds domain . However in the range of 1000 Re 10000 there are significant differences
of the deviations obtained with different liquids. As a first step of the evaluation of the Reynolds compensation in the meter, the calibrations will be repeated with EuroLoops big
piston prover. The normalized difference of the two labs was evaluated at 31 Reynolds numbers between Re 1000 and Re 3000000. 16 values are smaller than 0.5 and 4 are bigger than 1. The highest values are observed around Re 10000 where significant differences are
found between the calibration points obtained with different liquids. Category: Ultrasonic Meter
