THE INTERNATIONAL SMALL GROUPS AND TREE PLANTING PROGRAMME

(TIST)

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT REPORT FOR TIST PROJECT ACTIVITIES

FINAL REPORT

APRIL 2010

SUBMITTED TO:

THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (NEMA)

BY

Natural Resources Management & Development Agency (NAREDA CONSULTANTS)Mathai House, 1st FloorP.O. Box 1001-10400Nanyuki

Tel/Fax 062-31875Email: naredacons@africaonline.co.ke

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

This Report presents the results of Environmental Audit for the Carbon Credit Programme which is being implemented through encouraging tree planting by the International Small Groups and Tree Planting Programme (TIST). The overall objective of the EA was to measure whether the project activities have any conceivable negative or positive consequences on the environment. The EA targeted the main components of TIST which are promotion of tree planting and conservation farming.

The study was conducted in Meru and Nanyuki Project Areas with the actual assessment/field work taking place between 18th and 26th November 2009. Groups and clusters that were sampled are presented in Appendix 2.

Legal Background

The Environment Management and Co-ordination Act (EMCA), 1999, is the legislation that governs EIA studies. The second schedule of the Act lists the projects that are supposed to undergo EIA studies in accordance with section 58 (1-4) of the Act. The proposed project falls under dams, rivers and water resources as listed in the Second Schedule Part 4. EMCA 1999 makes it mandatory for any proponent of a project, “to, before financing, commencing, proceeding with, carrying out, executing or conducting or causing to be financed, commenced, proceeded with, carried out, executed or conducted by another person any undertaking specified in the second schedule in the Act, submit a project report to the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), in the prescribed form, giving the prescribed information, accompanied by the prescribed fee”.

Approach and Methodology for the EAThe EA was undertaken using three main approaches, which included: (i) desk study; (ii) field and site visits; and (iii) key informants and stakeholders’ interviews.

Positive and Negative Impacts of Program Activities An environmental analysis of the proposed project unveiled several positive and negative impacts. The impacts identified were those that cut across program activities in the two project areas.

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The tables below present the existing and potential positive impacts of the program activities

Existing Positive ImpactsProject Component Positive Impacts-Promotion of tree planting through carbon credit programmes and conservation farming-Promotion of compost manure

Increased tree cover

Improved incomes at the household level through cash remuneration to groups and individual households based on the number of trees in farms

Reduction of global warming through increased sink for Green House Gases (GHG) hence a mitigation against sudden climate changeHigh potential for the program activities to attract further/future carbon credit markets hence income generation.Improved farming methods that prevent carbon dioxide (CO2) from escaping into the atmosphere while trees act as carbon sink. Increased tree variety, hence wood based products.

Enhanced biodiversity hence increased ecosystem services such as pollination for food.Improved opportunity to get rid of unsuitable trees for Agroforestry such as Eucalyptus spp through appropriate awareness creation activitiesContribution to the improvement of the catchment area of the larger Mt. Kenya and Aberdare ecosystems which are two of the five main water towers of this country.Increased availability and access to tree products such as firewood and timber products. Improved soil fertility and hence improved crop production through planting of nitrogen fixing shrubs and trees.-Improved food security and nutritional status through increased crop production and growth of fruit trees as well as adoption of improved conservation farming (some farmers reported an increase of production from 2 to 3 bags to 8 from a quarter of farm after adopting conservation farming. -Diversification of livelihood sources, i.e. training in beekeeping Possible replication of the project activities in other areas following successful implementation.Management of water catchment areas through promotion of tree planting. Increase in groundwater recharge as a result of increase in vegetation cover that minimizes surface runoff and improves infiltration.Increased tree-based environmental services such as moderation of local climate, reduced soil erosion and aesthetic values associated with trees

Potential Positive ImpactsProject Component Positive Impacts.Promotion of tree planting through carbon credit programmes

High potential of program activities to attract carbon markets.Improved farming methods prevent carbon dioxide (CO2) from escaping into the atmosphere while trees act as carbon sink. Possible replication of the project activities in other areas.Increase in groundwater recharge as a result of increase in vegetation that minimizes surface runoff and improves nutrition. Possible introduction of other nature based activities, like bee keeping due to increased foliage material, thus contributing to maintenance and enhancement of the biodiversity through pollination by beesIncreased population of native species through TIST’s PES programme

Conservation farming Possible increased incomes as a result of improved farm productivity Possible improved food security Possible replication and adoption of conservation farming both within

the project area (those farmers that are not group members) and outside the project area

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Improved farm productivity and environmental improvement through appropriate farming practices

Possible reduced soil erosion as farmers increasingly adopt organic farming

The tables below present the existing and potential negative impacts of program activities

Existing Negative Impacts across the Project Areas and their Mitigation Measures Project Component

Negative Impacts. Proposed Mitigation Measures

Promotion of tree planting through the carbon credit programme

-High expectations from farmers which TIST may not be able to meet or are outside its scope of coverage

-TIST to continue and improve awareness creation on TIST policies of support to specific activities through increasing seminars/ training aimed at developing best practices with and empowerment of TIST farmers.-Conduct participatory techniques to identify farmers concerns and use these forums for feedback.

- Farmers’ dissatisfaction due to delayed payment

-Promptly implement the proposed M-PESA mode of payment already agreed upon with mobile phone services provider , Safaricom -Improve awareness creation of TIST policies such as the 500 trees rules among group members and the fact that payment is made based on available man hours. -Improve awareness on TIST’s policy/value of “low budget big results”–Educate farmers that payments will increase once the GHG credit is initialized when farmers will receive 70% of the income after in country costs

Inadequate information dissemination of information between TIST staff and group members

-Streamline the information dissemination mechanisms between TIST staff at the project area level and those at the grassroots-Ensure regular trainings of TIST grassroots staff to update them on the latest TIST policies -Ensure regular and consistent meetings at the groups level-Ensure adequate awareness creation among TIST grassroots staff and group members on TIST’s institutional structure

Poor awareness among farmers on how to join TIST activities leads them to believe that they have been excluded from TIST activities.

-Improve awareness creation on TIST policies in the registration of members -Conduct participatory techniques to identify farmers concerns and use these forums as feedback forums.

Potential Negative Impacts across the Project Areas and their Mitigation Measures Project Component

Negative Impacts. Proposed Mitigation Measures.

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Promotion of tree planting Possible negative changes in soil properties

as litter becomes dominated by one or a few tree species and decomposition dynamics are altered.

-Encourage crop rotations that incorporate use of indigenous tree species.-Interplant exotic with native tree species. -Continue with the TIST campaign of encouraging the planting of more indigenous tree species

Promotion of conservation farming

Farmers’ resistant to retain chemical fertilizers and pesticides utilization for perceived high yields

-TIST promotes awareness on usefulness and benefits derived from organic fertilizers and pesticides.

Drawing from the positive and negative impacts as highlighted above, the former outweighs the latter by far, an observation clearly pinpointed by community, especially during the focused group discussions.

Conclusion This EA has identified both positive and negative impacts as shown above. The mitigation measures, elaborated in the Environmental Monitoring and Management Plan are realistic and obtainable and it is strongly recommended that they be implemented while deliberate action is taken towards up scaling measures that TIST is already undertaking to improve the environmental integrity. The EMMP forms the basis for the formulation and implementation of an Integrated Environment, Health and Safety Policy that will be geared towards minimizing risks to the environment and human health and safety.

Based on the results of this EA, it is apparent that with the adoption and implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan, the adverse impacts will be adequately countered. In addition, foreseeable potential impacts will be forestalled before they occur thereby considerably limiting future environmental damage and ensuring the existence of a clean and healthy environment.

The Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan, which is the main output of this EA, provides the benchmark to be used in countering the negative impacts and forms a basis for monitoring and evaluating the overall environmental performance of the tree planting project. It is strongly recommended that TIST adopts and implements the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan. Accordingly, as per Part II, 10(2) of Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003, we recommend that The International Small Groups Tree Planting Programme be issued with an Environmental Impact Assessment License for its Carbon Credit Tree Planting Programme.

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THE INTERNATIONAL SMALL GROUPS TREE PLANTING PROGRAMME

EIA REPORT

Firm of Experts

I, Martin Kamau Gitau of NAREDA Consultants confirm that we have prepared

the EIA Report for the International Small Groups Tree Planting Programme. I

confirm that NAREDA Consultants is a licensed firm of consultants with the

National Environmental Management Authority (No. 0005).

Signature: ____________________________________________

Date: ___________________

Proponent Approval

I, ___________________ confirm that I have read the Environmental Impact

Assessment Report and accept the findings and recommendations of the report. I

accept the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan and will strive to

fulfill its obligations.

Signature: ____________________________________________

Date: ___________________

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TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................vii

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES..................................................................................ix

LIST OF ACRONYMS USED...........................................................................................xi

1.0 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1

1.1 Background to TIST............................................................................................11.2 Brief on the Assessment......................................................................................11.3 Relevant Legislation............................................................................................2

1.3.1 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999...................21.3.2 The National Environment Action Plan (NEAP)................................................21.3.3 Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations 2006.........................................................................................................31.3.4 Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999 on Environment and Development...............31.3.5 Water Policy- Sessional Paper No.1 of 1999................................................41.3.6 Water Policy and Water Act 2002.................................................................41.3.7 Water Management Rules 2007....................................................................41.3.8 Forest Act 2005...................................................................................................51.3.9 The Lakes and Rivers Act, CAP 409...................................................................51.3.10 The Agriculture Act Cap 318.........................................................................51.3.11 Public Health Act (Cap 242).........................................................................6

1.4 Relevant National Policies...................................................................................61.4.1 Kenya Vision 2030.........................................................................................61.4.2 The National Poverty Eradication Plan (NAPEP) and the Poverty Reduction Strategies Paper (PRSP)..............................................................................................7

1.5 USAID’s Environmental Procedures...................................................................82.0 EA APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY..................................................................9

Scope of Work.................................................................................................................92.2 EA Approach.......................................................................................................9

2.2.1 Desk Study and Preparatory Tasks................................................................92.2.2 Field and Site Visits.......................................................................................9

2.3 Sampling:...........................................................................................................102.4 The EA Process..................................................................................................112.5 Limitations of the Study....................................................................................122.6 The EA Team.....................................................................................................13

3.0.....DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOPHYSICAL AND HUMAN ENVIRONMENTS OF

PROGRAM AREAS.........................................................................................................14

3.1 Nanyuki Project Area........................................................................................143.1.1 Topography..................................................................................................143.1.2 Climate.........................................................................................................153.1.3 Geology and Soils........................................................................................16

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3.1.4 Drainage System and the Hydrogeology..........................................................173.2 Meru Project Area..............................................................................................18

3.2.1 Topography..................................................................................................183.2.2 Climate.........................................................................................................183.2.3 Geology and Soils........................................................................................19

4.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM ACTIVITIES..........................................................21

4.1 Introduction to TIST..........................................................................................214.2 The Goals of TIST Programme:........................................................................214.3 Program Implementation Approach..................................................................214.4 TIST Organization.............................................................................................22

4.6.1 Small Group Development Component.......................................................234.6.2 Conservation Farming Component.............................................................244.6.3 Agroforestry.................................................................................................254.6.4 Payments to Groups.....................................................................................25

4.7 TIST Data - Monitoring & Measurement..........................................................264.8 Linkages and Partnerships with External Institutions.......................................26

5.0 SOCIOECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF PROGRAM BENEFICIARIES................28

5.1 Overview............................................................................................................285.2 Respondent’s Characteristics.............................................................................295.3 Crop Production.................................................................................................315.4 Livestock Production.........................................................................................325.5 Households Energy Situation............................................................................325.6 Assessment of Tree Planting Practices..............................................................35

5.6.1 Average Number of Trees Existing on Farms..............................................355.6.2 Challenges Associated with Tree Planting Activities.....................................36

5.7 Community Perception of TIST and its Activities..................................................375.7.1 Knowledge of TIST and Membership..........................................................375.7.2 TIST’s Activities and Respondents’ Participation.........................................38

5.8 Respondents’ Perception on the Impacts of TIST’s Activities..........................385.8.1 Benefits from TIST Activities.......................................................................385.8.2 Negative Impacts of TIST Activities and their Mitigation Measures..............39

6.0 IDENTIFICATION, EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF IMPACTS..................41

6.1 Identification and Analysis of Impacts..............................................................416.4 Discussion of Impacts........................................................................................46

6.4.1 Positive Impacts...........................................................................................466.4.2 Negative Impacts.........................................................................................49

7.0 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR NEGATIVE IMPACTS.......................................51

8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN........................53

8.1 Introduction........................................................................................................539.0DECOMMISSIONING/PHASE OUT STRATEGY...................................................56

9.1 Transfer of Management or Donation of the Project as a Going Concern........569.2 Transfer or Donation of the Project for a Different Use....................................569.2 Abandonment of the Project..............................................................................56

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10 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................58

REFERENCES..................................................................................................................59

LIST OF APPENDICES....................................................................................................61

Appendix 1: Leopold’s Matrix of Impacts Analysis.....................................................62Appendix 2: An Exhaustive List of the Sampled Groups and the Respective Villages 63Appendix 3: Focused Group Discussions with Group Members..............................66Appendix 4: Type of Trees/ species Planted on the farm, number planted and Average Age .........................................................................................................................105Appendix 5: Ranking of tree species by Average Number of Trees planted Per Household....................................................................................................................107Appendix 6: A Summary of the Uses/Value/Importance from the Two Project Areas per Species...................................................................................................................109Appendix 7: List of Respondents/ Contacted Persons.................................................115

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES List of Figures

Fig. 1: Agroclimatic Zones of the Ewaso Ng’iro Basin ................................................ 16 Figure 2: The five main components of the TIST ......................................................... 23 Figure 3: Educatution Status of the Respondents. ......................................................... 30 Figure 4: Challenges Encountered in sourcing Fuelwood ............................................. 34 Figure 5: Challenges related to tree planting ................................................................. 37

List of TablesTable 1: Sample Size for the Old and New Groups ....................................................... 10 Table 2: Distribution of respondents by Gender and the Project Areas ........................ 29 Table 3: Age Distribution of Household Respondents .................................................. 29 Table 4: Marital Status of Households Sampled ........................................................... 29 Table 5: Occupational Status ......................................................................................... 30 Table 6 Common Crop Production Constraints in the TIST Progarmme Area ............. 31 Table 7: Common Livestock Production Problems in Meru and Nanyuki Project Areas ....................................................................................................................................... 32 Table 8: A Summary of Fuel Used ................................................................................ 33 Table 9: Alternative Sources of Energy as Reported by the Households ...................... 34 Table 10: Benefits Associated with TIST Interventions ................................................ 39 Table 11: Negative Impacts of TIST Activities and Proposed Mitigation Measures .... 39 Table 12: Impacts Significance Table for Existing Impacts .......................................... 42 Results of Impacts Analysis ........................................................................................... 43 Table 13: Existing Positive Impacts of Program Activities ........................................... 43 Table 14: Potential Positive Impacts of Program Activities .......................................... 44 Table 15: Existing Negative Impacts of Program Activities ......................................... 44 Table 16: Potential Negative Impacts across the Project Areas and their Mitigation Measures ........................................................................................................................ 44 Table 17: Mitigation Measures for Existing Negative Impacts ..................................... 49

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Table 18: Mitigation Measures for Potential Negative Impacts .................................... 50 Table 19: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for Existing Negative Impacts .......................................................................................................................... 52 Table 20: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for Potential Negative Impacts See executive summary ................................................................................... 53

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LIST OF ACRONYMS USED CBNRM Community Based Natural Resources ManagementCF Conservation FarmingDDP District Development PlanEA Environmental AuditEIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMMP Environmental Management and Monitoring PlanEMCA Environmental Management and Co-ordination ActFGD Focused Group DiscussionsKEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute KFS Kenya Forest Service M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MoA Ministry of Agriculture NAREDA Natural Resources Management and Development AgencyNEMA National Environment Management Authority NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations OD Organizational Development TIST The International Small Groups and Tree Planting Programme ToR Terms of ReferenceToTs Training of TrainersUSAID United States Agency for International Development

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to TIST

1The International Small Group and Tree Planting Program, or TIST, is a comprehensive sustainable development program for developing-world locations. TIST is a Non-Governmental Organization that was formed in 1999 in Mpwapwa, Tanzania. An initiative began to organize the members of an Anglican Diocese into self-supporting, cooperative Small Groups. These groups would empower the community toward helping themselves, strengthen the church, empower the lay people, and reduce the load on his clergy. These groups would become resources for each other and work toward sustaining life for members.

In Kenya, the programme is active in two project areas namely Meru and Nanyuki. Each project area contains several group centers which; these are usually key local villages. The group centers in Nanyuki include; Laikipia West, Lamuria, Naro Moru, Nyahururu and Wiumiririe. These group centers serve 1858 groups and mainly plant Eucalyptus spp, Greavielleia robusta, Cyprus (Cupressus yprussp), Bottle Brush (Callistemon sp), Casuarina sp, Croton Megalocarpusupus, Acacia spp, Red Cedar (Juniperus procera), Pine (Pinus sp) & Avacado (Persea sp) among other tree spices. There are 4909 groups in Meru with centers at Chugu, Igembe, Imenti North, Kinyaritha, Kirimaara, Kirinyaga, Kithurine, Ntugi, Tharaka, Timau and Wendo. The Tree species grown in Meru region are quite similar to those grown in Nanyuki region.

1.2 Brief on the Assessment

This assignment was to carry out Environmental Audit (EA) of the TIST programme. The overall objective of the EA was to measure whether the programme is having any conceivable negative or positive consequences on both biophysical and human (socio-economic and cultural) environments. The results of the Audit which are contained in this EA Report will be used in planning of future phases and additional projects and also form a basis for monitoring and follow up of programme performance. The EA targeted the main components of the TIST which are tree planting and conservation farming. The assessment took place between 18th November and 2nd December 2009.

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1.3 Relevant Legislation Legislation of direct relevance to this study include:

1.3.1 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999 (EMCA) aims to ensure successful environmental management in Kenya using four main principles:

The sustainability of the environment and natural resources; The precautionary principle (the principle that where there are threats of

damage to the environment, whether serious or irreversible, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation)

The integration of environmental considerations into development planning and management;

The encouragement of public participation in any environmental decision-making.

The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is the governing body which oversees the application of these principles. EMCA makes provision for an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to be carried out before permission for any development out of character with its surroundings is granted. Audits must be carried out as per the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003, developed to support EMCA.

Activities identified in the Second Schedule of EMCA require an EIA license. Schedule 2 of EMCA describes the types of activities or projects that require EIA license and, with respect to this project, include:

Forestry related activities including reforestation and afforestation; Agriculture, including use of pesticides, introduction of new crops and animals, use of fertilizers and irrigation

The first step in the application for an EIA license is the submission of a Project Report in the required format, detail, and with the prescribed fee. In addition to the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, legislations pertinent to this report on a national level are outlined below.

1.3.2 The National Environment Action Plan (NEAP)

The environmental action plan discusses the challenges of change for Kenya and underscores the sustainability of Kenya's economic and social development which depends ultimately on proper and responsible management of the natural resource base and the environment in general. The plan also describes the

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physical environment and basically follows the thematic areas of nine task forces. These task forces were constituted along the following environmental issues: 1) water resources (inland, coastal and marine); 2) biodiversity (forestry, wildlife biotechnology, indigenous knowledge); 3) sustainable agriculture and food security; 4) desertification and drought; 5) environmental pollution and waste management; 6) human settlements and urbanization; 7) public participation and environmental education; 8) environmental information systems; and 9) policy, institutional, legislative framework and economic incentives. The report is further supplemented by background documents including detailed individual task forces reports. The report makes some concrete recommendations including the need for a new institutional framework, review and harmonization of environmental legislation, implementation of environmental impact assessment for all investment programs and development of environmental programs to mitigate/reduce environmental degradation.

1.3.3 Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations 2006

NEMA gazetted these rules under Legal Notice 121 of 2006 to regulate how solid waste is generated, segregated, transported and finally disposed. It deals with all forms of waste including solid, industrial, hazardous, pesticides, biomedical and radioactive wastes. Under these regulations no person shall dispose off any waste on a public highway, street, road, recreational area or in any public place except in a designated waste receptacle. The regulations further require that every person whose activities generates wastes has an obligation to ensure that such waste is transferred to a person who is licensed to transport and dispose of such waste in a designated waste disposal facility.

Section 2 part II of the regulations requires that any person whose activities generate waste shall collect, segregate and dispose or cause to be disposed off such waste in the manner provided for under the Regulations.

1.3.4 Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999 on Environment and Development

Every person in Kenya is entitled to a clean and healthy environment and has a duty to safeguard and enhance the environment. As envisioned in this Paper, Kenya should strive to move along the path of sustainable development to meet the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of the resource base to meet those of future generations. The overall goal is therefore to integrate environmental concerns into the national planning and management process and provide guidelines for environmentally sustainable development. The Sessional Paper emphasizes that EIAs must be undertaken by project proponents as an integral part of project design and preparation. It also proposes for periodic environmental auditing to ascertain whether the developer

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is fully implementing the mitigation measures recommended by the Initial EIA/EA Report.

1.3.5 Water Policy- Sessional Paper No.1 of 1999

The 1999 National Policy on Water Resources Management and Development, and the National Development Plans lay great emphasis on the value of water towards the attainment of the countries’ development aspirations and the millennium development goals. The country’s vision is to achieve sustainable management and the development of the water resources as a basis for poverty alleviation and promotion of social economic development.

The 1999 National Policy on Water Resources Management and Development provides a Policy direction to address challenges faced in the sector.

The policy directions includesa) Treat water as a social and economic good.b) Preservation, conservation and protection of the available water

resources.c) Sustainable, rational and economic allocation of water resourcesd) Supplying adequate amount of water meeting acceptable standards for

various needs.e) Ensuring safe waste disposal for environmental processes.f) Developing sound and sustainable financial system for effective and

efficient water borne sewage collection, treatment and disposal.

1.3.6 Water Policy and Water Act 2002

The Ministry of Water and Irrigation is vested with the duty to conserve and regulate the use of natural water resources (estuarine, surface, groundwater and marine). A new Water Act 2002 passed on 25th October, 2002 repealed the Water Act (CAP. 372). The new Act provides for the management, conservation, use and control of water resource, providing regulatory and management measures for the supply of water services. In furtherance to the Water Act 2002, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) in collaboration with other stakeholders has prepared a set of regulations which have now been gazetted under the legal notice No. 171 of 28th September 2007 to give guidelines on water permit acquisition and adherence to conditions attached and also enforcement of the user fee charges.

1.3.7 Water Management Rules 2007 To operationalize the Water Act 2002, the Water Resources Management Authority is in the process of developing water rules and regulations. It has

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already come up with the draft water rules, which are due for gazettement. The rules cover the following areas:

The reserve, protected areas, swamps, wetlands and riparian areas. They have also incorporated the means through which we can protect these fragile water resources and related environment.

Other areas that these rules cover include: Threshold levels for water allocation Harmonization of water permitting fees and water use charges for different

permits Provide the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) with

powers to place control orders, to stop destruction and anti-social behavior which are detrimental to our water resources.

Formulation of Catchments Management Strategies (CMS) including the zoning of catchments

Re-enforce and separate functions between different water sector institutions

Promote decentralization of decision making Promote participation and offer channels through which civil rights issues

can be addressed.

1.3.8 Forest Act 2005

The Forest Act 2005 recognizes EMCA 1999, as the overall law on environmental matters in the country. On EIA the Act states in Section 63 (1)” the provisions of Part VI and Part XII of the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to and in respect of a license under this Act and any environmental impact assessment as well as reference to the National Environment Tribunal required under this Act. (2) The provisions of the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act regarding reference to the Tribunal established under that Act shall apply to the settlement of disputes arising under this Act.”

1.3.9 The Lakes and Rivers Act, CAP 409

The Lakes and Rivers Act makes provision for the protection of bird and animal life on or in a lake or river.

1.3.10 The Agriculture Act Cap 318The Agriculture Act Cap 318 aims at promoting and maintaining a stable agriculture, to provide for the conservation of the soil and its fertility and to stimulate the development of agricultural land in accordance with the accepted practices of good land management and good husbandry

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1.3.11 Public Health Act (Cap 242)Part IX, section 115, of the act states that no person shall cause nuisance or condition liable to be injurious or dangerous to human health, injury to workers who are exposed to potentially harmful substances and conditions. Section 129 states that it shall be the duty of every local authority to take all lawful, necessary and reasonably practicable measures for preventing any pollution dangerous to health of any water supply in which the public within the district has a right to use and does use for drinking or domestic purposes. Section 136 states that all collections of water, sewage: rubbish, refuse and other fluids, which permit or facilitate breeding or multiplication of pests, shall be deemed to be nuisances and are liable to be dealt with as provided in the Act.

Other Legislation

Other legislation pertinent to the operation of a project is listed below. However, these other acts relate to employment and contractual conditions, rather than to the environmental dimension of the work operations. The Employment Act Cap 226 The Workmen’s Compensation Act Cap 236 The Trade Union Act Cap 223 The Trade Dispute Act Cap 234 The National Hospital Insurance Act Cap 255 The National Social Security Fund Act Cap 258 The Industrial Training Act Cap 237 The Regulation of Wages and Conditions of Employment Act Cap 229 Building Code, The Local Government (Adoptive By-Laws), (Building) Order 1968

1.4 Relevant National Policies

1.4.1 Kenya Vision 2030

Vision 2030 is Kenya’s development blueprint aiming at making the country a newly industrializing middle income nation, providing high quality of life for all the citizens. The Vision is based on three pillars namely; the Economic pillar, Social pillar and Political pillar. The Economic pillar aims at providing prosperity of all Kenyans through an Economic Development Programme focusing on achieving an average Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of 10% per annum over the next 25years.

Environment is captured under social pillar that seeks to build a just and cohesive society with social equity in a clean and secure environment. This pillar is to be driven by the following sectors:

1. Education and Training: Providing a globally competitive quality education, training & research for development.

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2. Health: Providing an efficient and high quality health care system with best standards.

3. Water and Sanitation: Ensuring that improved water and sanitation are available and accessible to all,

4. Through conservation of water sources and starting ways of harvesting and using rain and underground water.

5. The Environment: Having Kenya as a nation, living in a Clean Secure and Sustainable Environment.

6. Housing and Urbanization: Having an adequately and decently housed nation in a sustainable environment.

7. Gender, Youth and Vulnerable Group: Ensuring Gender equity improved livelihoods for vulnerable groups, and are responsible, competitive and prosperous youth.

8. Equity and Poverty Elimination: Reducing the number of people living in poverty to a tiny proportion of the total population.

9. Science, Technology and Innovation (STI): Creation of international competitiveness through more efficient productivity at the farm and household level.

According to the Vision 2030, Kenya aims to be a nation that has a clean, secure and sustainable environment by through: Promoting environmental conservation to better support the economic pillar’s

aspirations; Improving pollution and waste management through the application of the

right economic incentives; Commissioning of Public-Private Partnerships (PPs) for improved efficiency in

water and sanitation delivery; Enhancing disaster preparedness in all disaster-prone areas and improving

the capacity for adaptation to global change;

Forestry development cuts across components of the social pillar and is likely to get central position in driving the country to achieve the vision.

1.4.2 The National Poverty Eradication Plan (NAPEP) and the Poverty Reduction Strategies Paper (PRSP).

The NAPEP has an objective of reducing the incidences of poverty in both rural and urban areas by 50 percent by the year 2015 as well as strengthening the capabilities of the poor and vulnerable group to earn an income. It also aims at narrowing the gender and geographical disparities and at creating a healthy, educated population and prepared in line with the goals and commitments of the World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD) of 1995. According to the proponent, the outputs of this project are in line with the four focuses of the WSSD themes of poverty eradication, reduction of unemployment, social

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integration of the disadvantaged people and the creation of an enabling economic, political and cultural environment.

In addition, the international community recognizes the inter-relatedness of poverty and the environment, and views environmental quality as a key factor for achieving sustainable development. These include the goal number seven of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (2000), which highlights the need to ensure environmental sustainability to efficiently combat poverty and support sustainable development.

1.5 USAID’s Environmental Procedures USAID’s environmental regulations are embodied as 22 CFR 216 and commonly referred to as Regulation 16. USAID Missions are required by law to follow rules outlined in Regulation 16. USAID Missions must prepare an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) which makes a threshold determination as to whether the proposed program or activity will have a significant impact on the environment.

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2.0 EA APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

Scope of Work

The assessment took place in Meru and Nanyuki Project Areas where the TIST programmes are being implemented. The assessment entailed:

2.2 EA Approach

This EA was undertaken using three main approaches, which included: (i) desk study; (ii) field and site visits; and (iii) key informants and stakeholders’ interviews.

2.2.1 Desk Study and Preparatory Tasks

This involved compilation of available data, and literature, covering all aspects of the project areas. Various documents and previous study reports were consulted including USAID Guidelines on EIAs, District Development Plans among others. These gave useful information on project implementation approaches and strategies, geology, topography, soils, surface water resources, terrestrial communities (including both flora and fauna), aquatic communities (including both flora and fauna), and environmentally sensitive areas. The socio-economic data included information on land use, demography, livelihoods, and infrastructural services, among others (see Section 5).

Review of relevant specific environmental legislation for the different countries covered by the project was accomplished at this stage.

2.2.2 Field and Site Visits

Key Informant Interviews- key informant interviews were aimed at gathering expert information on the operations and status of the program components. The key informants contacted included the program staff, Government staff, representatives of various NGOs, community representatives and local leaders.

Environmental Site Visits, Transect Walks and Direct Observation- this was aimed at giving the study team the opportunity for hands on experience on the biophysical conditions of the project areas.

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Interviews with Area Residents and their Leaders-these were basically meant for the collection of socio-economic data that was aimed at unearthing the community perceptions and concerns on the proposed project and its likely influences on the socio-economic conditions of the project area. . An exhaustive list of the sampled groups and the respective villages is contained in Appendix 2.

2.3 Sampling:Sampling of the households and the Focused Group Discussions as well as community meetings were based on the 17 group centres of TIST in the Meru and Nanyuki Project areas. These were Laikipia West, Lamuria, Naro Moru, Nyahururu and Wiyumiririe (Nanyuki) and Chugu, Igembe, Imenti North, Kinyaritha, Tharaka, Wendo, Kirimara, Kirinyaga, Kithirune, Ntugi, Timau, and Mara in Meru Project area. The following aspects were put into consideration during the sampling: Number of groups in each field centre. Adoption level of tree planting. Both high and low level were considered in

an attempt to understanding factors influencing high adoption from those impeding the taking up of tree planting.

Period of TIST intervention. This was divided into new and old intervention areas.

Administrative units.

The study ensured that the sampling of the groups and household within the field centre was randomly done.

Identifying Sample for the Old and New Groups Old groups are those whose trees have been quantified and have been in existence since the inception of the program in Kenya while the new ones are those established as from 2008 and their trees are not quantified.The total number of old groups added up to 4,845 of which 7 percent or 284 groups were sampled. For the new groups, only 3 percent or 30 groups were sampled. In total therefore, 314 groups were to be reached either through households interviews or through focused group discussion and / community consultative meetings.

Table 1: Sample Size for the Old and New GroupsGroups by Period formed Total Groups Total Sampled HH FGDOld 4205 284 97 87New 2175 30 53 21

Total 4205 300 150 108

However, due to difficulties, especially weather related, only 258 or 82.2 percent that were eventually consulted through household questionnaires (150) or through FGDs (108) as indicated in table 1 and as contained in appendix 3. At household level, a total of 416 households were interviewed of which 385 were

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drawn from “Old” groups and 31 from the “New” groups. The table showing distribution of household sample is contained in Appendix 2

2.4 The EA Process

The EA process involved the following:

Environmental Screening

General screening was done in order to generate a description of the problem, the project objectives activities and the parties involved. It defined the extent to which the EA would be required and ensured a realistic range of alternatives for further consideration. Screening was based on factors such as ability of the technology to meet the project objectives, resources availability and suitability, and the broad environmental and economic acceptability. At this stage, a consultation exercise involving key stakeholders was undertaken in order to seek consensus on the preferred technologies.

Environmental Scoping

It involved consultation with TIST staff and was aimed at identifying key issues to be addressed by the study. By determining the scope systematically, the assessment focused on the important environmental issues and risks, taking into account special features and areas of particular importance. Scoping helped to start with actions, and work outwards and enhanced: Identification of social significance of the various project impacts; Establishment of the agenda for the EA, agreed by all concerned; Translation of the agenda into a work programme and agreed by all concerned; Terms of Reference relevant to the study; Identification of key policy, legal and institutional parameters for the study.

Collection and review of basic data

Basic data collected included that related to biodiversity of the study area; its environmental settings and socio-economic conditions. Collection of this data involved the review of relevant literature and documents; site visits to the project area, direct observations, and resource persons/ key informants interviews.

Identification of impacts

The key tool for the identification of impacts was the Leopold’s Matrix (see Appendix 1). This matrix contained a candidate list of key impacts with the ‘sources’ and ‘receptors’ of impacts. Brainstorming among the study team

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members after careful review of the proposed activities also aided in the identification of impacts

Prediction of impacts

Prediction of impacts involved characterization of the impact causes, and effects and their consequences on the physical, biological and the human environment. This was achieved through expert judgments, referencing of necessary literature and brainstorming among the members of the study team.

Evaluation of impacts

Evaluation of adverse impacts was deemed necessary to determine whether they are significant enough to warrant mitigation. To achieve this, the study team reviewed relevant literature (comparison with laws, regulations and standards, consistency of project objectives with government policy); brainstorming sessions among the study team guided by the collected data. Public consultations and disclosures with key stakeholders were also held. The evaluation of impacts was based on a criterion that took into account six parameters, which are described in Section 7.1 of this Report.

Identification of Mitigation options and Preparation of an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

In identifying the mitigation options, the study team explored strategies to prevent, reduce, or compensate the adverse impacts already identified and analyzed. The tools applied here included review of literature and similar case studies done elsewhere, value judgments, and brainstorming sessions with both technical and non-technical experts.

2.5 Limitations of the Study

This EA was conducted by a team of experts in different fields. Although the time allocated was considered insufficient to visit all the groups in each project area, the team worked hard to come up with quality report. Further, the consultant organized a big and multidisciplinary team (3 experts and eight research assistants) to comprehensively gather virtually all information necessary for the EA in each visited site. The triangulation approach applied by the team also narrowed the probability of missing out essential data. As such information gathered was considered sufficient for the purposes of the assignment and for the team to make informed decisions. No serious information gaps exist.

The information also provided the EA with sufficient insights of the entire programme’s activities for adequately fulfilling the EA requirements as well as responding to other issues in the ToR.

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2.6 The EA Team

The EA was conducted by a team of four Nareda Ltd consultants who included a socio-economist/EIA specialist and team leader, forestry expert and an environmentalist. The methods adopted encouraged team work with all the team members helping in analysis of the information gathered in the field. Eight experienced research assistants were involved in the administration of the household questionnaire and data cleaning, coding and keying into the computer.

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3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOPHYSICAL AND HUMAN ENVIRONMENTS OF PROGRAM AREAS

In drafting this Chapter, the main source of information is secondary, particularly from District Development Plans and past literature on the two project areas.

3.1 Nanyuki Project AreaThe Nanyuki project area covers the larger Laikipia District (Laikipia East and West) and parts of Nyeri North District. A general and broad description of the Nanyuki Project Area is presented here below:

The population of the larger Nyeri and Laikipia district was 661,156 and 322,187 respectively as per 1999 National Census (CBS, 1999). This was projected to grow to 866,563 and to 1,181,812 for Nyeri and to 462,939 and 701,542 for Laikipia districts in 2010 and 2025.

3.1.1 Topography

Nyeri NorthThe main features in the larger Nyeri District are Mt. Kenya (5199m) and Aberdare Ranges (3,999m). Nyeri North District is located on the north-western part of Mount Kenya. It is less rugged and hilly compared to Mount Kenya. The Mountain represents one of the most important pristine mountain ecosystems in the world and the most impressive landscapes in East Africa due to its mountain peaks with rugged glacier-clad summits and diverse forests. Mount Kenya was formed as a result of volcanic activity and it has a base diameter of approximately 120km. The Mountain is the country’s highest mountain and second highest in Africa with its icy summit reaching at the two highest peaks - Batian (5,199 m) and Nelion (5,188 m). It is broadly cone-shaped with deeply incised valleys radiating from the peaks, which are largely attributed to glacial erosion. There are about 20 glacial tarns (small lakes) of varying sizes and numerous glacial moraine features between altitudes 3,950m and 4,800m above sea level.

Laikipia The larger Laikipia district, which is in the Rift Valley province, borders Samburu district to the north, Isiolo district to the northeast, Meru district to the southeast, Nyeri district to the south, Nyandarua and Nakuru districts to the southwest and Koibatek and Baringo districts to the west. It lies between latitudes 00 18” south and 00 51” north and between longitude 360 11” and 370 24” east.

The larger Laikipia district, which covers 9,179 km2 and administratively divided into seven divisions, lies on the Equator and is bordered to the east by the lower

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slopes of Mt. Kenya; to the south-west by the Aberdare Ranges; and to the west by the Rift Valley escarpment. The Laikipia Plateau is an area of rolling low hills with the altitude varying between 1200m ASL in the north and 2600m ASL in the south. The level plateau of the district is drained by the tributaries of Ewaso Nyiro River, which have their catchments in the slopes of Aberdare ranges and Mt. Kenya.

In 2008, Laikipia District was split into Laikipia East, Laikipia Central, Laikipia West and Laikipia North Districts. Later Laikipia East district was split into Laikipia East and Laikipia Central Districts. A segment of the project area is situated in Lamuria Division of Laikipia Central District. Lamuria division lies in the northwestern part of Laikipia East District at an elevation of 1800-1900 metres above sea level.

3.1.2 ClimateNyeri NorthThe climate of Mount Kenya region is largely determined by altitude with a strong effect of the mountainous landscape The region rises from 1,900 m to 5,188m above sea level. Nyeri district experiences equatorial rainfall with the long rains occurring from March to May and the short rains occurring between October and December. The Average temperatures are between 80C and 280C. The annual rainfall ranges from 500m in the Kieni plateau to 1500 m in the Aberdare Ranges and the areas around Mt. Kenya. The rainfall range between 600mm and 1500mm during the long rains between March and June with an average of 1200 mm during the short rains between October and November.

LaikipiaThe climate of Laikipia is affected by the rain shadow effect of Mount Kenya. The rain bearing southeast monsoon winds do not reach the district due to obstruction by the mountain. Lamuria division, which is predominantly a rangeland, receives an annual mean rainfall of 400-600mm. The rainfall distribution is bi-modal with peaks of long rains in March/May and short rains in Mid-October/Mid-December. The mean annual temperatures are between 18-290C placing Lamuria in agro-climatic zone V (fig. 2), which is semi-arid. Temperatures are highest in the months of January to mid March before the rains season and lowest in the months of July to August. Data available from different stations within close proximity of this area shows repeated cyclic pattern of low rainfall variations over the years between 1967 and 2003.

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Fig. 1: Agroclimatic Zones of the Ewaso Ng’iro Basin Source: NRM3, 2003

3.1.3 Geology and Soils

Nyeri North The geological features consist of basic and intermediate rocks including phonolites, trachytes, basalts, kenytes and syenites. Pyroclastic rocks and volcanic ash originating from various secondary eruptions especially on the northern and northeast slopes characterize the landscape. These rocks have also been extensively eroded overtime.

Soils are mainly influenced by altitude. On the highly raised regions they are moderate to high in fertility. According to Spec (1978) and Sombroek et al. (1982), the soils; on the upper slopes above 2,400 have dark surface horizons and low bulk

density. They are also rich in organic matter and are mainly formed from young pyroclastic rocks.These soils include Regosols, Histosols and Andosols.

on the lower slopes (below 2,600m), which cover Kieni plateau the soils are significantly influenced by the amount of rainfall received in the area. In the forested mountain areas where there is plentiful rainfall; the soils are volcanic in origin, intensively red with considerable amount of clay as well as fairly rich in organic matter. The main soil groups are Nitisols, Cambisols and Andosols.

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Soils on the western plains and to the northwestern of the mountain (Grassland zone with low rainfall) have dark top horizons and high proportions of clay minerals. The main soil types are Phaeozems, Planosols and Vertisols.

LaikipiaThe top soils are composed of loamy soils. The flat topography of this area was determined by tectonic and volcanic disturbances of Mount Kenya. The volcanic activity of Mount Kenya has contributed to the complexity of the physiography of this area. In general terms, the topography can be said to be undulating with small open valleys and ridges. Soils in the project area are developed on Basement System rocks mainly migmatites and Biotite gneisses. They are well drained, very shallow to deep, dark yellowish brown to very dark brown, friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam and friable gravelly sandy clay loam to sand clay with 5-50%, fine to medium iron and manganese concretions. The structure is weak to moderate, fine to medium sub-angular blocky soils.

3.1.4 Drainage System and the HydrogeologyThe project area is geologically associated with Mt. Kenya volcanic suite which technically controls the geological setting of this area. The volcanic rocks associated with this suite comprise tuffs, basalts, trachytes, phonolites, kenytes and agglomeratic constituents of the above rocks. The structure of the Mount Kenya volcano and its satellites is that of a large volcanic pile with radial outward dips centered on the plug which forms the present peak of the mountain.

It is implicit in the account of the tratigraphy that the volcanic structures are complex, especially in the latter stages of the history of the volcano, due to the alternative quiescence, erosions and periods of eruption, with the result that the younger lava effusions are often scattered and confined in widely separated valleys. Examples include the olive trachytes, mugearites and olive basalts of the northern slopes of Mount Kenya.

At the project area, the surface is mainly covered by loamy soils, sandy silt soils, with clayey sub-soils particularly along the valleys. These soils are underlain by various layers of basaltic lavas and tuffs which cover most parts of Naro Moru area. The basalts and tuffs are intercalated with various horizons of old land deposits and are underlain by rocks of the basement rocks.

Ground water resources in the project area are substantial in that productive boreholes have been sunk and used as water supplies for domestic and livestock consumption. As the principal aquifers are Basement System rocks and buried alluvial deposits along watercourses, the aquifers must include narrow winding zones of relatively high permeability, which can be delineated using suitable geophysical and remote sensing methods.

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3.2 Meru Project AreaIt covers the larger Meru District and parts of Kirinyaga District. A general and broad description of the Meru Project Area is presented here below:

3.2.1 TopographyKirinyaga District

The main feature in the larger Kirinyaga District which is administratively located is Mt. Kenya with a peak of 5199m. The project area is found on the southern part of Mount Kenya. The project area is less rugged and hilly compared to Mount Kenya. The Mountain represents one of the most important pristine mountain ecosystems in the world and the most impressive landscapes in East Africa due to its mountain peaks with rugged glacier-clad summits and diverse forests. Mount Kenya was formed as a result of volcanic activity and it has a base diameter of approximately 120km. The Mountain is the country’s highest mountain and second highest in Africa with its icy summit reaching at the two highest peaks - Batian (5,199 m) and Nelion (5,188 m). It is broadly cone-shaped with deeply incised valleys radiating from the peaks, which are largely attributed to glacial erosion. There are about 20 glacial tarns (small lakes) of varying sizes and numerous glacial moraine features between altitudes 3,950m and 4,800m above sea level.

3.2.2 ClimateKirinyaga District The climate of Mount Kenya region is largely determined by altitude with a strong effect of the mountainous landscape. In terms of altitude, the region rises from 1,900 m to 5,188m above sea level. Kirinyaga district experiences equatorial rainfall with the long rains occurring from March to May and the short rains occurring between October and December.

The Larger MeruThe distribution of precipitation in East Africa is governed by the annual movement of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ), the position of which is governed by the position of the sun relative to the earth. Thus in January it is furthest south of the equator and in July, furthest North: these periods encompass the dry seasons. The December-March period is hot and dry while the June-September period is cool and dry. Rainfall occurs when the ITCZ crosses the equator in March-May and October-December.

The other factor which particularly affects rainfall is orographic enhancement brought about by vertical displacement of air against landmass, subsequent temperature drop to dew point, and consequent precipitation. The elevated rainfalls in the Nyambene Hills (2400 mm/yr) north east of Mt Kenya are examples of orographic enhancement.

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An opposite effect, rain-shadowing, characterizes the project areas, albeit to different degrees: rain bearing clouds coming from the south east precipitate heavily on the south east-facing slopes of Mt Kenya, but produce little when they have finally reached the Northern and Western aspects of the mountain.

The pattern of reduced rainfall with increased progression into the rain shadow area – north and west- is clearly marked. It is likely that the orographic enhancement created by Loldaiga actually creates circular isohyets about the Loldaiga Hills, rather than bending the 700 mm contour line to the North. If a larger and better distributed data set was available, the anomalous high rainfall east of Isiolo would not be shown. Precipitation of the western slopes of Mt Kenya reaches a maximum of 1500-2000 mm/yr at 3000-3600 m, falling away sharply at greater elevations (winiger et al 1978, cited in Leibundgut et al 1986).

Mean monthly rainfall distribution is bimodal; while this little affects groundwater recharge, the distribution is of central importance to the harvesting of rainwater in dams and flood flow abstraction.

Annual potential evaporation for Kenyan stations can be calculated from an equation developed by Woodhead (1968) based on an analysis of empirical data for all weather stations in Kenya relating evaporation to elevation (cited in Sombroek et al 1982):-Eastern Africa is largely underlain by Precambrian rocks of the Basement Mozambique Belt, which outcrop north of the study area and underlie it at variable depths; to a certain extent, the Basement influences groundwater movement in the study area, as will be explained later in this report. Overlying these are younger extrusive rocks, all derived from a succession of eruptive episodes associated with Mt. Kenya.

3.2.3 Geology and Soils

Kirinyaga and Larger MeruThe project area has the same geological features like the large Mount Kenya ecosystem, which has been strongly influenced by volcanicity. This consists of basic and intermediate rocks including phonolites, trachytes, basalts, kenytes and syenites. Pyroclastic rocks and volcanic ash originating from various secondary eruptions especially on the northern and northeast slopes characterize the landscape. These rocks have also been extensively eroded overtime.

Soils in the project area and immediate surrounding are mainly influenced by altitude. On the highly raised regions, the soils are moderate to high fertility. According to Spec 1978 and Sombroek et al. 1982, the soils; On the upper slopes above 2,400 have dark surface horizons and low bulk

density. They are also rich in organic matter and are mainly formed from

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young pyroclastic rocks. These soils include Regosols, Histosols and Andosols.

Soils on the western plains and to the northwestern of the mountain (Grassland zone with low rainfall) have dark top horizons and high proportions of clay minerals. The main soil types are Phaeozems, Planosols and Vertisols.

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4.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM ACTIVITIES

4.1 Introduction to TIST

The International Small Group and Tree Planting Program, or TIST, is a comprehensive sustainable development program for developing-world locations. TIST is a Non-Governmental Organization that was formed in 1999 in Mpwapwa, Tanzania. An initiative began to organize the members of an Anglican Diocese into self-supporting, cooperative Small Groups. These groups would empower the community towards helping themselves, strengthen the church, empower the lay people, and reduce the load on his clergy. These groups would become resource persons for each other and work toward sustaining life for members.

To date TIST empowers Small Groups of subsistence farmers in countries such as Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and India to reverse the devastating effects of deforestation, drought, and famine. Since 1999, TIST participants have been identifying local sustainable development goals that include tree planting and sustainable agriculture. TIST creates a communication and administrative structure that also addresses health (including HIV/AIDS), education, and nutrition. TIST aims at providing long-term revenue for the Small Group participants through the sale of greenhouse gas credits (GhG).

In Kenya, the programme is active in two project areas namely Meru and Nanyuki. Each project area contains several group centers which are usually key local villages. The group centers in Nanyuki include; Laikipia West, Lamuria, Naro Moru, Nyahururu and Wiumiririe. These group centers serve 1858 groups and mainly plant Eucalyptus spp, Grevillea robusta, Cyprus (Cupressus sp), Bottle Brush (Callistemon sp), Casuarina sp, Croton Megalocarpus, Acacia spp, Red Cedar (Juniperus procera), Pine (Pinus sp) & Avacado (Persea sp) among other tree spices. There are 4909 groups in Meru with centers at Chugu, Igembe, Imenti North, Kinyaritha, Kirimaara, Kirinyaga, Kithurine, Ntugi, Tharaka, Timau and Wendo.

4.2 The Goals of TIST Programme:The development goal of the TIST program is to empower and equip subsistence farmers to restore their natural environment, increase soil fertility, create jobs, strengthen the local community, and move from famine to surplus.

4.3 Program Implementation ApproachSmall Groups are the key to successful implementation of the program. Training, agriculture activities, forestation activities, and administration are accomplished through the Small Groups rather than through existing political or administrative channels. Local and international expertise is offered to groups.

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TIST uses seminars, meetings and newsletters to disseminate knowledge and expertise from local and national experts in agriculture and forestry as well as experienced farmers. In addition, international research findings and resources are also used whenever appropriate.

The program uses a sustainable development approach which usually means that the society meets the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to also meet their needs. For TIST, it also means the program will result in a long-term beneficial impact on the participants and habitat. In fact, the TIST groups have gone beyond mere sustainability by making a better life for the next generation.

4.4 TIST Organization

The TIST program is a joint effort of the Institute for Environmental Innovation (I4EI) and Clean Air Action Corporation. TIST management under girds the project components by providing detailed accounting of the finances and actions taken, pursuing strategic teaming arrangements, and planning for the extension and replication of the model with additional funding. Additional projects such as computer training are also important contributions to the local community

Program Components The success of the whole program depends upon the success of the component parts of TIST. While mutually interdependent, these separate components include: Small group development, Conservation farming, Agroforestry, Payments to Groups, and Monitoring/measurement.

The five components are interrelated and this is illustrated in the chart below,

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Figure 2: The five main components of the TIST

4.6.1 Small Group Development Component

TIST implements the project through small groups of up to 12 people. Small group accountability is the backbone of the entire program. The groups are formed by members from throughout the local communities. TIST, with local partners, provides ongoing support and training on small group dynamics. Small groups provide the mutual support and accountability that assures compliance with program requirements. Members of each small group sign a covenant that includes commitments to:

Live in community with each other, to develop the gifts of each member, and to encourage each member

Set aside 10% of its agricultural produce and business profits as an emergency fund for group members

Follow and help develop “best practices” in developing small groups, in creating a sustainable environment, in agriculture, and in economic development

Use “best practices” to plant, care for, and establish a minimum of 1000 trees per year. Each group is responsible for protection of all other TIST group trees that have been or will be planted, wherever they are planted

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Enter into such agreements as necessary to transfer the Greenhouse Gas credits created from the TIST trees

Meet at least one time per week, and to use all small group “best practices” including rotating leadership

Report group activities to TIST on a regular basis and to cooperate with verification efforts necessary to establish Greenhouse Gas credit creation

4.6.2 Conservation Farming Component

The aim underlying conservation farming is to stabilize food supply in the area on existing farmland. Recent droughts have led to famine and death. Current farming practices also deplete soils of nutrients, forcing farmers to seek new farmland–at the expense of remaining forest. With declining forest comes declining water tables, which then lead to more droughts. Conservation farming is designed to break that cycle.

TIST’s approach to conservation farming is based on the U.N. Food and Agricultural Organization’s handbook on conservation farming that was developed in neighbouring Zambia. Farmers receive training on new soil preparation and planting techniques, weeding, and storage. Future programs development may also focus on marketing and improved business management of smallholder farms

Conservation farming practices include:

Tighter spacing of planting Use of holes rather than rows for water conservation Improved weeding Use of compost or manure for fertilization

When combined with the improved seed (including drought resistant seed) food yield could increase four-fold on existing farmland. Participants are encouraged to diversify crop selection.

With improved yields, farmers also require technical assistance on storage and handling of crops after harvest. Most farmers today sell much of their grain at harvest - when prices are lowest. TIST helps farmers create surplus and develop strategies to store surplus. Participants are encouraged through harvest loans to hold some grain in storage until prices are higher.

Ultimately TIST can build upon the local business practices and the commercial infrastructure necessary for large scale farming and business management through assessments of local needs followed by appropriate training and technical assistance. Commercial farming for example requires an increased use of the Internet, increased use of banking systems, clarification of legal structures, increased use of transportation, and new training techniques. These changes will

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elevate the base level of skill sets, competencies, and infrastructure within the region as the program grows from pilot into commercial operation.

4.6.3 Agroforestry

Certain small groups are interested in running nurseries that serve other TIST groups. Local species are grown from seeds collected at the end of the rainy season. These trees have proven their ability to survive in the harsh drought conditions of recent years. TIST provides training and incentives to farmers to plant trees on available land. TIST also encourages the development of tree nurseries by collecting, and then germinating seeds at the end of the rainy season.

TIST encourages mixed groves of trees planted near villages, around houses and along farm borders. The trees planted provide shade for dwellings, windbreaks, and reduced soil erosion while raising the local water table. Trees that produce nuts, fruit, medicines, and pesticides will also be used in order to maximize the benefits to the participants.

TIST tree planting creates a brand new market opportunity for the local subsistence farmer, sequestration of Carbon and the sale of Carbon Dioxide credits on the international market.

4.6.4 Payments to Groups

TISTworks to provide revenues to participants to help sustain them during the dry season and embark upon a program that enables residents to reforest their land and replenish the soil. TIST has developed opportunities for groups to sell Greenhouse Gas Credits from trees they are planting, and create regular revenues for groups for their healthy trees. Income from Greenhouse Gas Sales is passed on to farmers and can help them to buy better seed, become more financially secure, and plant and maintain trees. Much more returns will be derived when the trees mature.

TIST provides quarterly payments to small groups on a per tree basis. A typical group with 1,500 trees could earn the equivalent of a month's wage over the course of a year from their trees. Quarterly payments act as an incentive to the groups, but the trees also have significant intrinsic economic benefits in:

Fruit and nuts produced Bark, which can be used to produce medicines Shade, protecting crops and families Soil improvement Cattle Fodder

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Trimmed branches can be used for cooking fuel therefore cutting cost on the amount of wood/charcoal they need to buy each month and safe on time that could otherwise be spent in search of fuelwood.

This also reduces pressure on natural forests.

4.7 TIST Data - Monitoring & Measurement

TIST provides detailed and regular accounting of the location, size, and species of trees being planted. TIST also assesses the impact of the program on food supply, health, and other human factors. Analysis of all data are provided to help improve program operations and reporting.

Project data are submitted by the small groups participating in the program. TIST auditors then make visits to the small groups. These visits are an opportunity for sharing information and for encouragement. The group's trees are also surveyed. Tree data is logged by GPS location into a PDA based database.

Workers from the local area have been trained in the use of GPS technology, measurement, and 3 -Com’s Palm-Pilot technology in order to collect information that is being used to quantify these tons based on the growth and age of the trees. They are referred to as “Quantifiers”. As the program grows, more people will be trained and used to help in the data collection efforts needed, and quantification will occur retrospectively. In addition, the quantifiers themselves plant trees and serve as small group members, and get income from quantification.

TIST has also been implementing a strategy to assess the impacts of the conservation farming on food supply and carbon dioxide sequestration, and to assess impacts of the total TIST program on other human factors. TIST should have several positive impacts on families and local communities including health, nutrition, and economic well being. Small groups, the very organizing unit for TIST participation, also will strengthen the sense of community and mutuality that is already a cornerstone of the local culture.

4.8 Linkages and Partnerships with External Institutions

TIST has established strategic partnerships with other civil society organizations in order to take advantage of synergetic effects and to ensure programme work produces more benefits to the target group.

In part because of its innovative use of technology, TIST has become a flagship greenhouse gas offset project. Like most community-based forestry initiatives, TIST has struggled to attract purely financial investors, due to regulatory

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uncertainties, but the Dow Foundation and the USAID Global Development Alliance saw the enormous sustainable development benefits to the small groups and provided funds for program development and expansion. The Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol and voluntary markets for carbon offsets are now active and negotiations to sell large quantities of emission reductions are picking up.

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5.0 SOCIOECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF PROGRAM BENEFICIARIES

5.1 OverviewThe socioeconomic assessment was conducted in both Meru and Nanyuki Project Areas. The results from the two project areas are expected to give some major highlights on the impacts on the biophysical and human environments that could be associated with TIST programme activities. Community consultation and disclosure are overriding principles and practice of EIA and EA. It involves collating the views and concerns of the community who are being affected (or likely to be affected) either directly or indirectly by the development activity/project so that they get to know what the activity/ project is all about and how the operations will affect their environments (biophysical and human).

The socio-economic survey was conducted to establish: The possible effects of the program activities on the socio-economic and

cultural profiles; Collate community concerns and their views on how negative impacts could

be mitigated in all the three project areas.

Several approaches were applied to extensively gather and document community concerns. These included administration of semi-structured household questionnaire, interviews with key resource persons (from public and private organizations), opinion leaders and focused group discussions. Project documents and literature from other stakeholders active in the area have also been reviewed.

The socio-economic section has mainly used household data which has been enriched/ complemented by focused group discussions with group members. The data which has been analysed using SPSS statistical software as well as Excel packages mainly shows frequencies and correlation of responses as collated from the households. Therefore, in most cases, the responses are far much more than the number of the households interviewed as they were not limited. Most of the questions were “open ended” and not pre-coded. The findings of the assessment are presented in the subsequent sub-sections.

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5.2 Respondent’s Characteristics In total, 416 households were interviewed of which 206 (49.5%) and 210 (50.5%) percent were male and female respectively. Table 2 shows the total number of households and their distribution by gender and by the project areas.

Table 2: Distribution of respondents by Gender and the Project Areas

GenderTotal Sample

Meru Project area Sample

Nanyuki Project area Sample

Freq. % Freq. % Freq. %Male 206 49.5 123 48.6 83 50.9Female 210 50.5 130 51.4 80 49.1

Total 416 100 253 100 163 100

The sample shows that young, middle age and elderly respondents were included although more households in relative young age categories (31 to 45) were interviewed as compared to other age brackets as indicated in table 3

Table 3: Age Distribution of Household Respondents

Age categories (Years)

Total Sample Meru Project area SampleNanyuki Project area Sample

Freq. % Freq. % Freq. %21 to30 56 13.5 43 17.0 13 8.031 to 45 156 37.5 96 37.9 60 36.846 to 60 125 30.0 80 31.6 45 27.661 and above 79 19.0 34 13.4 45 27.6Total 416 100 253 100 163 100.0

Majority of the households sampled (88.9%) are married, which is an indication of the household typologies over the project areas. A combined household of the unmarried, of the deceased couples and those separated or divorced represents slightly over 10 percent of the entire households as contained in table 4

Table 4: Marital Status of Households Sampled

Marital StatusTotal Sample

Meru Project area Sample

Nanyuki Project area Sample

Freq. % Freq. % Freq. %single 19 4.6 10 4.0 9 5.5Married 370 88.9 229 90.5 141 86.5Widow/widower 20 4.8 13 5.1 7 4.3Separated/divorced 7 1.7 1 0.4 6 3.7

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  416 100 253 100 163 100

As can be observed in figure 3 the project areas’ illiteracy levels stand at 12.5 percent. Nanyuki area has less illiteracy level (6.7%) and has generally high number of the respondents who have secondary education which is the ordinary education level in Kenya.

Figure 3: Educatution Status of the Respondents.

Farming is the main occupation of the respondents. Other insignificant livelihood activities are casual labour, employment, business and reliance on pesnion as presented in table 5.

Table 5: Occupational Status

Occupational StatusTotal Sample Meru Project area Sample Nanyuki Project area SampleFreq. % Freq. % Freq. %

Farmer 379 91.1 232 91.7 147 90.2Casual Labour 2 0.5 1 0.4 1 0.6Formal employment 14 3.4 10 4.0 4 2.5Business 14 3.4 6 2.4 8 4.9Informal employment 6 1.4 4 1.6 2 1.2Pension 1 0.2 1 0.6Total 416 100 253 100 163 100

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5.3 Crop ProductionCrop production is one of the main livelihood activities across the two project areas. A variety of food and cash crops totaling to 26 were identified by this study. The types of crops grown however are not uniform across the board as the two project areas are found in different agro-ecological zones. Different centres within the project areas are also located in areas with different climatic zones. In Meru Project area for instance cash crops that are favoured by high rainfall include coffee, tea and khat or miraa (Catha edulis). In the Nanyuki project area on the other hand most of the TIST activities are concentrated in dry weather and the farmers have to turn on irrigation fed farming to grow horticultural crops. However, crops like maize, beans and potatoes are grown across the two project areas. Traditional crops such as sorghum, millet, cassava, arrow roots and yams are common in some parts of Meru Project area. Table 6 below presents the common crops grown in the two project areas.

According to information collected from the household questionnaire the crop production enterprise is not performing at its optimum due to a variety of constraints which are relatively the same across both the Nanyuki and Meru project areas. These constraints include inadequate rainfall, poor market prices, crop raiding by wildlife and high costs of inputs (table 6). It is important to however note that 23.3% of the responses (quite a significant figure) indicated that crop production constraints are not experienced.

Table 6 Common Crop Production Constraints in the TIST Progarmme AreaCrop production challenge Frequency Percentage No challenges 197 23.3Inadequate rainfall 23 2.7Diseases/ insects/rodents/frost/weeds 197 23.3Lack of capital to buy inputs 117 13.8High cost of inputs 94 11.1Wildlife invasion/destruction 22 2.6Crop theft 4 0.5Lack of enough water for irrigation 63 7.4Infertile soils 20 2.4Lack of certified seeds/poor seeds 27 3.2Poor market prices/ lack of markets 55 6.5Poor road networks 5 0.6No title deeds and therefore cant access loans 1 0.1Lack of labor/ high cost of labor 19 2.2Inefficient extension services 2 0.2Long distances in sourcing manure 1 0.1  847 100

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5.4 Livestock ProductionLivestock production is another important livelihood activity across the two project areas. As expected the main livestock include cattle, shoats and poultry. Donkeys are also common and are mainly used for transport purposes.

Farmers reported various problems that negatively affect livestock production of which diseases, probably due to the climatic conditions, featured prominently in the Meru project area (33% of the responses). In the Nanyuki Project area inadequate pasture was cited as the main problem. Livestock theft and predation were reported in the Nanyuki project area but did not emerge in the Meru project area. The other problems reported from the household questionnaire were quite similar in the two project areas. A summary of the common problems associated with livestock production in the two project areas is presented in table 7 below:

Table 7: Common Livestock Production Problems in Meru and Nanyuki Project Areas Livestock production challenge Frequency Percentage No challenges 37 5.2Inadequate pastures 188 26.4Diseases/pests/ cold 207 29.1High cost of feeds/fodder 76 10.7Small land parcels 40 5.6Poor breeds 12 1.7Lack of capital 28 3.9Lack of market/poor markets/transport to market 17 2.4Lack of vet services 24 3.4Droughts 41 5.8Lack of enough water 19 2.7Theft /predation/cattle rustling

22 3.1  711 100

5.5 Households Energy SituationThe three man sources of energy across the two project areas are inevitably tree=based with firewood leading with an overwhelming 86.9% of the respondents followed by charcoal at 11.8% and sawdust accounting for only 1.3%. More specifically for the two project areas, in Meru 88% of the respondents rely on firewood getting slightly lower in Nanyuki at 84.7% of the respondents. In both project areas, the main source of firewood is from household farms accounting for slightly over half of the responses at 53.8%. Forests are also important sources accounting for 23.6% to those farmers living near them. Buying from vendors is also important at 20.7%. Other sources, though negligible are collecting from unsettled plots (1.6%) and buying from neighbours

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(0.4%). Reliance on forests for firewood was reported by the same percentage of respondents (25%) in the two project areas.

Most of the charcoal for meeting household energy requirements is bought from vendors as reported by 21 of the respondents in Meru and 5 of the respondents in Nanyuki project area. In Meru, however, 3 of the respondents indicated that they get charcoal from their own farms while 1 respondent indicated that s/he gets charcoal from the forest. No other source of charcoal apart from buying from vendors was reported in the Nanyuki project area.

In terms of amounts of firewood used per household, on average across the two project areas, most families use two bundles per week as reported by 172 of the respondents, while 132 respondents indicated that they use one bundle per week. On charcoal, 41 of the respondents use less than one debe per week. This apparent low usage of charcoal across the households could be attributed to Government restrictions in addition to the fact that it is mainly used for warming. The following table summarizes the amount of fuel used from the three main three sources across the two project areas:

Table 8: A Summary of Fuel Used

 Type Amount Used Number of

Households

Firewood     

Less than 1 bundle 3Bundle 1322 Bundles 1743 bundles 694 bundles 115 and above bundles 13

Charcoal     

Less than 1 debe 411 debe 62 debes 13 debes  4 debes  5 debes

Sawdust 

Less than 1 sack 33 sacks 1

According to the household data, only 36.5% of the respondents meet their household energy requirements from their own farms and as such most have to get an alternative source of fuelwood. The table below shows the farmers’ fall back strategies to counter fuelwood scarcity:

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Table 9: Alternative Sources of Energy as Reported by the Households Alternative Sources Frequency Percentage Buying from neighbors/markets/vendors

144 52.9Forest 120 44.1Collecting from unsettled plots 5 1.8Borrowing from neighbors 3 1.1 Total 272 100

The statistics on the households’ energy situation underline the importance of TIST interventions not only in mitigating against climate change but also helping framers meet their households’ wood requirements.

The respondents contacted for this study reported various challenges in meeting their households’ energy demands. The main challenge was high cost of fuel cited by 26.5% of the respondents, followed by its scarcity as reported by 18.2% of the respondents across the two project areas. This trend was also reflected in the household data collected for the two specific project areas. The figure below presents the challenges being faced by farmers in meeting their households’ energy requirements.

Figure 4: Challenges Encountered in sourcing Fuelwood

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5.6 Assessment of Tree Planting Practices

5.6.1 Average Number of Trees Existing on Farms

Farmers in the two project areas have planted a variety of both indigenous and exotic tree species. This socio-economic assessment identified a total of 48 different tree species across the two project areas. Among the exotics, Eucalyptus spp (Blue gum) is the most popular tree accounting for on average 93.5 eucalyptus trees per household existing on 220 farms across the two project areas. This is also true of the Nanyuki project area where an average of 106.5 eucalyptus trees exist on 79 farms. However in the Meru project area, Grevillea robusta dominates with an average of 94.2 trees on 197 farms. Cupressus lusitanica and Pinus patula are also popular among the exotic varieties with an average 94.5 on 56 farms of 85.2 trees on 26 farms respectively across the two project areas.

Among the indigenous tree species, Juniperus procera (cedar) was found to be the most popular tree having been found to average 71.5 trees on 71 farms, followed by Acacia spp at an average of 45.2 trees on 9 farms and Croton megalocarpus at an average of 34.8 trees on thirty farms. The trend is similar in the two specific project areas with Juniperus procera standing at an average of 47.3 trees on 35 farms in the Meru project area and at 95.1 trees on 36 farms in the Nanyuki project area. In terms of age, most of the trees growing on the farms average 5 years with the oldest tree found to be 7 years and the youngest 2.3 years. This means that most of the trees were planted when TIST started its activities in the two project areas. Appendix 4 presents the average number of trees per tree species, the number of farms where these trees are growing and average age of the trees per species. ,

When ranked in terms of tree population and the percentage of the respondents growing specific trees, Grevillea robusta emerges as the most important tree in Meru project area with 68.7% of the total 213 households interviewed for this survey having it in their farms. Eucalyptus spp comes a distant second with 29.6% of the total 213 households while fruit trees are third with 19.3% of the 213 households. The highest ranked indigenous tree is Cordia africana (muringa) at fourth place having been planted by 19.3% of the 213 households, followed by Juniperus procera with 11.6%with at fifth place.

This trend is replicated in the Nanyuki project area, where Grevillea robusta is the best ranked tree in terms of tree population and the percentage of the respondents growing specific trees. Grevillea robusta exists in 120 households or 73.6% of the households visited in the Nanyuki project area, followed by Eucalyptus spp with 51 households or 31.3% of the households. Unlike in Meru

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project area, the highest ranked tree in the Nanyuki project area was Juniperus procera at fifth place having been planted by 19 households and representing 11% of the total households. Other trees in the top ten include Cupressus lusitanica at third place, fruit trees, Olea africana, bottle brush (Callistemon citrinus), Croton megalocarpus, Cordia africana, and Prunus africana in that order.

In terms of uses/importance/value, Grevillea robusta still emerges tops in the Meru project area with a variety of uses/importance cited by the respondents. These importances attached to this tree are a combination of economic and environmental services and include: source of timber based products, as fodder, source of fuelwood energy, attraction of rainfall, its fast growing properties and its appropriateness as an agroforestry tree (nutrient cycling). Fruit trees are ranked second in terms of importance/use/value due to their nutritional/source of food values and other values such as source of income, fuelwood, shade and their soil improvement properties. Cyprus (Cupressus lusitanica) comes third in terms of uses/value followed by cedar (Juniperus procera) and Eucalyptus spp. This trend is repeated in the Nanyuki project area.

The study observed that of the top ten ranked trees, five are are indigenous and include Cedar (Juniperus procera), Muringa (Cordia africana), Muiri (Prunus africana), Meru oak (Vitex keniensis) and Podo (Podocarpus latifolius and P. falcatus). Their importance is linked to their timber and wood based products, source of household fuel, moderation of the local climate and source of income among others. A summary of the ranked trees in terms of popularity and uses/value/importance from the 38 identified trees in the Meru project area and 46 in Nanyuki project area is appended in Appendix 5.

5.6.2 Challenges Associated with Tree Planting ActivitiesThe farmers contacted for this survey indicated that they face several challenges in their tree planting activities. These challenges revolve around the climatic conditions of a particular area and the decreasing water shortages which impede tree planting activities and result in low seedlings survival rates. The main challenge cited was inadequate water for ensuring maximum seedlings survival rate which got 32.4% of all responses in Meru project area, a figure that drops slightly in the Nanyuki project area at 30.4% of the responses. Unreliable rainfall comprised 13.9% of the responses in the Meru project area, a figure that goes higher at 17.6% in the Nanyuki project area.

The figures below present challenges associated with tree planting in Meru and Nanyuki project areas.

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Figure 5: Challenges related to tree planting

5.7 Community Perception of TIST and its Activities

5.7.1 Knowledge of TIST and MembershipAll respondents contacted during this survey acknowledged their knowledge about TIST including eight of which were non-TIST members. From this assessment it is quite certain that TIST is well known with al respondents contacted for this survey acknowledging that they know TIST. It is important to note here that this survey also contacted eight non-TIST members who also acknowledged to knowing TIST. Out of these eight non-TIST households, six respondents indicated their willingness to join one of the TIST groups while the remaining two gave the following as reasons for not willing to join them:

Small land parcels thus can’t plant trees Planting trees is a tedious job You are not allowed to harvest trees below 60yrs of age Strict rules concerning spacing, pruning and cutting down trees

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The six members who would like to join TIST gave the following responses as the reasons for not yet joining TIST:

Had not planted trees on his farm. Has no time Lack of motivation Don’t know about TIST’s Operations Has a small piece of land

According to the household data, respondents joined TIST at different times in Meru and Nanyuki project areas. In Meru, which can be described as the cradle of TIST activities in Kenya, most of the respondents (28.5%) joined TIST at its inception in 2005 while 46.2% joined in 2006 and 2007. A few (15%) joined TIST in 2008 and are most probably from Kerugoya where TIST activities commenced later than 2005. In Nanyuki project area, which is a relatively new area, most of the respondents joined TIST in 2007 (31.3%) and 2008 (30.1%). The latter were most probably those that live in Wiyumiririe and Nyahururu areas while the former were most probably residents of Naromoru area which is the oldest TIST operational area in the Nanyuki project area.

5.7.2 TIST’s Activities and Respondents’ ParticipationAs reported by farmers, the most popular activity across the two project areas was promotion of conservation farming/best farming practices which got 14.4%, followed by paying farmers for trees planted (11.2%) and coming third were promotion of tree planting activities and providing farmers with seed loans which jointly got 10.9% of all responses. Other activities mentioned by the respondents included:

Training on how to make energy saving jikos HIV/AIDS awareness/ mosquito nets Give out farm inputs i.e. wheelbarrows and hoes Promoting environmental conservation Training on oil extraction Education on group dynamics Training on bee keeping and other IGAs Soap making Gives tree seedlings Training on making compost manure

5.8 Respondents’ Perception on the Impacts of TIST’s Activities

5.8.1 Benefits from TIST ActivitiesAccording to the community TIST interventions have resulted in several benefits at the household level. The most frequently mentioned benefit across the two project areas is capacity building on appropriate tree planting and farming practices which received 34.9% of all the responses, followed by household incomes after tree payments are made which received 22.1% of all responses.

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These benefits were corroborated by members of community groups during the focused group discussions. The table below presents a summary of the benefits associated with TIST interventions as reported by the respondents:

Table 10: Benefits Associated with TIST InterventionsBenefit Frequency Percentage None 43 6.6Income at the household level 144 22.1Self sustainability in supply of tree based products such as energy needs and building materials 74 11.3Trainings/capacity building on trees management/ farming techniques. 228 34.9Promotion of energy saving jikos 32 4.9The trees planted have boosted soil fertility 25 3.8The trees planted have prevented soil erosion 33 5.1Maize seeds on loan/ mosquito nets and hoes. 66 10.1Employment creation 3 0.5Education on ways to earn a living is reducing the crime rate in the community 2 0.3Group life is beneficial/promoted spirit of teamwork 2 0.3TIST activities keep the community busy 1 0.2  653 100

5.8.2 Negative Impacts of TIST Activities and their Mitigation MeasuresSeveral negative impacts, though in the opinion of members during focused group discussions are far much more outweighed by the positive impacts, emerged. The respondents and the participants of the focused group discussions also gave recommendations on how the negative impacts can be mitigated against, though some of the recommendations are impractical as they are out of TIST scope of activities. The negative impacts and their proposed measures are presented in the table below:

Table 11: Negative Impacts of TIST Activities and Proposed Mitigation Measures Negative impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures RemarksDelayed payments Pay promptly -This was being mainstreamed

at the time of this surveyLow payments Increase the rates of payments

per tree and revise the terms and conditions of payments

Payment will increase in two ways, the more trees they plant the more money they will get, and once the sale of GHG credits starts farmers will get 70% of the income generated after country costs are covered.

TIST doesn’t TIST to provide tree seedlings TIST does not provide tree

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provide them with seedlings

and establish tree nurseries seedlings but empower farmers on procuring seeds and propagating

Planting of eucalyptus cause soil infertility

Cutting down of eucalyptus and plant indigenous trees

-Eucalyptus planting is popular amongst the farmers, may be due to their first growth and biomas

The trees are reducing area under crop production

-TIST to revise their spacing requirements-TIST to educate farmers on other livelihood activities to avoid over-reliance on small farmers

-TIST is committed in food security and that is the mainly reason they put a limit of 500 trees as a farmer who can participate in the project. This would discourage farmers with small land pieces who should be more concern with achieving household food security

The households’ views as stated above were echoed by attendants of the focused group discussions. See Appendix 3 for the proceedings of the focused group discussions that were largely attended by farmers’ group’s members.

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6.0 IDENTIFICATION, EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF IMPACTS

6.1 Identification and Analysis of Impacts

A standard checklist was used to guide the EA team in the identification of beneficial and adverse impacts generated from the operations of TIST. The EA identified 1) Existing impacts across the two project areas, 2) Potential impacts across the two project areas. The checklists were complemented by a Leopold’s interaction matrix, which is appended in Appendix 1. This matrix was generated through subjecting the various project activities to a checklist that listed the various operations and their possible effects on the three environmental components: 1) physical environment, 2) biological environment and the 3) socio-economic environment. These 3 components are broken into specific components that can be adversely and beneficially affected by various project activities. The identified impacts were then subjected to a criterion that was used to determine their characteristics and significance. The parameters used in this particular study include:

Direction: will the impact generate a beneficial or adverse change? Extent: will the impact affect a small, medium or large area? Duration: the period over which an impact will be felt. Is it short-term or

long-term? Reversibility: the permanence of the impact. Is the impact reversible

particularly for negative ones? Imminence: the possibility of the impact occurring as predicted.

These parameters were used to indicate to what degree the impacts are positive or negativeThe impacts include both farmers’ perceptions and technical assessment by the EA team.

Impact analysis and evaluation results for design, evaluation and operational phases of the program are presented in table 14. The legend for the table is also shown here below:

LEGEND-Adverse impact, + Beneficial impact, L=Low, M=Moderate, H=High, ST=Short term, LT=Long term, D=Direct, IND=in direct, S=Short, L=Large

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Table 12: Impacts Significance Table for Existing Impacts PR

OJE

CT

PHA

SE

PRO

JEC

T C

OM

PON

ENT

IMPA

CT

DIR

ECTI

ON

DIR

ECT/

IND

IREC

T

REV

ERSI

BIL

ITY

EXTE

NT

DU

RA

TIO

N

IMM

INEN

CE

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E

Operational Phase

-Promotion of tree planting through carbon credit programmes and conservation farming and promotion of compost manure

Increased tree cover + D H L LT H HImproved incomes at the household level through payments to groups and individuals based on the number of trees in farms

+ D H L LT H H

Improved farm management as a resultant of training in appropriate farming activities (conservation farming)

+ D L H LT H H

Contribution to the combating Green House Gases causing global warming

+ D L L LT H H

High potential of program activities attracting further/future carbon markets

+ D L L LT

Improved farming methods prevent carbon dioxide (CO2) from escaping into the atmosphere while increased tree cover traps CO2 in the air

+ D L L LT H H

Increased tree variety, hence wood based products

+ D L H LT H H

Enhanced biodiversity + D L H LT H HImproved opportunity to get rid of unsuitable trees for agroforestry through appropriate awareness creation activities

+ D L H LT H H

Contribution to the improvement of the project area and the larger Mt. Kenya and Aberdare ecosystems

+ D L L LT H H

Improved food security and nutritional status through fruit trees and promotion of conservation farming

+ D L L LT H H

Improved livestock and crop production enterprises through adoption of appropriate technologies

+ D L L LT H H

Improved soil fertility and hence improved crop production through planting of nitrogen fixing shrubs and trees

+ D L L LT L H

Increased tree based environmental services such as moderation of local climate, reduced soil erosion and aesthetic values associated with treesPossible replication of the project activities in other areas

+ D L L LT H H

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Management of water catchment areas through promotion of tree planting

+ IND

L L LT H H

Increase in groundwater recharge as a result of increase in vegetation that minimizes surface runoff.

+ IND

L L LT H H

High expectations from farmers which TIST may not be able to meet

- D H L LT H H

Delayed payments concerns - D H L ST H H

Inadequate dissemination of information between TIST staff and group members

- IND

H L ST H H

Results of Impacts Analysis

Table 13: Existing Positive Impacts of Program Activities Project Component Positive Impacts-Promotion of tree planting through carbon credit programmes and conservation farming

Increased tree cover

Improved incomes at the household level through cash remuneration to groups and individual households based on the number of trees in farms

Reduction of global warming through increased sink for Green House Gases (GHG) hence a mitigation against sudden climate changeHigh potential for the program activities to attract further/future carbon credit markets hence income generation.Improved farming methods that prevent carbon dioxide (CO2) from escaping into the atmosphere while trees act as carbon sink. Increased tree variety, hence wood based products.

Enhanced biodiversity hence increased ecosystem services such as pollination for food.Improved opportunity to get rid of unsuitable trees for Agroforestry such as Eucalyptus spp through appropriate awareness creation activitiesContribution to the improvement of the catchment area of the larger Mt. Kenya and Aberdare ecosystems which are two of the five main water towers of this country.Increased availability and access to tree products such as firewood and timber products. Improved soil fertility and hence improved crop production through planting of nitrogen fixing shrubs and trees.Improved food security and nutritional status through increased crop production and growth of fruit trees as well as adoption of improved conservation farming. Possible replication of the project activities in other areas following successful implementation.Management of water catchment areas through promotion of tree planting. Increase in groundwater recharge as a result of increase in vegetation cover that minimizes surface runoff and improves infiltration.Increased tree-based environmental services such as moderation of local climate, reduced soil erosion and aesthetic values associated with trees

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Table 14: Potential Positive Impacts of Program Activities Project Component Positive Impacts.Promotion of tree planting through carbon credit programmes

High potential of program activities to attract carbon markets.Improved farming methods prevents carbon dioxide (CO2) from escaping into the atmosphere while trees act as carbon sink. Possible replication of the project activities in other areas.Increase in groundwater recharge as a result of increase in vegetation that minimizes surface runoff and improves nutrition.

Conservation farming Possible increased incomes as a result of improved farm productivity Possible improved food security Possible replication and adoption of conservation farming both within

the project area (those farmers that are not group members) and outside the project area

Improved farm productivity and environmental improvement through appropriate farming practices

Table 15: Existing Negative Impacts of Program ActivitiesProject Component

Negative Impacts.

Promotion of tree planting through the carbon credit programme

High expectations from farmers which TIST may not be able to meet or are outside its scope of coverage- Farmers’ dissatisfaction due to delayed payment

Inadequate information dissemination of information between TIST staff and group members Poor awareness among farmers on how to be included in TIST activities leads them to believe that they have been excluded from TIST activities.

Table 16: Potential Negative Impacts across the Project Areas and their Mitigation Measures Project Component

Negative Impacts.

Promotion of tree planting

Possible negative changes in soil properties as litter becomes dominated by one or a few tree species and decomposition dynamics are altered.

Promotion of conservation farming

Farmers’ resistant to retain chemical fertilizers and pesticides for perceived high yields

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6.4 Discussion of Impacts

6.4.1 Positive ImpactsIncorporation of environmental considerations and community concerns

This EA is an integral component of the project implementation strategy. Through the EMMP, the EA will ensure that environmental considerations are incorporated in program implementation activities and for planning future phases and additional projects. It is also expected that the results of this EA will contribute towards the formulation and implementation of TIST’s environmental policy. This EA highlighted issues of concern which are critical in the sustainability of the project and sustainable use of natural resources. It is also expected that community concerns, which have been collated by this EA will also be integrated in the programme design and implementation.

Increased Agroforestry, Tree Cover and Improved Access to Tree Products

Results from this EIA/EA indicate that there has been increase in tree cover in all the program areas. According to the data from the household questionnaire (refer to Chapter 4.0 for data), and field/site visits, there has been increased tree cover at the household level. The importance of tree cover and its associated benefits cannot be overemphasized considering the program areas shrinking forest cover both inside and outside the gazetted forests. Some of the benefits of increased tree cover at the household level include:

Improved access to tree products especially firewood which is the predominant source of energy across all program areas-other tree products which can be easily accessed from trees at the household level include poles, timber, vittos etc;

Keeping the pressure off the gazetted forests for tree products; Reduced illegal logging, which is often unsustainable, from forests and

unsettled parcels of land; Trapping of carbon; Increased crop and livestock production; Diversification of livelihood activities; Possibilities of attracting carbon trade market.

Improved farming methods will ensure that minimal disturbance of the soils and enhanced soil cover with mulch and crop residue. This prevents carbon dioxide (CO2) buried in the soil from escaping into the atmosphere while improved tree cover helps in trapping carbon. This creates an opportunity for attracting carbon market, which is a major Kyoto Protocol’s tool for combating the Green Gas House (GHGs) emissions.

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Improved Food Security and Nutritional StatusGrowing of trees in association with crops and livestock rearing and capacity building in improved crop and livestock production systems and techniques has resulted in improved food security and nutritional status, especially from fruit trees promoted. Apart from planting trees that have improved soil fertility through nitrogen fixing and enrichment through organic matter from trees, farmers have also adopted improved farming systems which have improved and increased their farm produce. Improved nutrition might be realized through the newly introduced conservation farming as a component of the project. Diversifying crops and livelihood activities is especially critical with the emerging concerns about effects of climate change on small and poor farmers who are the most vulnerable. Improved yield from conservation agriculture has also contributed to food security. As mentioned in some of the community meeting, “production has increased 2 to 3 bags harvested from a quarter of an acre to 8 bags after TIST’s intervention” (see Kirwa Group Centre focused group discussion, appendix 3). Bee keeping will be another stream of household food security as well as income.

Improved Household IncomesSale of tree, tree and livestock products as a result of capacity building activities of the program have increased incomes generated at the household level. Moreover the payments made to farmers through their groups, though according to the farmers is negligible has brought an extra shilling among the group members. This has contributed to relative access to household goods and needs. Program interventions have also created employment opportunities especially among the youth.

Environmental Services Provided by TreesThough difficult to quantify, the environmental services provided by increased tree population and tree cover are varied. The awareness created by TIST staff has undoubtedly impacted positively on the perceptions of the farmers. Interviews with farmers revealed that their attitude towards the role of trees in improving on their environment is positive. Farmers relate increased precipitation in some areas to increased tree cover. Some of the environmental services that are being offered by the trees include:

Soil and water conservation through planting trees on terraces, on contour hedgerows, live fences and woodlots-increased vegetation cover also ensures better infiltration of rain water which reduces soil erosion and improves regeneration of vegetation;

Trees on farms are altering micro-climatic conditions through shading crops, creating cool conditions, improving the aesthetic of the area, taping dust etc.

In the wake of increased concerns about climate change, trees are important in acting as carbon sinks;

Water catchment management due to promotion of tree planting;

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Increase in groundwater recharge as a result of increase in vegetation that minimizes surface runoff.

6.4.2 Negative Impacts Adverse Impacts on Soils If not undertaken appropriately, agroforestry practices may result in several negative impacts on the soil conditions. Though these may not have been experienced in the TIST area, there are possibilities of their emergence if there is inadequate follow up of farmers’ activities by the TIST staff. Building of capacities on appropriate agroforestry practices and systems at the group level may not necessarily mean that the same will be adopted by individual farmers. Some of the possible negative impacts on soils include:

Need to improve incomes through increased production may open up new agricultural areas without putting in place soil conservation measures which may expose the soils to erosion;

There are possibilities of exhausting the soil fertility as farmers intensify agricultural activities while not adopting appropriate agroforestry practices;

The area of land being cleared for agriculture may be greater than the area recovering through adequate fallow periods;

There may be possibilities of losing the organic matter and nutrients in the soils through removal of vegetation (whole-tree harvest), including trees and crops grown (often annual)-areas under woodlots are more vulnerable;

There may be risks of soil erosion from harvesting of trees especially in woodlots.

These impacts on soils are largely long-term and may negatively impact on the sustainability of TIST activities. They are however deemed relatively insignificant with sustained awareness creation to farmers, and training of village-based ToTs to provide technical backstopping on program activities. The small land sizes may also limit intensification of activities such as shifting focus to woodlots by farmers.

Socio-economic ImpactsThese include

Delayed payment: Delayed payment was noted to be cause by several factors include farmer’s tree not having been quantified, money not collected from the group member appointed to receive the payment on behalf of the group and eventually distribute to farmers, or problem of transmitting the money between TIST and the group. These are basically logistics and by the time of this study, TIST was investigating strategy through which members dues could be transmitted directly and promptly.

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This was to be arranged with Safaricom, a successful mobile company operating money transfer facility.

Information dissemination was found to be wanting and needs to be

streamlined. Some of the grassroots TIST staff is not aware of the projects pre-implementation arrangements. This has led to poor flow information and inappropriate information dissemination. It is apparent that there exists some gaps between TIST staff at the national and the project area levels and the grassroots staff. This apparent poor information flow has been replicated at the group level. Some of the group members do not know some of the TIST’s policies such as the minimum number of trees that are eligible to be paid per group. This explains why some of the groups are grumbling that they have not been paid yet they do not know about the 500-1000 trees per group rule.

High expectations from members of the community: Members were requesting that TIST should provide them with seedlings as in some area they were not readily available or had to travel for distance to buy them. Others wanted TIST to support other non tree income generations. This is normal as farmers expect that an intervention would address all their problem. The training TIST is conducting will provide farmers with suitable information of what TIST’s interest are and the approach it uses to implement these interests. Many farmers were however, aware and really appreciated what TIST was doing and the approach of empowering them other than assisting them for a while and leave them without the know-how. In many of the community meetings, this significance of fighting dependency through imparting of appropriate skills has been echoed.

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7.0 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR NEGATIVE IMPACTS

Following the identification of negative socio-economic and environmental impacts resulting from the operations of the TIST, this EA has recommended feasible and cost effective measures to reduce the severity of negative impacts to acceptable levels and to enhance positive impacts for the improvement of overall benefits of the project. The mitigation measures for existing and potential negative impacts are presented in tables 17 and 18 below:

Table 17: Mitigation Measures for Existing Negative Impacts Project Component

Negative Impacts. Proposed Mitigation Measures

Promotion of tree planting through the carbon credit programme

-High expectations from farmers which TIST may not be able to meet or are outside its scope of coverage

-TIST to continue and improve awareness creation on TIST policies of support to specific activities through increasing seminars/ training aimed at developing best practices with and empowerment of TIST farmers.-Conduct participatory techniques to identify farmers concerns and use these forums for feedback.

- Farmers’ dissatisfaction due to delayed payment

-Promptly implement the proposed M-PESA mode of payment already agreed upon with mobile phone services provider , Safaricom -Improve awareness creation of TIST policies such as the 500 trees rules among group members and the fact that payment is made based on available man hours. -Improve awareness on TIST’s policy/value of “low budget big results”–Educate farmers that payments will increase once the GHG credit is initialized when farmers will receive 70% of the income after in country costs

Inadequate information dissemination of information between TIST staff and group members

-Streamline the information dissemination mechanisms between TIST staff at the project area level and those at the grassroots-Ensure regular trainings of TIST grassroots staff to update them on the latest TIST policies -Ensure regular and consistent meetings at the groups level-Ensure adequate awareness creation among TIST grassroots staff and group members on TIST’s institutional structure

Poor awareness among farmers on how to join TIST activities leads them to believe that they have been excluded from TIST activities.

-Improve awareness creation on TIST policies in the registration of members -Conduct participatory techniques to identify farmers concerns and use these forums as feedback forums.

49

Table 18: Mitigation Measures for Potential Negative Impacts Project Component

Negative Impacts. Proposed Mitigation Measures.

Promotion of tree planting Possible negative changes in soil properties

as litter becomes dominated by one or a few tree species and decomposition dynamics are altered.

-Encourage crop rotations that incorporate use of indigenous tree species.-Interplant exotic with native tree species. -Continue with the TIST campaign of encouraging the planting of more indigenous tree species

Promotion of conservation farming

Farmers’ resistant to retain chemical fertilizers and pesticides utilization for perceived high yields

-TIST promotes awareness on usefulness and benefits derived from organic fertilizers and pesticides.

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8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

8.1 Introduction

The Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) will provide the basis for the implementation of the mitigation measures and provide a benchmark for the monitoring of the environmental performance of the construction and operational phases of the proposed project through internal and external audits. The EMMP has the important advantages of improving operational efficiency, promoting overall conservation and protection of the environment through improving risk management and reducing liabilities.

The Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) is one of the requirements of EA reporting. To comprehensively implement the EMMP, TIST should put in place a task force in every Project area or at the center level to:

Regularly inform and update it on the EMMP and recommend any necessary changes

Carry out annual evaluations that would inform whether or not project activities as designed have been successful i.e. whether or not the environmental status of pre and post-EA has remained the same, changed for the better or worse.

It is further recommended that a project unit be created to oversee the implementation of the mitigation measures, co-ordinate and do follow-up management and monitoring of the mitigation measures for the project. The EMMP is presented in tables 19 and 20 for existing adverse impacts and potential adverse impacts respectively.

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Table 19: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for Existing Negative Impacts Project Component

Description of Possible Impacts

Mitigation Measure Budget (Kshs)

Responsibility Time frame Verifiable Monitoring Indicators

Promotion of tree planting through carbon credit programmes and conservation farming

-High expectations from farmers which TIST may not be able to meet or are outside its scope of coverage

-TIST to continue and improve awareness creation on TIST policies of support to specific activities through increasing seminars/ training aimed at developing best practices with and empowerment of TIST farmers.-Conduct participatory techniques to identify farmers concerns and use these forums for feedback.

To be incorporated in TIST’s tree planting activities budget

TIST and farmers groups

Immediately after this EA and continuously thereafter

-Number of sensitization meetings held-Progress and M&E Reports

- Farmers’ dissatisfaction due to delayed payment

-Promptly implement the proposed M-PESA mode of payment already agreed upon with mobile phone services provider , Safaricom -Improve awareness creation of TIST policies such as the 500 trees rules among group members and the fact that payment is made based on available man hours. -Improve awareness on TIST’s policy/value of “low budget big results”–Educate farmers that payments will increase once the GHG credit is initialized when farmers will receive 70% of the income after in country costs

-Part of the awareness creation campaign

TIST Immediately after this EA and continuously thereafter

-Amount of money paid to farmers -Regularity and consistency of payments -Number of sensitization meetings held-Progress and M&E Reports

Inadequate information dissemination of information between TIST staff and group members

-Streamline the information dissemination mechanisms between TIST staff at the project area level and those at the grassroots-Ensure regular trainings of TIST grassroots staff to update them on the latest TIST policies -Ensure regular and consistent meetings at the groups level-Ensure adequate awareness creation among TIST grassroots staff and

To be incorporated in TIST’s agroforestry promotion and capacity building component

TIST Immediately after this EA and continuously thereafter

-Revised information dissemination system-Number of trainings on TIST staff and farmer groups

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group members on TIST’s institutional structure

Poor awareness among farmers on how to join TIST activities leads them to believe that they have been excluded from TIST activities.

-Improve awareness creation on TIST policies in the registration of members -Conduct participatory techniques to identify farmers concerns and use these forums as feedback forums.

To be incorporated in TIST’s agroforestry promotion and capacity building component

TIST Immediately after this EA and continuously thereafter

-Revised information dissemination system-Number of trainings on TIST staff and farmer groups

Table 20: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for Potential Negative ImpactsProject Component

Description of Possible Impacts

Mitigation Measure Budget Responsibility Time frame Verifiable Monitoring Indicators

Promotion of tree planting through carbon credit programmes and conservation farming

Possible negative changes in soil properties as litter becomes dominated by one or a few tree species and decomposition dynamics are altered.

-Encourage crop rotations that incorporate use of indigenous tree species.-Interplant exotic with native tree species. -Continue with the TIST campaign of encouraging the planting of more indigenous tree species

To be incorporated in TIST’s agroforestry promotion and capacity building component

TIST and farmers groups

Immediately after this EA and continuously thereafter

-Number of sensitization meetings held-Type of tree species planted

Farmers’ resistant to retain chemical fertilizers and pesticides utilization for perceived high yields

-TIST promotes awareness on usefulness and benefits derived from organic fertilizers and pesticides.

To be incorporated in TIST’s conservation farming activities

TIST and farmers groups

Continuously included in the awareness creation campaign of TIST

-Number of farmers using organic fertilizers and pesticides

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9.0 DECOMMISSIONING/PHASE OUT STRATEGY

Decommissioning of the programme looks at three possibilities; transfer of management or donation of the programme as a going concern, the transfer or donation of the programme for a different use and the abandonment of the programme. It does not deal with the decommissioning of the programme as a result of civil disturbances or acts of God.

9.1 Transfer of Management or Donation of the Project as a Going Concern

In the event that the TIST management decides to terminate its programme, it may resolve to transfer or donate the program’s activities as a going concern to one of its collaborators in Mt. Kenya and Aberdare regions including or the line ministries. All the assets, including fixed (i.e. land and buildings) and movable ones will be transferred or donated. The new implementer will assume all responsibilities associated with the programme operations. Copies of all environmental reports, audits and NEMA correspondence will be made available to the transferee/recipient. The transferee/recipient will be expected to adhere to the environmental management plans and any other issues raised in the documentation.

9.2 Transfer or Donation of the Project for a Different Use

In the event that the project is transferred or donated for a different use, all removable and fixed assets will be sold or disposed off. This includes all programmes building that hosts the offices and the equipments, vehicles, demonstration plots etc. The programme staff would be encouraged to look for alternative employer amongst other programmes and projects working in the two project areas that will be interested to hire their skills or engage in self employment. It is expected that most items will be sold, any items requiring disposal will be disposed of as per NEMA guidelines.

The new owner would assume control of the property and any non-removable assets. Copies of all environmental reports, audits and NEMA correspondence would be made available to the transferee/recipient. The transferee/recipient will be expected to adhere to any appropriate parts of the environmental management plans that are relevant to the property and non-removable assets.

9.2 Abandonment of the ProjectTIST activities are implemented by farmers groups at both the group level and on individual farms. In the event that the programme is abandoned, all removable

54

and fixed assets will be removed from the property and sold or disposed of. Farmers may stop planting trees which do not meet their expectations and seek for other tree species through TIST and other organizations. TIST’S objectives are to mitigate against the effects of climate change and improve livelihoods of the farmers and enhance environmental conservation.

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10 CONCLUSION

The Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP), which is the main output of this EA, provides the benchmark to be used in countering the negative impacts and forms a basis for monitoring and evaluating the overall environmental performance of the TIST. It is strongly recommended that TIST adopts and implements the EMMP in full. The challenge ahead is to make sure that environmental considerations are integrated in program activities. It is important to note that efforts to development or agroforestry management require that results and environmental impacts be followed closely to ensure that activities are actually leading to sustainable natural resource management and to suggest more effective ways.

Based on this EA, it is apparent that with the adoption and implementation of the EMMP the adverse impacts would be adequately mitigated against. In addition, foreseeable potential future impacts would be forestalled before they occur thereby considerably limiting future environmental damage and ensuring the existence of a clean and healthy environment. Accordingly, as per Part II, 10(2) of Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003, we recommend that The International Small Groups and Tree Planting Programme be issued with an Environmental Impact Assessment License for its Carbon Credit Tree Planting Programme.

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REFERENCESAGRISYSTEMS (EA) LTD, (1997) - Environmental Impact Assessment; Manual

Guidelines for the Water Sector. IUCN, Nairobi - Somalia Natural Resources Management Programme.

BRENO, M. F., R. J. PAXTON & J. P. DE HOLANDA-NETO. 2002. Identifying pollinators among an array of flower visistors, and the case of inadequate cashew pollination in NE Brazil. In P. G. Kevan and V. L. Imeratriz-Fonseca, eds., Pollinating Bees: The Conservation Link between Agriculture and nature, 229-244. Brasilia-DF, Brazil: Ministry of the Environment.

ERNST LUTZ, HANS BINSWANGER, PETER HAZELL, ALEXANDER MCCALLE, (2000) - Agriculture and the Environment: - Perspectives on Sustainable Rural Development

ERNST LUTZ and PETER HAZELL, (2000) - Integrating Environmental and Sustainability Concerns into Rural development. Agriculture and the Environment:- Perspectives on Sustainable Rural Development

EVANS, I. B. P. 1948. Vegetation of East and Central Africa. Government Printer, Pretoria

GOVERNMENT OF KENYA. The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003. Kenya Gazette Supplement No.56. Legal Notice No. 101. Nairobi: Government Printers.

GOVERNMENT OF KENYA. The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999. Nairobi: Government Printers.

GOVERNMENT OF KENYA. The Lakes and Rivers Act, CAP 409. Government Printers, Nairobi.

GOVERNMENT OF KENYA. The Water Act, 2002 Government Printers, Nairobi.

GOVERNMENT OF KENYA. The Water Act, 24.10.02. Government Printers, Nairobi.

GOVERNMENT OF KENYA. National Development Plan (1997 - 2001). Government Printers, Nairobi.

GOVERNMENT OF KENYA. Forest Act 2005. Government Printers, Nairobi.GREENWAY, P. J. 1973. A classification of the vegetation of East Africa. Kirkia 9

(1): 1-68.ICRAF (1994), Agroforestry Extension Manual for Kenya. International Centre for

Research in Agroforestry, 1994. JAETZOLD, R. ET AL., (1983) Farm Management Handbook of Kenya, Central

Kenya. Vol. IIKARACHI, M. 1995. Sesbania species as potential hosts to root-knot nematode

(Meloidogyne javanica) in Tanzania. Agroforestry Systems 32: 119-125KEVAN, P. G. & WOLJCIK 2007, V. A. Pollinator Services in Managing

Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems (Ed. D. I. Jarvis, C. Padoch, & H. D. Cooper). Columbia University Press, USA. 492p.

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KNAUSENBERGER, W. ET AL., (1996) Environmental Guidelines for Small-Scale Design for Planning and Implementing Humanitarian and Development Activities. Technical Paper No. 18

LAKE VICTORIA BASIN COMMISSION (2007) Shared Vision and Strategy Framework for Management and Development of Lake Victoria Basin. LVBC, Kisumu, Kenya.

NAREDA (2007) Environmental Audit Report for Lake Basin Development Programme, a Programme of SCC Vi Agroforestry

NAREDA, (2002) - Environmental Impact Assessment Training for Nyahururu Tree Is Life Project.

WALTER I KNAUSENBERGER,GREGORY A. BOOTH, CHARLOTTE S. BINGHAM AND JOHN J. CANDET, (1996) - Environmental Guidelines for Small-Scale Activities in Africa, Environmentally Sound Design for Planning and Implementing Humanitarian and Development Activities. Technical Paper No. 19, USAID

WANG, K.-H., B. S. SIPES, AND D. P. SCHMITT. 2002. Crotalaria as a cover crop for nematode management: A review. Nematropica 32:35-57.

WHITE, F. 1983. The vehetation of Africa. UNESCO. 356p.WORLD BANK, (1996) - Environmental Assessment Source book, Sectoral

Guidelines, Tech. Paper No. 140

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LIST OF APPENDICES

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Appendix 1: Leopold’s Matrix of Impacts AnalysisIMPACT ON Social economic

environmentBiological Environment Human

EnvPhysical Environment

PROJECT PHASE

PROJECT COMPONENT

Con

flict

sE

mpl

oym

ent

Pub

lic H

ealth

Soc

ial r

espo

nsib

ility

Ben

efit

to c

omm

unity

Cos

t to

com

mun

ity

Eco

logi

cal F

unct

ion

Wet

land

s ec

osys

tem

s

Mig

rato

ry S

peci

es

Aqu

atic

eco

syst

ems

Veg

etat

ion

Alie

n S

peci

es

Spe

cies

Div

ersi

ty

Pes

ts a

nd D

isea

se V

ecto

rs

Dis

ease

s

Hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y

Wat

er q

ualit

y

Soi

l Ero

sion

Gro

undw

ater

Rec

harg

e

Silt

atio

n

Sur

face

Run

-off

Con

trol

Sol

id w

aste

man

agem

ent

Aes

thet

ic/s

ceni

c qu

ality

Dus

t lev

els

Sur

face

Wat

er

Air

pollu

tion

Operation Phase

Agroforestry -1

+2

0 0 +2

+2

+2

-1

0 -1

+2

-1

+2

-2 0 -1

+1

+2

+2

+2

+2

0 +2 0 -1 0

Conservation farming

+1

+2

+2

+2 +2 0 -1 -1 0 0 +2

0 0 _1

+2 0 _1 +2

0 +1 +1

0 +1 0 _1

_1

+ positive - negative

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Appendix 2: An Exhaustive List of the Sampled Groups and the Respective Villages District Division Location Sub Location Village  

Tigania westCentral division Tigania Kigocwa Kigocwa Muuki 5

Tigania westCentral division Tigania Kigocwa Kigocwa Bondii 1

Tigania west Miathene Miathene Miathene Thamane 7Tigania west Miathene Miathene Miathene Njoro 6Tigania west Uringu Kiorimba Kiorimba Kiorimba 7

Tigania eastCentral division Tigania Kigocwa Kigocwa Akairu 5

Tigania eastCentral division Tigania Micii mikuru Ametho Ng’ombe njiru 4

Tigania east Miathene Kigocwa Kigocwa Akairu 2Tigania east Uringu Kiorimba Kiorimba Kiorimba 2North imenti Miiriga mieru Giaki Mbeu Kamakuo 2North imenti Miiriga mieru Giaki Kirima itune Kootho 3North imenti Miiriga mieru Giaki Kirima itune Rugene 1North imenti Miiriga mieru Nkima Kinoru Kigure 6North imenti Miiriga mieru Chugu Kirini Tungari 10North imenti Miiriga mieru Kisima Ngiriambu Gathuthi 3North imenti Tigania east Akachio Mucogomone Nkuriga 6North imenti Mikumbune Mikumbure Mikumbune Tharu 1North imenti Gaitu Kiamiogo Kinoru Kigure 3North imenti Abogeta west Igoki Upper chure Machikene 1Meru central Miiriga mieru Giaki Kirima Itune Gachagi 11Meru central Miiriga mieru Chugu Mucogomone Kangari 3Meru central Miiriga mieru Chugu Ntumbiri Kamuketha 6Meru central Kibirichia Kibirichia Kimbo Umoja 14Meru central Kibirichia Kiamiogo Kiamiogo Kaguambei 11Meru central Buuri Ontulili Sirimon Antubamwitu 10Meru central Buuri Ontulili Mucogomone Antubamwitu 1Meru central Timau Kisima Ngare ndare Gathuthi 7Meru central Naari Kiirua Naari Mbaria 1Meru central Gaitu Nduruma Ngiriambu Kagumoni 1Meru central Abuthuguci east Gaitu east Mbajone Kagumone 1Meru central Abuthuguci east Gaitu east Kirini Mwania 2Meru central Abuthuguci east Gaitu east Kirima Itune Karia 1Imenti south Abogeta Igoki Upper chure Gatakene 1Imenti south Abogeta Igoki Upper chure Nkuthi 1Imenti south Abogeta east Chure Machikine Machikine 1Imenti south Nkuene Mikumbune Nkuene Tharu 1

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Imenti south Nkuene Mikumbuni Nkuene Kianjogu 2

Imenti south Nkuene Mikumbuni NtumbiriKongo Gaceke 3

Imenti south Abogeta West Chure Upper Chure 3Imenti south Nkuene Kiamiriru Mikumbune Kianjogu 1Imenti south Abogeta West Chure Upper Chure Kithaene-A 1Buuri Buuri Ruiri Nchoroiboro Tigiji 4Buuri Buuri Ruiri Karanchi Kanyumba 2Buuri Buuri Ruarera Kithueni Njoteni 11Buuri Buuri Kisima Kisima Ngare ndare 6Buuri Buuri Naari Muchogomone Nkuriga 1Buuri Timau Kisima Kisima Subuiga 4Buuri Timau Kisima Kisima Maranya 1Buuri Timau Kisima Kisima Kiiruni 1Buuri Timau Kisima Kisima Gatero 4Buuri Timau Kisima Ngare ndare Ngare ndare 6Buuri Timau Naari Muruguma Nkuriga 1Buuri Timau Ontulili Antubamwitu Sirimon 14Buuri Kiirua Kiamigogo Naari Nkuriga 1Buuri Kiirua Kiirua     1Buuri Kiirua Ntugi Maitei Ngachara 1Buuri Naari Kiirua Muruguma Nkuriga 1Kirinyaga Gichugu Ngariama Kabari Kiandumo 3Kirinyaga Gichugu Ngariama Kabari Musingi 3Kirinyaga Gichugu Njuko Kirima Maita 1Kirinyaga Gichugu Karumande Thumaita Kamweti 1Kirinyaga Gichugu Karumande Thumaita Barague 3Kirinyaga Gichugu Karumande Thumaita Weru-ini 1Kirinyaga Gichugu Karumande Guama Kamweti 2Kirinyaga Gichugu Njuki-ini Ngiriambu Kangari 10Laikipia east Lamuria Tigithi Matanya Akairu 12Laikipia east Lamuria Tigithi Matanya Male 9Laikipia east Lamuria Tigithi Matanya Waguthiru 6Laikipia east Lamuria Tigithi Matanya Thome 7Laikipia east Lamuria Tigithi Matanya Matanya 1Laikipia east Lamuria Tigithi Matanya Tigithi 1Laikipia east Lamuria Tigithi Matanya Male 1Laikipia east Lamuria Matanya Tigithi Male 1Laikipia east Lamuria Matanya Tigithi Lamuria 2Nyeri north Kieni east Kabaru Ndathi Maragima 3Nyeri north Kieni east Kabaru Ndathi Mbiriri 3Nyeri north Kieni east Kabaru Ndathi Ndathi 2Nyeri north Kieni east Kabaru Ndathi Kimahuri 2

62

Nyeri north Kieni east Gakawa Kahurura Mwea –b 6Nyeri north Kieni east Gakawa Gathiuru Gathiuru 1Nyeri north Kieni east Naromoru Ndiriti Rongai 4Nyeri north Kieni east Naromoru Ndiriti Ndiriti 6Nyeri north Kahurura Gakawa Kahurura Mwea –b 9Nyeri north Munyaka Njuki-ini Gathiuru Gatune 1Igembe Igembe south west Akachio Amwamba Kiiruni 9Central imenti Kibirichia  Kiamiogo Kiamiogo  Mbaraguine 1Central imenti Buuri Naari Mucogomone Nkuriga 1Central imenti Naari Nkuriga Naari Nkuriga 1Laikipia central Lamuria Tigithi Matanya Waguthiru 1Laikipia central Lamuria Tigithi Matanya Tigithi 1Laikipia central Lamuria Tigithi Matanya Kabanga 2Laikipia central Lamuria Matanya Tigithi Kithaene-A 1Laikipia central Munyaka Wiyumiririe Wiyumiririe Miatuini 16Laikipia central Munyaka Wiyumiririe Wiyumiririe Nyakio 1Laikipia central Munyaka Ngobit Wiyumiririe Mugiko 1Nyeri south Kieni east Njuki-ini Kirini Miatuini 2Nyeri south Munyaka Kabaru Ndathi Mbiriri 7Nyeri south Munyaka Njuki-ini Tigithi Gatune 3Laikipia east Munyaka Wiyumiririe Wiyumiririe Miatuini 6Laikipa west Ng’arua Kinamba Mithiga Micatha 16Laikipa west Ng’arua Kinamba Mwenje Mahua 5Laikipa west Ng’arua Kinamba Mwenje Miteta 1Laikipa west Ng’arua Karaba Karaba Karaba 3Laikipa west Ng’arua Thigio Karaba Ngarachi 6Laikipa west Karaba Karaba Karaba Miteta 3Nyandarua north Ndaragwa Mathingira Machikine Ngawa 1Nyandarua north Ndaragwa Mathingira Karaba Miteta 10          416

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Appendix 3: Focused Group Discussions with Group MembersFOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION WITH KINYARITHA GROUP CENTRE:-

24/11/09

District: Tigania EastDivison: Tigania CentralLocation: Micii MikuruSub Location AmethoVillage: LaongweCluster Kigwacha

The discussion involved the following group representatives:

Name Position GroupSamson Gitonga Chairman, Kirimara Ntigiri Forest CFA Classic BCatherine Mukethi Secretary Mukami GroupEugenio Akwau Chairman, Kigwacha Cluster Miti Ni Mali ADanield Kairamya Member Ametho Mwiteithia APastor Jeremiah Kiecha Member Thungu Water Pr. B

Livelihoods:Farming is the mainstay of the community. The main crops cultivated include:

Tea Coffee Bananas Miraa Maize, Beans, Yams, and Vegetables

Livestock production is also an important livelihood activity where both local and upgraded breeds are reared. Cattle, poultry, shoats and bee keeping are common. Farmers are also adopting farming of fish, although only few households have taken up the new activity.

Challenges in Farming:In crop production, pest infestation and diseases in vegetables is a limiting factor. Other constraints to crop production include:

Poor market and low prices, Shortage of water for irrigation, and No extension services

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Lack of market for milk was the key challenge reported by the participants.

Type and Source of Energy:The main type of household energy is firewood which is used for cooking while paraffin is used for lighting. Only few households were reported to sufficiently meet their households’ demand for firewood from within their plots. Others turn to the forest to meet the deficit; however, forest destruction was noted as a problem since not only the deadwood which is collected but even the green ones are harvested.

TIST Activities in the area:Participants expressed their appreciation to TIST’s activities in the area. The following activities and impacts associated with TIST interventions were noted:

Have been trained/ made aware of importance of growing trees on their farms. In addition, TIST pays an incentive of 1.5/= per tree planted and surviving which is expected to increase by 75% when the tree attains 10 years. Planting of indigenous trees is also encouraged and promoted. Consequently, members have planted substantial number of trees such that they are selling some of the products such as firewood and construction materials.

Have been trained on conservation farming: they dig holes and fill it with manure mixed with top soils- this is able to support crop growth for at least 3 seasons. Compost manure making has also been trained to members.

Leadership development through training and encouraging revolving leadership among the group members. This has enabled members to develop and practice local leadership skills.

Have been trained on effective budgeting in farming and in household management

Type of Trees Promoted: Gravillea, indigenous species (miring, miiri, Meru Oak, miangwaa, migaa)

are promoted mainly for enhancing soil quality, ethno botany and for source of fodder.

Eucalyptus- at least 33% of the total tree cover mainly for firewood,

In the opinion of the farmers, TIST is promoting tree farming in order to improve/ moderate micro climate as well as helping in sinking carbon. Although culturally local people plant trees, the planting pattern is improper as they are planted closely to each other, thus not doing well and subduing crop production. Additionally, farmers were mainly for exotic species primarily for quick return without considering environmental benefits.

65

TIST Approach:The entry point for TIST was through the cultural and respected local leadership of Njuri Nceke and through provincial administration. They were made aware of the TIST intents and importance of promoting tree planting. Thereafter, they went to the farmers through establishment of focal persons who eventually organized small groups of 6 to 12 members who were trained on how to establish tree nurseries. Not all farmers in the locality have joined the small groups as the approach was purely on own interest and sensitization.

According to the participants, they have no concern with the TIST approach and procedures as they have mutually entered into a MoU which is so far working pretty well. Furthermore TIST is paying a tree planting incentive on trees that are to benefit the farmers.

Strategy to Promote Tree planting by TIST: Increase the incentive fee- this will deter the urge to harvest from trees on

your plot and opt to buy from elsewhere. Provision of seeds, Support establishment of tree nurseries to enhance availability of

seedlings locally. Problems of Tree planting in the area:

Small land sizes- on average measuring 0.5 acres, Planting of eucalyptus species in riparian areas Insufficient seedlings, Shortage of poly-tubes

Main Environmental Concerns: Planting of unsuitable tree species in water catchment/ riparian areas, Water shortage, especially for irrigation/ establishing tree nurseries, Shortage of tree products and herbs.

According to the participants, TIST intervention is responding to these environmental challenges and they anticipate that in 10 years to come, tree based goods and services will in plenty.

Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures from Farmers’ Perspective:

Negative Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures

Remarks

By promoting tree planting and paying incentive, some farmers were of the view that TIST will eventually take up their land.. Some farmers failed to join the groups

-Enhanced and sustained awareness creation- farmers who were anti the intervention are joining groups.

-Overtime, farmers have come to realize the importance of promoting tree planting as spearheaded by TIST. Members are continuously forming new groups

Small group insisted on limits the entry of new members.

Allow more members in each group

This has already been considered and lifted to 12

66

since 2009. However, more than this number may present difficulties in coordination as members themselves are to provide leadership on rotational basis. Moreover, unnecessary expenditures, like travel need to be limited

Limitation of number of trees per group which is 500 closes the doors to farmers with small land sizes.

-TIST to consider even those farmers with smaller land sizes including those who may only manage to plant only small numbers

Tree planting should not compromise food production but should enhance productivity.

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FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION WITH KIIRWA GROUP CENTRE:-25/11/09

District: BuuriDivision NariLocation Kiirwa/ NariSub Location KiirwaVillage: Nguriga

Main Livelihoods:(i) Crop Production: Potatoes Maize, Beans, Wheat, Vegetables (cabbages, onions etc)

(ii) Livestock: Dairy farming and Poultry keeping

(iii) Employment Mainly in teaching and medical professions

Challenges to Livelihood Activities: Shortage of rainfall or failure- Nkando sub location of Kiirwa is semi-arid, Water scarcity, Crop pests and diseases- especially bright, Poor market and low prices- middlemen problems, Poor access roads, Shortage of certified seeds

The strategies available for Kiirwa communities to cope with the livelihoods challenges are few. These include growing of drought resistant crops to boost food security and undertaking communal work, like in clearing of access roads. Externally, government give out relief food during acute food shortage, provide certified seeds and fertilizer although only few households benefit while CEFA NGO has initiated a water project for domestic water.

Type and Source of EnergyThe main type of household energy is woodfuel. Other types of energy used include charcoal, electricity, sawdust and paraffin. Only about 25 percent of farmers are able to obtain woodfuel from their plots. Due to small land sizes, majority source firewood from forest or buy from those who have surplus production.

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Environmental Concerns: Reduction of tree cover as a result of over/ uncontrolled exploitation. This

has resulted in scarcity of wood based products while cost has gone up, Reduced rainfall, Reduced water availability, Prolonged droughts impacting negatively on food security and drying of

trees.

Culturally, Kiirwa communities do not plant trees as tree products and services were easily accessed from the neighbouring Mt. Kenya Forest Reserve. Tree planting practice has been promoted by TIST in the area.

TIST Awareness:Participants were fully aware with TIST and the activities that it promotes. They confirmed to have gained/ trained on the following aspects by TIST:

Trained on tree nursery establishment and tree husbandry, Taken to seminars, Trained on TIST values (transparency, accuracy, honesty etc.), Low budget but big results, Energy saving jikos, Making of compost manure, Conservation farming, etc.

Owing to skills and benefits deriving from TIST activities, participants confirmed that TIST interventions are responding to their needs and it is relevant in restoring tree cover in the area.

Specific Benefits Realized: Tree cover has increased on farm, Households are receiving payment from trees planted, Household nutrition has increased from fruit trees promoted, Improved farming practice including conservation farming has resulted in

improved productivity- before intervention ¼ of an acre produced 2 to 3 bags but now they are harvesting 8 bags.

Trained farmers receive farming implements: jembes, watering cans etc, Trained on bee keeping

Recommendations for Enhancing Benefits: Increase campaign on tree planting, Assist in securing indigenous seeds, Broaden scope of intervention to include activities such as water projects.

Negative Impacts and Proposed Mitigation MeasuresDespite the substantial benefits realized from TIST interventions some negative impacts were reported upon which mitigation measures were proposed from farmers’ perspective as contained in the table below:

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Negative Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures RemarksDelayed payment A more efficient payment

mechanism to be developedThis was reported to have already been initiated between the US office and Safaricom.

Farmers with small land size are disallowed

-To consider the few trees planted by farmers owning small land plots -To be planting even in public lands-TIST to be permitted to restore degraded forest areas

-It is possible to come up with such arrangement with the Community Forest Associations (CFAs).-For small land sizes, farmers should be encouraged to produce own food.

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FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION WITH THARAKA GROUP CENTRE:-26/11/09

District: TharakaDivision NkondiLocation NkondiSub Location NkondiVillage: Nkondi, Erimba, Karou, Gakuu, Tumbura, Njukini, Mwanyani,

Turima Tweru and Kiunguni

Livelihood Activities:Crop farming was reported as the main livelihood activities in this semi arid district. The crops grown include:

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Maize, Millet, Groundnuts, Paw paw, Sweet potatoes, Green grams, Cow Pease, Pigeon Pease, Mangoes, Watermelon, Cassava, Tobacco, Cotton, Sunflower, Sorghum,

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Livestock keeping where traditional production of cattle, poultry, shoats and bee keeping is practiced is another key source of livelihood. The other is agro-based business especially of selling fruits.

Challenges to Livelihoods and Coping Mechanism/ Interventions triedChallenges Coping mechanisms/ Interventions Tried

Poor extension services, Adopting conservation farming:-tree planting/ agro forestry-soil and water conservation,-early planting,-crop rotation,-introduction of dairy farming,-application of compost and farm yard

manure-Nalep has been introduced in the area since

2005 and has improved farming practices.

Shortage of rainfall, Declining soil fertility (before farmers

were producing 20 bags from an acre but presently only 2 to 3 bags),

High cost of inputs, Low technical knowledge in farming

Increase in human diseases (malaria, worm, typhoid, bruecerouses and HIV/ AIDS,

Termite infestation resulting in drying up of trees.

Traditional/ herbal management of termite:-application of ash,-applying water boiled with neem tree leaves-applying human urine

Type and Source of EnergyMain type of household energy is woodfuel which is used for cooking. Other sources include solar power and gas.

On woodfuel, only about 10 percent of the household are self sufficient while the rest buy from outside their farm. Tree cover, has however declines as demand due to population growth has increased. The reduction in tree cover is also attributable to declining rainfall.

Traditionally, trees are planted along the farm boundaries, fencing of the homestead or planted for fruit production and for forage (livestock and bees). Other purposes of tree planting include climate moderation, wind breaking, rainfall attraction, aesthetic value, soil conservation, nitrogen fixing and medicinal.

TIST Awareness and Activities:All participants were aware about TIST and the activities it support. As an entry point strategy, TIST has entered into a MoU with farmers guiding tree planting procedures and modalities. Through TIST, they have learnt about tree planting, conservation farming, carbon credit and about TIST values which are:

Transparency and accountability, Accuracy, Voluntary service, Honesty, and

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Service to humankind

Environmental Concerns:These include:

Uncontrolled tree felling, Uncontrolled charcoal burning, Soil erosion, Flooding, Drying up of trees, and Shortage of pasture

TIST Responsiveness to Environmental Concerns and Needs of the Communities Participants were anonymous on the relevance of TIST interventions in responding to the needs of the area. These were confirmed as follows:

Conservation farming has increased productivity and reduced risk to crop failure. For example, those farmers who have adopted the practice received some yields in the last season (which started in April 2009) while those using the traditional methods had total crop failure. From for maize seeds planted in a single hole, a yield of 1kg is realized. Due to success of conservation farming, non members have also taken up the practice. Conservation agriculture has generated local employment- digging a single hole is charged 5/=

Tree planting: this has resulted in increased firewood and other wood based products, medicinal plants, income from sale of seedlings as tree nurseries have been established and fruit production. Furthermore working together in tree planting has enhanced local cooperation and unity.

Improved communication and leadership skills as group leadership rotate around group members,

Working with TIST has enabled farmers to build linkages with other public institutions, like NEMA, KFS and Agriculture, among others.

Have known the right tree species for planting,, Build capacity in utilization of computers for tree quantification

Recommendations for Enhancing Benefits: Increase seed quantities and be issued on time. This will increase food

security. Expand scope of intervention to include poultry farming, bee and shoat

keeping, and energy saving interventions. Quantifiers to undergo a ToT (training of trainers course) and taken for

educational tour to learn from others. Increase the number of watering cans and poly-tubes.

Negative Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures:

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Negative impacts identified and the proposed mitigation measures from participants perspective are presented in the below table.

Negative Impacts Proposed Mitigation MeasuresPoor coordination of activities as quantifiers come from far distances

-Strengthen and sustain sensitization and awareness creation campaigns-Increased visits/ interactions with farmers will enhance service deliveryDeclining working tempo

Low and delayed paymentFailure by ToTs to attend meetings

-Provide quantifiers with bicycles and coordinators with motor cycles or vehicle

Vastness of area coveredPoor public relation/ false reporting

-Improve coordination between office and farmers-Apply TIST values

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FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION AT KIMENWA CENTER ON 24/11/2009

District: Imenti North Division: Mirigamieru EastLocation: MunithuSub location: Gankere Village: Kimenwa

LivelihoodsCrop and livestock production are the main livelihood activities. The main crops include maize, beans, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and a variety of vegetables including onions, and tomatoes. The main livestock kept include cattle and shoats with zero grazing being the major practice adopted. The following are the main constraints of the two major livelihood activities: Inadequate capital to undertake intensive farming; Rainfall patterns are no longer definite-this was attributed to climate change; Inadequate water for irrigation.

Energy Fuelwood i.e. firewood and charcoal are the main energy sources. 70% of the firewood is sourced from own farms while 30% of the population depend on vendors for supply of both firewood and charcoal.

Tree Planting Practices Agroforestry is the main tree planting practice adopted by farmers through planting trees in association with crops, establishment of woodlots and planting trees along boundaries/fence line. Trees have the following advantages: Improved farm production as trees improve the soil fertility while fodder trees

increase milk productivity among cattle; Trees reduce evapo-transpiration; Trees increase access to tree based products such as fuelwood, timber,

poles, posts at the household level; Trees bring fresh air and provide shade; Trees improve the aesthetic value of a locality.

Though trees are important in improving the soil fertility certain trees such as Eucalyptus and tend to do the reverse i.e. they destroy soils rendering them infertile.

TIST and its ActivitiesThough not well known by its name, those present at the FGD know that TIST is involved in tree planting activities. They likened TIST to the Green Belt Movement. The activities of TIST include: Promotion of tree planting among groups members; Training on silvicultural practices; Promotion of conservation farming;

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Promotion of energy saving jikos; and Creating awareness n HIV-AIDS.

TIST Approach TIST entered the area in two ways: First, it took advantage of a CBO that had been organized by the TIST and

turned it into one its groups. TIST trained the group members on tree planting and the members took over tree planting under the TIST’s carbon credit programme;

Second, TIST representatives attended community meetings such as chief’s barazas where it recruited resource persons who later facilitated the formation of groups that had between 6 and 12 members.

TIST quantifiers and trainers interact with farmers through field visits and when they are counting trees in individual farms.

Positive Impacts of TIST ActivitiesAccording to the farmers present during this FGD, TIST activities have resulted in the following positive impacts: Through its carbon credit programme, TIST has given rise to a new source of

income through payment to farmers for the trees planted; besides the trees remain yours though a farmer is paid to plant and take care of them.

TIST has resulted in increased tree cover; Increased tree cover on the other hand has ensured access to tree based

products and environmental/ecological services associated with trees; TIST has created awareness among farmers on the advantages of tree

planting and this has led to more and more farmers planting trees on their farms.

To enhance these benefits/impacts, TIST should: Be prompt in paying farmers-delays tend to discourage farmers; TIST should move into funding projects that will enhance more and more

trees are planted such piped water through community water projects; The payments given to farmers per tree should be raised; Conservation farming should be supported by TIST providing farm inputs.

Negative Impacts of TIST Activities and RecommendationsAccording to the farmers present during this FGD, TIST activities have resulted in the following negative impacts. They also recommended mitigation measures to address these impacts:

Negative Impact Mitigation Measures RemarksMotivation by TIST through payments for trees planted has reduced the importance of crop farming which may lead to food insecurity

-TIST should study the best spacing possible that does not reduce the area of land under crop-TIST should extend its tree planting programmes to include forest land

-TIST commitment to food production and security is seen from its intervention in diversification and promotion of conservation agriculture.

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The policy of 500 trees per group to be eligible for payment frustrates some farmers and is also discriminatory

-Payments should not be pegged on the number of trees per group but at individual level (

Environmental ConcernsThe main environmental concerns include diminishing water due to destruction of catchments and declining soil fertility. These two have combined to reduce farm productivity.

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FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION AT KIBIRICHIA CHIEF’S CAMP ON 25/11/2009

District: Meru Central Division: KibirichiaLocation: KibirichiaSub location: KimboVillage:Mugae

LivelihoodsCrop and livestock production are the main livelihood activities. The main crops include maize, beans, potatoes, wheat, and more recently a variety of horticultural crops. The main livestock kept include cattle and shoats with Muchene Forest being the main source of grazing field. The following are the main constraints of the two major livelihood activities: Soils are increasingly becoming infertile lowering the farm productivity. The

farmers attributed this to increased use of inorganic chemicals Agro-vet shops are selling sub standard seedlings leading to losses; Increased incidences of pests and diseases while farmers can ill afford to buy

pesticides, acaricides and herbicides; Inadequate capital to intensify farming activities; Inadequate water for irrigation; Poor and unreliable markets.

Energy Fuelwood i.e. firewood and charcoal are the main energy sources. According to the farmers approximately 98% of residents use firewood, 1.5% use charcoal, 100% use kerosene, 1% electricity and another 1% cooking gas. The main source of firewood is Mucheene Forest where one pays Kshs 100 per month to collect one bundle of firewood per day.

Tree Planting Practices Agroforestry is the main tree planting practice adopted by farmers through planting trees in association with crops, establishment of woodlots and planting trees along boundaries/fence line. According to the farmers, the small sizes of land limit tree planting activities in the area. TIST members are largely those who have enough land to accommodate both crops and trees. Most of the residents prefer to plant crops rather than trees.

TIST and its ActivitiesThe activities of TIST include: Promotion of tree planting among groups members; Training on silvicultural practices; Promotion of conservation farming; Quantification of trees where farmers are later paid in relation to the number

of trees planted.

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TIST Approach TIST started its activities in the area in 2005. it introduced its concept to the community through barazas where a “white man’s” NGO wanted to know who among the community members has planted trees. The trees were later counted and some payments made to farmers whose trees had been quantified. The groups were formed and had to have between 6 and 12 members. Some of the requirements that the groups had to fulfill after formation include: Groups must hold meetings once every month; Every group must establish and sustain a tree nursery; Groups should not have officials-a different chairperson must hold a different

meeting every month.

Positive Impacts of TIST ActivitiesAccording to the farmers present during this FGD, TIST activities have resulted in the following positive impacts: Through its carbon credit programme, TIST has given rise to a new source of

income through payment to farmers for the trees planted; besides the trees remain yours though a farmer is paid to plant and take care of them.

TIST has resulted in increased tree cover through motivating farmers; Increased tree cover on the other hand has ensured access to tree based

products and environmental/ecological services associated with trees; TIST has created employment by employing most of its staff from the

grassroots level.

Negative Impacts of TIST Activities and RecommendationsAccording to the farmers present during this FGD, TIST activities have resulted in the following negative impacts. They also recommended mitigation measures to address these impacts:

Negative Impact Mitigation Measures RemarksDelayed payment -All groups should be paid at the

same time This is being addressed

Poor dissemination of information since there is inconsistency in holding of cluster meetings

-Cluster meetings should be held consistently and group members should be informed about the venue and time of meetings on time

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FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION AT MIRURINE ON 26/11/2009District: Imneti North Division: Mirigamieru EastLocation: KiburineSub location: GachuaUnit: Mirurine

LivelihoodsCrop and livestock production are the main livelihood activities. The main crops include maize, beans, ground nuts, black beans, gren grams, cow peas, millet, sorghum and tobacco. The main livestock kept include cattle and shoats. The following are the main constraints of the two major livelihood activities: Low incomes and inadequate capital limit the intensification of agricultural

production activities; Inadequate water Unreliable rainfall

To mitigate against inadequate water and unreliable rainfall the residents have joined hands to form Mirurine Water project that intends to tap piped water from Cionkirai River. So far an intake has been built while 310 pipes have been purchased.

Energy Fuelwood i.e. firewood and charcoal are the main energy sources. According to the farmers approximately 100% of residents use firewood while only 3% use charcoal.

TIST and its ActivitiesThe activities of TIST include: Promotion of tree planting and tree nurseries among groups members; Promotion of conservation farming, popularly known as “kilimo hai”;

TIST Approach TIST started its activities in the area in 2005. It introduced its concept through chief’s barazas where it explained to the community about its activities and implementation modalities. Agreements were then signed between farmers and TIST.

Positive Impacts of TIST ActivitiesAccording to the farmers present during this FGD, TIST activities have resulted in the following positive impacts: Improved environmental conditions of the area; Increased tree cover on the other hand has ensured access to tree based

products and environmental/ecological services associated with trees; Possible improvement in food security though conservation farming;

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Through its carbon credit programme, TIST has given rise to a new source of income through payment to farmers for the trees planted; besides the trees remain yours though a farmer is paid to plant and take care of them.

Negative Impacts of TIST Activities and RecommendationsAccording to the farmers present during this FGD, TIST activities have resulted in the following negative impacts. They also recommended mitigation measures to address these impacts:

Negative Impact Mitigation Measures Remarks-The payments made are delayed/low

-TIST should raise their payments after thorough discussions with farmers -There should be a time frame for payments e.g. every April and October of the year

This is being addressed

-There are no specific times e.g. months in the year when payments are made-Poor adherence to the payments time frame

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FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION AT KAMWETI TEA FACTORY ON 27/11/2009LivelihoodsCrop and livestock production are the main livelihood activities. The main crops include coffee and tea. The main livestock kept include cattle through zero grazing. The following are the main constraints of the two major livelihood activities: Inadequate rainfall Pests and diseases especially root rot for coffee and pneumonia for cattle; Inadequate farm inputs.

To mitigate against inadequate water and unreliable rainfall the residents have joined hands to form Mirurine Water project that intends to tap piped water from Cionkirai River. So far an intake has been built while 310 pipes have been purchased.

Energy Fuelwood i.e. firewood and charcoal are the main energy sources. According to the farmers approximately 100% of residents use firewood. Castle Forest is the main source of firewood at Kshs 100 per month for one bundle a day.

Tree Planting Activities Most of the trees are planted along boundaries while fruit trees are planted on tea plantations as they do not affect the soil. The common trees include Grevillea robusta, Muhuru, Mukinduri, Muiri, Muringa, Macadamia, avocado and mangoes.

TIST and its ActivitiesThe activities of TIST include: Promotion of conservation farming Promotion of tree planting and tree nurseries among groups members; Awareness creation on silvicultural practices Training on organic farming Promotion of conservation farming, popularly known as “kilimo hai”; Promotion of bee keeping through trainings.

TIST Approach TIST started its activities in the area in 2008. It introduced its concept through chief’s barazas where it explained to the community about its activities and implementation modalities. It then introduced its carbon programme.

Potential Positive Impacts of TIST ActivitiesAccording to the farmers present during this FGD, TIST activities may result in the following positive impacts: Improved farm productivity through conservation farming and promotion of

organic farming;

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Possible increased incomes at the household level after payments are done; Possible increase and ease access of tree based products such as fuelwood,

timber, poles, posts etc.; Possible improvement in local environmental conditions that may result in

increased rainfall and pure air.

Negative Impacts of TIST Activities and RecommendationsAccording to the farmers present during this FGD, TIST may result in the following negative impacts. They also recommended mitigation measures to address these impacts:Negative Impact Mitigation Measures Remarks

-Unfulfilled promises-TIST promised to pay the farmers 6 months after their trees were quantified but they are yet to receive anything one and half years down the line

-TIST should fulfill its promises and in case they don’t they should give reasons to the community

Issue of payment is being worked upon.

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FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION AT MATANYA CHIEF’S CAMP ON 28/11/2009

District: Laikipia CentralDivision: LamuriaLocation: TigithiSub-location: MatanyaVillage: Matanya

LivelihoodsCrop and livestock production are the main livelihood activities. The main crops include michiri, cabbages, tomatoes, beans, maize, and trees. Michiri and the vegetables are grown through irrigation with Naro moru, Burguret and Ngare ngi’ro Rivers. The main livestock kept include cattle and shoats mainly through free grazing. Employment caters for approximately 9% of the population while business is account for approximately 5% of the population. The following are the main constraints of the two major livelihood activities: Inadequate rainfall Inadequate water for irrigation\ Inadequate pasture Pests and diseases especially root rot for coffee and pneumonia for cattle; Inadequate farm inputs.

Energy Fuelwood i.e. firewood and charcoal are the main energy sources. Firewood is more important as it is relied upon by al the residents.

TIST and its ActivitiesThe activities of TIST include: Promotion of conservation farming Promotion of tree planting and tree nurseries among groups members; Awareness creation on silvicultural practices

TIST Approach TIST started its activities in the area in 2005. It introduced its concept through chief’s barazas where it explained to the community about its activities and implementation modalities. During these meetings, TIST staff urged farmers to plant trees which would be later counted and paid at a rate of Kshs 1.50 per tree per year.

Potential Positive Impacts of TIST ActivitiesAccording to the farmers present during this FGD, TIST activities may result in the following positive impacts: Increased tree cover and population through motivation by TIST;

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Increased incomes through both payments made and sale of fruits and wood products;

Improved farm production through promotion of organic farming.

Negative Impacts of TIST Activities and RecommendationsAccording to the farmers present during this FGD, TIST may result in the following negative impacts. They also recommended mitigation measures to address these impacts:

Negative Impact Mitigation Measures Remarks-Delayed payment has frustrated farmers as well as discouraging new members to join TIST groups

-TIST should put in place a payment programme that has time lines and this should then be adhered to

-This is being addressed

-Quantification loopholes where sometimes farmers are not told the number of trees they will be paid for

-Farmers should be sensitized about quantification procedures and results of the quantifying process be communicated to farmers

-Capacity building amongst the quantifiers and farmers (especially on local leadership development) should address this challenge

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FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION AT GITERO CHIEF’S CAMP ON 30/11/2009

District: Nyeri NorthDivision: Kieni EastLocation: KiamathagaSub-location: MurichuVillage: Gitero

LivelihoodsCrop and livestock production are the main livelihood activities. The main crops include michiri (French beans), cabbages, tomatoes, beans, and maize. French beans and the vegetables are grown by irrigation through piped water belonging to community water projects. Inadequate rainfall Inadequate water for irrigation\ Pests and diseases especially root rot for coffee and pneumonia for cattle; Inadequate farm inputs.

Energy Fuelwood i.e. firewood and charcoal are the main energy sources. Firewood is more important as it is relied upon by al the residents. 20% of the residents use energy saving jikos.

TIST and its ActivitiesThe activities of TIST include: Awareness creation on tree planting Awareness creation on the need for farmers to adopt energy saving jikos; Awareness creation on good compost preparation procedures; Trainings on silvicultural practices

TIST Approach TIST started its activities in the area in 2005. It introduced its concept through chief’s barazas where it explained to the community about its activities and implementation modalities. During these meetings, TIST staff urged farmers to plant trees which would be later counted and paid at a rate of Kshs 1.50 per tree per year.

Potential Positive Impacts of TIST ActivitiesAccording to the farmers present during this FGD, TIST activities may result in the following positive impacts: Increased tree cover and population through motivation by TIST; Increased incomes through both payments made and sale of fruits and wood

products; Improved farm production through promotion of organic farming.

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Negative Impacts of TIST Activities and RecommendationsAccording to the farmers present during this FGD, TIST may result in the following negative impacts. They also recommended mitigation measures to address these impacts:

Negative Impact Mitigation Measures-Stringent spacing requirements by TIST may force some farmers to pull out of the programme since less land would be made available for crop -TIST readjusts spacing requirements without involving farmers

-TIST should undertake site-specific research to have appropriate spacing requirements for specific places -TIST spacing requirements should be in harmony with those of the Ministry of Agriculture

-Quantification loopholes where sometimes farmers are not told the number of trees they will be paid for

-Farmers should be sensitized about quantification procedures and results of the quantifying process be communicated to farmers

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FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION WITH MEMBERS OF MUTHAMBI CLUSTER

Livelihood Activities Main economic activities in this cluster include crop farming, livestock production, business, formal employment and tree planting for sale.

Problems affecting farming include1. Inadequate rainfall2. Lack of enough capital3. Lack of markets4. Crop pests and diseases5. Lack of irrigation water

Coping strategies to the above problems1. Selling the produce at a throw away price2. Digging of boreholes

Energy sources Firewood Charcoal Sawdust Gas

Sources of fuel-wood and other wood based products are own source, buying from neighbours and from the forest.

Challenges to fuel-wood and other wood-based products availability include: Small land parcels that limit number of trees to be planted. Lack of capital to buy the products Lack of licenses to either access the forest or to cut trees on their

own farms Expensive fuel wood and other wood-based products Trees take a long time to mature

Culture of tree planting and crop farming Farmers have a culture of planting trees especially the indigenous

tree around the boundary. Farmers in the area have been planting trees for commercial

purposes especially the Eucalyptus. They have however come to realize that this trere has a negative impact on the environment.

However there were many indigenous trees which used to grow allover unlike today when it is rare for trees to grow on their own unless they are planted. This factor can be mainly attributed to change in lifestyles for instance people helping themselves in latrines instead of using the bush like in the past.

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Farmers have to plant indigenous trees on their farms and in the forest.

Indigenous trees needed to be preserved since they are good for building and for beekeepng especially mikwego, miang’wa, Muringa (Cordia Africana) Mihuti trees were mainly planted for fuelwood provision while other trees were planted to serve as fences and for yam support.

.Advantages of planting trees Purify the environment/air Help to attract rainfall Preserve the soil Beautify the environment Enrich the soil Commercial purposes As fodder for animals Wind break As a shade To mark farm boundaries As firewood Tree is life, one needs trees although life, ‘even after one dies a

tree is needed to make his coffin’

Disadvantages Drying off streams especially the eucalyptus species Attracting birds on their farms and this leads to crop destruction Trees interfere with farming activities especially when planted

allover the farm. This is mainly caused by roots that spread allover the farm making it difficult to till the land, providing a lot of shade that is not good for crop growth and also causing competition for water and other nutrients for the crops.

Some species enhance the spread of the nematodes that affect the Tea

Trees especially when planted close to buildings weaken the buildings because of root penetration.

Hard to plant other crops because of roots fibre.

TIST activitieso Promote tree plantingo Promoting C.F(conservation farming)o Pay farmers for their treeso Training on environmental conservationo Quantify the trees planted under TIST programmeo Help the community establish nurserieso Create employment for the quantifiers and TOTs.o Teach them about HIV/Aids

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Approach to the communityo Visiting the farmerso They encourage farmers to form small groupso They don’t keep their promise in that they delay the paymentso Many farmers have over 500 trees and are required to be paid as

per carbon credit business contract agreement.o However some farmers feel frustrated due to lack of motivation and

are almost quiting from TIST programme.

Farmers have been encouraged to plant mores especially indigenous trees for more payment in future. There is a lot of mistrust in the system used for payments. Some members fear that their money is used by the person who receives the money from TIST via M-PESA Recommendations TIST to establish its own tree nurseries. Quantification to be done on a regular basis for most places have not

quantified TIST to be more transparent in its activities. TIST to pay the farmers promptly after quantification. To improve the communication systems. Generally farmers have more

problems because they lack payment

Environmental Problems Soil erosion-especially around Gakodu-and Muthausi valley Land-slide-Gakobo area. Formation of gulleys/valleys Industries pollution of rivers eg coffee factories polluting the rivers

and air and noise pollution from tea factories Rampant felling of trees for the tea factory Smoke from the factory- lead to chest problem.

Interventions by TISTa. Teach farmers to plant and manage treesb. Soil erosion preservation and conservationc. Enrich soild. Give farmers hope in livinge. Promoting best farming practices eg use of natural fertilizers of

compost manure and conservation farming by C.Ff. Educate the need to plant treesg. Help to get firewoodh. Hope in future to give money through carbon credit businessi. Give many channels for interactionj. Prevent soil erosionk. Give farmers hope

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FOCUSSED GROUP DISCUSSION AT PIG AND WHISTLE HOTEL, MERU FOR WENDO PSE ON 27 TH NOVEMBER 2009

The meeting was attended by 11 representatives of the clusters that constitute Wendo PSE.

Main livelihood activities of the people in the area

Most of the members are both crop and livestock farmers Business

Challenges in crop production Lack of skills Poor market prices Lack of enough capital Lack of input

Coping strategies1. Many farmers have joined hands in small groups where they are

able to access loans2. the farmers sell their produce in Meru town where they fetch better

prices

External intervention

Non-governmental organizations have intervened at different levels and with differing approaches like promotion of tree planting, training in organic farming, animal husbandry and agri-business. These interventions are spearheaded by TIST, MPP, NALEP and Green Zones.

Wood based energy used in the area fuel wood charcoal

The residents acquire wood based energy from their own plots with a few collecting from the Mt Kenya forest while others buy from vendors. Most of the residents use kerosene for lighting with a few using solar or electric energy.

Challenges faced in accessing household energy:

1. Charcoal is very expensive and is not readily available2. long distance to the source

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Approaches used in tree planting Agro forestry- this is where crops and trees are grown mixed in the

same plot with a lot of knowledge on the best trees for this type of farming.

Trees planted on the boundaries and lines across the plot.

Benefits of agro forestry Farmers getting food and wood products from same plot Prevent soil erosion Makes maximum use of the plot

Disadvantages of tree plantingSome farmers have planted a lot of eucalyptus which have negative impacts on the soils e.g. infertility, draining of excessive soil moisture

Activities of TIST Carbon credit business Promote tree planting Promote sustainable development e.g. energy saving training, Training on health e.g. malaria prevention Conservation farming where farmers are trained about zero tillage, use of

manure and other locally available resources digging holes to plant maize and discouraging use of inorganic nutrients and chemicals.

Approaches used Training the farmers during cluster and group meetings Training the members about seed collection and trees nursery

establishment and management of seedlings Training on use of compost manure for the farmers who do not own

livestock

Benefits of TIST to the farmers Members are paid on the number of trees they have planted on their farms Provision of maize seed loan Farmers are now getting wood based products from their farms Fruits Prevention of soil erosion Pollution is reduced due to the absorption of carbon by the trees

Environmental problems in the area Planting of eucalyptus trees on river banks and water sources has

reduced water flow Cutting down of trees has caused soil erosion

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Mitigation TIST has established three demonstration sites for farmer training in tree

planting and conservation farming TIST has been targeting areas that have few trees to promote tree

planting

Recommendations should go to the farmers on their farms to train them the maize sees loan should be given to farmers well before the rain onset payments for the farmers should be prompt

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FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION WITH MEMBERS OF MOUNT KENYA RE-AFFORESTATION GROUP AND KAMBURAINI UNITY ON 30/11/2009

The Mount Kenya Re-afforestation Group was formed by local community in a bid to plant trees and save the diminishing Mount Kenya forest ecosystem. Its activities are to try and train the local community on the importance of the forest to their lives and the entire world. The group also encourages the planting of trees on the farms to reduce the dependence on wood fuel and building materials from the forest.

Currently the group is funded by the British and has been receiving volunteers from Britain who participate in the group activities.

Collaboration with TISTThe group does not collaborate with TIST though they do some activities that are similar.

Activities of TIST Carbon credit business Promote tree planting Promote sustainable development e.g. energy saving training, Training on health e.g. malaria prevention Conservation farming ( Kilimo Hai ) where farmers are trained about zero

tillage, use of manure and other locally available resources digging holes to plant maize and discouraging use of inorganic nutrients and chemicals.

Creating awareness on HIV/AIDSDirect Benefits of TIST to the local community

Improvement of household income by paying of the trees Benefited by the training on conservation agriculture / Kilimo Hai

( acquiring of new skills The farmers are now aware of Risks of HIV /AIDS

Indirect Benefits of TIST to the local community Reduced global warming Enhanced biodiversity Food and water security reduced soil erosion

Views on the approaches used by TIST The trainings should be held on the farms so that the all the farmers can

attend instead of the case now where farmers have to walk far to the cluster center

Paying farmers for trees through MPESA should be changed and paying should be done at group level

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The introduction of eucalyptus trees by TIST and later the declaration that the trees are not good for the environment and the TIST refused to count the trees is a contradiction and therefore they should do good research before introducing any tree species to avoid a repeat of such a case. This will promote trees that have no negative impacts to the environment

The TIST quantifiers should be given adequate time to collect data considering the weather distance and the terrain.

The officers tend to be far away from the community and therefore TIST should establish officers in the field.

They usually introduce an activity and never follow it up and this makes the farmers to loose touch.

TIST should empower the trainers with all materials / so that they can train the farmers well. This should also include good remuneration of the TOT.

Weaknesses of TIST Came to the area in 2005 and registered members and trained farmers

and has never done anything to some groups Counted trees and have never come back to pay the farmers Being selective in the way they work e.g. working with one group in the

area and leaving others out (favoritism) The officers are not in the area and it is not easy to reach them

Recommendations1. Should start working with groups that have similar objectives like

mount Kenya re-afforestation2. Should start an office in the locality3. Should pay the farmers for the counted trees

List of participants1. Evan Ngugi – Mt Kenya Re-afforestation group2. Samuel Njoroge– Mt Kenya Re-afforestation group3. Francis Maina– Mt Kenya Re-afforestation group4. Jennifer Maina– Kamburaini Unity

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Appendix 4: Type of Trees/ species Planted on the farm, number planted and Average Age

Tree Types/ species

Meru Area Nanyuki Area

No. of HH

Average No. of Trees per HH

Average Age of Trees Planted No. of HH

Average No. of Trees per HH

Average Age of Trees Planted

Grivellia robusta 197 94.2 5.0 156 80.8 6.0Eucalyotus spp 141 86.2 5.3 79 106.5 6.5Mangoe 23 14.4 5.3 9 11.1 5.0Miringa (Cordia africana) 78 20.0 4.7 11 12.5 4.0Miangua 34 24.3 4.0 4 68.3 10.3Makadamia 24 12.9 5.9 3 13.3 5.7Mutuati 4 12.5 4.7 0 0 0Meru Oak 4 1.3 26.0 2 10.5 4.0Mikwego 13 28.5 5.8 0 0 0Avocado 42 6.4 4.7 36 7.8 4.6Miiria 17 12.1 3.5 7 50.3 5.9Pine (Pinus patula) 18 75.4 2.4 8 107.0 3.0Cyprus (Cuppresus lusitanica) 20 55.7 4.6 36 116.1 7.1Mitero (Olea africana) 14 11.3 2.8 12 27.0 3.8Ming'wani 21 18.2 3.7 0 0 0Cedar (Juniperus procera) 35 47.3 3.4 36 95.1 5.1Loquats 10 7.3 1.8 13 4.3 5.1Podo (Podocarpus latifolia) 1 6.0 2.0 5 3.6 3.5Orange 1 70.0 5.0 6 22.2 5.6Croton megalocarpus 9 11.4 5.0 21 44.8 5.3Bottle Brush 3 5.0 6.7 23 51.5 4.8Acacia spp 7 26.7 7.0 2 110.0 1.5Jacarada 7 52.1 2.8 1 15.0 9.0Wattle 13 45.4 3.5 1 10.0 7.0Mukungu 4 14.8 2.8 2 3.0 4.0Jetropha 1 50.0 1.0 0 0 0Lucena/ Cariadra 1 50.0 1.0 0 0 0Mutundu 3 21.7 2.3 0 0 0

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Type of Trees/ species Planted with TIST intervention or included in TIST’s tree inventory

Tree Types/ species

Meru Area Nanyuki Area

No. of HH

Average No. of Trees per

HH

Average Age of Trees Planted No. of HH

Average No. of

Trees per HH

Average Age of Trees Planted

Muringa (Cordia africana) 23 23.9 3.0 5 13.2 2.0Grevillea robustsa 80 131.8 2.9 65 53.0 2.3Eucalyptus spp 65 160.3 3.0 29 59.2 2.3Muthauta 1 50.0 5.0 1 35.0 1.0Mikwego 4 49.3 3.3 0 0 0Miangua 6 29.0 3.0 0 0 0Miiria 8 17.6 3.1 5 5.4 1.0Pine (Pinus patula) 9 144.2 2.2 5 116.4 2.0Cyprus (Cuppresus lusitanica) 11 60.2 2.4 30 75.5 1.6Cedar (Juniperus procera) 18 33.9 2.4 17 79.9 2.3Bottle Brush 0 0 0 13 40.1 2.0Croton megalocarpus 4 26.3 2.8 11 52.5 2.0Jacarada 1 20.0 2.0 0 0 0Mikeo 1 6.0 2.0 0 0 0Wattle 14 80.3 2.8 0 0 0Mituati 1 30.0 4.0 0 0 0Meru Oak 8 18.9 2.6 1 20.0 2.0Avocado 2 8.5 3.5 8 7.8 2.3Mangoes 1 8.0 2.0 1 5.0 2.0

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Appendix 5: Ranking of tree species by Average Number of Trees planted Per Household

Nanyuki

TreesN0. of HHs

% out of the total 163 HHs

GREVILLEA (Grevillea Robusta) 120 73.6EUCALYPTUS (Eucalyptus spp) 51 31.3CYPRUS (Cupressus lusitanica) 43 26.4FRUIT TREES 22 13.5CEDAR (Juniperus procera) 19 11.7MITERO (Olea africana) 18 11.0BOTTLE BRUSH

9 5.5CROTON (Croton megalocarpus) 6 3.7MURINGA (Cordia africana) 3 1.8MUIRI (Prunus africana) 2 1.2MAHOGANY

2 1.2PODO (Podocarpus latifolius and P. falcatus 2 1.2MACADAMIA 1 0.6WATTLE TREE 1 0.6CASUARINA 1 0.6ACACIA (Acacia spp) 1 0.6MULBERRY 1 0.6MIRAA (Catha edulis) 1 0.6MITUNDU 1 0.6WHITE SUPPORTER 1 0.6MURERA (Acacia xanthploea) 1 0.6MITHIGI 1 0.6

MeruGRAVELLIA Grevillea robusta)

160 68.7EUCALYPTUS (Eucalyptus spp)

69 29.6FRUIT TREES 52 22.3MURINGA (Cordia africana) 45 19.3CEDAR (Juniperus procera) 27 11.6

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CYPRUS (Cuppresus lusitanica)

22 9.4MACADAMIA 20 8.6WATTLE TREE 11 4.7MUIRI (Prunus africana)

8 3.4PINE (Pinus patula) 7 3.0MIANGWA 6 2.6MERU OAK 5 2.1MIRAA (Catha edulis) 3 1.3MAHOGANY

2 0.9MOKOIGO 2 0.9MITERO (Olea africana) 1 0.4BOTTLE BRUSH 1 0.4CASUARINA 1 0.4CALINDRA 1 0.4MURURE 1 0.4ACACIA (Acacia spp) 1 0.4MIKUU 1 0.4MIBURU 1 0.4MUGOTI 1 0.4CROTON(Croton megalocarpus) 1 0.4JACARANDA 1 0.4MIREMBU 1 0.4NEEM TREE (MWARUBAINE)

1 0.4

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Appendix 6: A Summary of the Uses/Value/Importance from the Two Project Areas per SpeciesMeru

Type Of Tree Reasons for ImportanceGrevlillea robusta Fuel wood/charcoal

Timber/posts/fittosMedicineFodderShadeTo improve soil fertility

Rainfall attractionSource of incomeGrows fast Good for agro-forestryMultipurpose tree

Fruit Trees Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittosMedicineFruitsFodderTo improve soil fertilitySource of income

Cyprus (Cepressus lusitanica)

Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittosSource of incomeGrows fast

Cedar (Juniperus procera) Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittosTo improve soil fertilitySource of income

Eucalyptus spp Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittosMedicineFodderShadeTo improve soil fertilityAesthetic/beauty/ornamentalSource of incomeGrows fast Don’t affect the growth of plants underneath

Muiri (Prunus africana) Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittos

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MedicineFodderShadeGrows fast Seeds for seedlings

Miringa (Cordia africana) Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittosFruitsFodderTo improve soil fertilityAir purificationRainfall attractionSource of incomeGood for agro-forestryMultipurpose tree

Mitero (Olea africana) Fuel wood/charcoalLucena Fodder

To improve soil fertilityMacadamia Fruits

Source of incomeMeru Oak Fuel wood/charcoal

Timber/posts/fittosSource of income

Miangwa Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittosFodderSource of incomeGood for agro-forestryFencing/ live-fence/marking boundaries

Bottle Brush Timber/posts/fittosAesthetic/beauty/ornamental

Mahogany

Timber/posts/fittosSource of income

Wattle Tree Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittosMedicineShadeTo improve soil fertilityGrows fast Good for agro-forestry

Mokoigo Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittos

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PineFuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittosFodderTo improve soil fertilityGrows fast

Casuarina Timber/posts/fittosCaliandra FodderMirana (Juniperus procera) Timber/posts/fittosMurure Fuel wood/charcoal

Timber/posts/fittosAcacia spp Fuel wood/charcoal

Timber/posts/fittosMigwanja Source of incomeMikuu Fuel wood/charcoal

Timber/posts/fittosTo control soil erosionBring forth springs

Miburu Fuel wood/charcoalMunyondo Fuel wood/charcoalMugoti Fuel wood/charcoal

FruitsBio-fuel

Miria Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittos

Podo (Podocarpus latifolia)

Fuel wood/charcoalGood for agro-forestry

Croton (Croton megalocarpus)

Fuel wood/charcoalShade

Jacaranda ShadeMirembu Timber/posts/fittos

Fuel wood/charcoalNeem Tree (Mwarubaine) Medicine

NanyukiType Of Tree Reasons for ImportanceGrevillea robusta Fuel wood/charcoal

Timber/posts/fittosAesthetic/beauty/ornamentalFodder

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ShadeTo improve soil fertilitySource of incomeFencing/ live-fence/marking boundariesGrows fast Good for agro-forestryDrought resistant

Fruit Trees Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittosMedicineFruitsFodderSource of income

Cyprus (Cuppresus lusitanica)

Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittosMedicineFodderAesthetic/beauty/ornamentalTo improve soil fertilityAir purificationTo control soil erosionSource of incomeGrows fast Fencing/ live-fence/marking boundaries

Cedar (Juniperus procera)

Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittosTo control soil erosion

Source of incomeEucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp)

Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittosMedicineFodderShadeTo improve soil fertilityAesthetic/beauty/ornamentalSource of incomeGrows fast Don’t affect the growth of plants underneathAir purificationRainfall attractionFencing/ live-fence/marking boundariesDon’t affect the growth of plants underneath

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Muiri (Prunus africana) Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittosRainfall attraction

Miringa (Cordia africana) Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittosFruitsShadeTo improve soil fertility

Mitero (Olea africana)

Fuel wood/charcoalAesthetic/beauty/ornamentalTo improve soil fertilityAir purificationRainfall attraction

Macadamia Source of incomeMiangwa Timber/posts/fittosBottle Brush Timber/posts/fittos

Aesthetic/beauty/ornamentalFuel wood/charcoalShadeAir purificationSource of income

Fencing/ live-fence/marking boundariesMahogany

Timber/posts/fittosFuel wood/charcoal

Wattle Tree

Fuel wood/charcoalTimber/posts/fittos

Casuarina Timber/posts/fittosFuel wood/charcoalSource of incomeGrows fast

Acacia spp

Fuel wood/charcoalFodder

Miburu Fuel wood/charcoalPodo (Podocarpus latifolia)

Fuel wood/charcoal

Rainfall attractionCroton megalocarpus Fuel wood/charcoal

ShadeTimber/posts/fittosMedicineFodderSource of incomeFencing/ live-fence/marking boundaries

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Seeds for seedlingsDrought resistant

Jacaranda ShadeMitundu Fuel wood/charcoalWhite Supporter FruitsMurera (Acacia xanthoploea) To improve soil fertilityMugaita (Myrsine africana)

Timber/posts/fittosFuel wood/charcoal

Mukinyii (Euclea divinorum Fuel wood/charcoal

MiremaTimber/posts/fittosFuel wood/charcoal

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Appendix 7: List of Respondents/ Contacted Persons

Sampled HouseholdsRespondent Name Project AreaSolomon Mboroki MeruFrida Mwongera MeruNtochuara N'riberia MeruAlex Kobia MeruPastor Joseph MeruDavid Kibuthu MeruAnn Kaari MeruAnthuman MeruStanley Thuranira MeruEdward Rimiri MeruMary Wambura MeruKaburu MeruCharles Mithioro MeruStephen Muriuki MeruCecilia Gakure MeruLydia Jimmy MeruJennifer Kamechu MeruJohn Kumbuku MeruFranklin Miriti MeruJohana Makero MeruJohn Miriti MeruKunguru MeruSolomon Ntomunyori MeruJohn Muriuki MeruSamuel Guantai MeruBeatrice Karimi Ngeera MeruSabina Ndeeri MeruMary Kairithi MeruEliya Lenyiiri MeruPatrick Kinoti MeruRobert Mwichuiri MeruJustus Kanake MeruFrancis Gitite MeruFredrick Mwenda MeruJulius Kanyiri MeruPeter Kabira MeruFlorence Mutanguo MeruLawrence Lomora Meru

Betha Kanyamu MeruMiriam Kiambi MeruDorothy Muriungi MeruHelen Kageni MeruLucy Muriithi MeruJames Mwangi MeruZipporah Mutua MeruMadarina Karuthu MeruStephen Kinua MeruMuriithi Rugonji MeruFlorence Kanoria MeruKathure Mutiga MeruCharles Mutembei Kirinya MeruLucy Kathego Kigunda MeruMercy Mbaabu MeruGladys Karwitha MeruMargaret Karegi MeruSporah Miriti MeruM'arimi Mungua MeruFlorence Nkirote MeruVeronica Kaumbuthu MeruEsther Kanyua MeruRuth Kigeto MeruVirginia Njeri MeruHarriet Kibori MeruNkirote Eunice MeruJane Makena MeruJosphine Kawira MeruRael Mpina MeruMary Muthoni MeruConsolata Nkatha MeruJohn Mongera MeruJohn Mongera MeruBernard Kinyua MeruJohn Muriungi MeruEzekiel Nkonge MeruJames Murungi MeruFlorence Kariithi MeruGladys Ntukiao Meru

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Charity Marete MeruGeofrey Maingi MeruJane Mwari MeruJudith Rigiri MeruSusan Karani MeruJohn Manyara MeruCelina Mwari MeruMargaret Kaguna MeruMarion Kanyua MeruTeresia Kaigira MeruBeatrice Mwenja MeruJenerosa Kamongoro MeruMonica Ntorikura MeruMary Karuiru MeruPurity Makena MeruMargaret Wambui MeruJohn Mugambi MeruFrancis Gikunda MeruZacharia Kuburunga MeruJohn Mberia MeruBeatrice Gaiti MeruStephen Marangu MeruThomas Muchemi MeruKariuki Miriti MeruSimon Ndukio MeruGladys Muriithi MeruPurity Muringi MeruSimon Mburugu MeruJoseph Mbwiria MeruNancy Kithinji MeruDaniel Kirimi MeruMonica Wanjiru MeruHamariah Mwenda MeruJohn Ntokiria MeruAlice Kiviti MeruDavid Thuranira MeruRose Karuri MeruMary Kanana MeruMartin Kiogora MeruJoseph Gitonga MeruNorah Kathambi MeruJosphat Kinyua MeruAnastacia Henry Meru

Geofrey Mwenda MeruDouglas Kimathi MeruSilver Kavuri MeruDoris Kendi MeruLucy Ndaku MeruJosphat Kinoti MeruJulius Muthuri Cyprian MeruGabriel Guantai MeruJohn Kiunga MeruSolomon Muriera Muthuri MeruMartin Muthuri MeruFridah Kirumba MeruGeofrey Mutuma MeruMwirichia Mukinda MeruCharles Kiogora MeruMoses Koome MeruPaul Ndungu Ndiritu MeruPeter Ndumia MeruJames Maina MeruDavid Thiongo MeruBenjamin Karagu MeruMartha Muthoni MeruMeshack Kimani MeruMark Njoroge MeruPeterson Kobia MeruGilbert Kimathi MeruSarah Kimathi MeruKirigia Matiri MeruJoyce Kinanu MeruNanies Mugure MeruFaith Kinanu MeruMargaret M'inoti MeruJacob Kimathi MeruDennis Kimathi MeruCharity Phillip MeruHellen Kimathi MeruSamuel Kinoti MeruHelen Kimemia MeruPurity Maiti MeruGrace Karambu MeruMary Kinyua MeruJoseph Mikanda MeruStanley Meru

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Lydia Wanguru MeruAgnes Muthoni MeruNancy Wambugu MeruCatherine Njeri MeruLydia Makena MeruMartha Muthoni MeruJohn Murega MeruStanley Kirimi MeruStephen Kaaria MeruJeremia Mutiga MeruSamuel Gikunda MeruAnn Kaberia MeruNyamu M'rukaria MeruMusa Ngeera Mboroki MeruGerald Kiambi MeruSusan Kathure MeruLawrence Gikunda MeruJoseph Ndege MeruStephen Bundi MeruJaphet Mwenda MeruMoses Ngumbuku MeruZachariah Kobia MeruMichael Gikunda MeruEric Muthui MeruAlex Majau MeruSamuel Kimathi MeruSamuel Nchebere MeruJames Gitumi MeruJacob Ruguaru MeruGeorge Mwenda MeruCatherine Kimathi MeruSimeon Gikunda MeruSimeon Mwirigi MeruJohn Kimathi MeruJohn Mutwiri MeruSolomon Kithinji MeruFlorence Mwari MeruBernard Mwanirua MeruJacinta Kagendo MeruSamuel Mugambi MeruGerald Kinoti MeruAnastacia Karanja MeruRuth Kabia Meru

Tabitha Kaindi Wa Davis MeruFrancis Njeru MeruPaul Mukuru MeruJames Kiria MeruEunice Wanjugu MeruElizabeth Wanjiru MeruLucy Nyaruai MeruLeah Muthoni MeruEsther Gathigia MeruSarah Gakenge MeruElizabeth Karimi MeruAnastacia Wanjiku MeruPhillis Wawira MeruJedidah Njeri MeruWinnie Muthoni MeruLydia Wagithi MeruLydia Wawira MeruWawira Maganjo MeruElizabeth Wangui MeruMagdalene Gichohi MeruFester Wanja MeruJaneffer Wachira MeruMary Wanjiru MeruLydiah Waweru MeruFaith Njagi MeruElizabeth Njeri MeruMargaret Ndege MeruEsther Wawira MeruVirginia Muthoni Njue MeruVirginia Nyaga MeruLoise Muthoni Njagi MeruPhyllis Nyawira MeruZachary Irungu MeruMwaniki Kamau MeruJackson Kiraithe MeruPeter Gitonga MeruAnita Kimama Mbiti MeruJanet Nkoroi MeruFrancis Gikundi MeruJadiel Ndumba MeruAgatha Franklin MeruDavid Mati Navea MeruSarah Wanjiku Meru

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Jane Gitonga Meru Robert Mwirigi Meru

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Jane Mwendwa Meru Michael Thairu Nanyuki

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Mary Thou NanyukiJoseph Thuo NanyukiSimon Mwaura NanyukiSalome Nduta NanyukiJoseph Njoroge NanyukiPaul Ng'ang'a NanyukiLawrence Wachira NanyukiVeronica Gathoni NanyukiLawrence Kihungi NanyukiAnnah Ngunju NanyukiSusan Wangu NanyukiMargaret Wangui NanyukiNancy Wangeci NanyukiSusan Nyaguthii NanyukiRichard Nyeri Maina NanyukiRebecca Gitau NanyukiWachira Symon NanyukiWanyoike Kimani NanyukiTeresa Nduta NanyukiShelmith Wanjiru NanyukiEphantus Mugumo NanyukiAntony Ngatia NanyukiRobbert Mwangi NanyukiSimon Wachira NanyukiTeresa Murugi NanyukiMary Wanjira NanyukiJohn Gaita NanyukiSimon Wahome NanyukiPeter Maina NanyukiJane Mwangi NanyukiMwangi Kimotho NanyukiJohn Githiga NanyukiMargaret Njeri NanyukiVeronica Wambui NanyukiConsolata Thendu NanyukiSusan Wangeci NanyukiTeresia Wairimu NanyukiEmma Wangui NanyukiBenjamin Mathenge NanyukiMbugua NanyukiMichael Kamau NanyukiSimon Kirugumi NanyukiRuth Wangui Nanyuki

Purity Wanjiku NanyukiJames Njogu NanyukiAnne Wanjiru NanyukiEmily Waithera NanyukiRuth Wanjiru NanyukiNancy Wandeto NanyukiJoseph Maina NanyukiNancy Wateto NanyukiPaul Gikunda NanyukiPeter Muhiriga NanyukiMarium Kariakaburu NanyukiJoseph Muriungi NanyukiBeatrice Gitovu NanyukiStanley Gatovu NanyukiFrancis Kibe NanyukiJoseph Muriuki NanyukiPatrick Nderitu NanyukiFrancis Mwangi NanyukiWilson Gachara NanyukiMwangi Muthungu NanyukiJane Wanjiku NanyukiMartha Kariuki NanyukiAnne W Kigo NanyukiGeorge Wanyiri NanyukiJane Wakonyo NanyukiRosemary Wanjiku NanyukiCharity Wanjiku NanyukiSophia Wairimu NanyukiAgnes Wangu NanyukiSamuel Karemu NanyukiAgata Njeri NanyukiDaniel Murage Mutahi NanyukiMoses Nderitu Mwihaki NanyukiDuncan Kiboi NanyukiEsther Wanjiku Muriithi NanyukiLucy Wamuchii Kiragu NanyukiDorcas Wambui NanyukiCecilia Wanjiku NanyukiPeter Wachira NanyukiPaul Mathu NanyukiFredrick Nderitu NanyukiMargaret Wambui NanyukiMary Wangechi Nanyuki

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Benjamin Maina NanyukiDavid Theuri NanyukiRachael Njoki NanyukiJames Karoki NanyukiMary Mumbi NanyukiFrancis Ruhiu NanyukiStephen Wachira Waheho NanyukiAbraham Macharia Kingori NanyukiMargaret Wangeci NanyukiGrace Wangari NanyukiCharity Mumbi NanyukiElizabeth Wanjiku NanyukiGrace Wanjiru NanyukiLeah Nyambura NanyukiJohn Kiogora NanyukiFrank Kingori NanyukiMilicent Wairimu NanyukiPurity Wangui NanyukiCharles Kanyoni NanyukiEphraim Kimotho Miano NanyukiMichael Kabia Muriuki NanyukiEsther Wairimu NanyukiJoshua Wandai NanyukiMargaret Muthoni NanyukiAndrew Mwangi Kiragu NanyukiAtephen Mwangi Kirovi NanyukiLucy Wairima NanyukiSamuel K Wambugu NanyukiJames Kamau NanyukiDavid Muraya NanyukiSamuel Ndiritu Mwangi NanyukiJohn Kamau Chege NanyukiPeter Mburu Ngure NanyukiJames Mundia NanyukiHaron Muraya NanyukiJulia Wairimu NanyukiChristopher Waithiani Nanyuki

Sarah NanyukiPauline Wairimu Mwaniki NanyukiChristostom Kihoro NanyukiLuka Chege Njoroge NanyukiSusan Waithira Kiruru NanyukiStanley Gichuki NanyukiJames Ndwega Mureithi NanyukiDanson Mwangi Ndirangu NanyukiJoyce Wanjiru NanyukiGichere Mwangi NanyukiSimon Nyoro NanyukiFrancis Kimathi NanyukiVirginia Wanjiru NanyukiJames Muthui NanyukiSarah Wanjiku NanyukiMary Wanjiru NanyukiMargaret Mwihaki NanyukiPeter Mbatia Muthega NanyukiJohn Gichira Kiambi NanyukiSusan Wanja NanyukiJenniffer Wanjiku NanyukiEunice Mukami NanyukiPartrick Kiragu NanyukiFrancis Gatonga NanyukiNimrod Gikonyo Karari NanyukiKamau Mucheke NanyukiMary Ann Waithira NanyukiJane Wanjiru Muchemi NanyukiCharles Kamakia NanyukiZipporah Waithira NanyukiAnn Njoki NanyukiTeresiah Wambui NanyukiGrace Nyambura NanyukiSophia Wairimu NanyukiTabitha Wangai NanyukiTeresiah Nyambura Nanyuki

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