International Operations

International Section | Leadership & Management Division | College of Management and Technology

International Operations

MDWSC Georgia

Nov/Dec 2011

Colonel Andrew Cliffe

College of Management and Technology

Contents

• International Operations.

• Peace Support Operations.

• Stabilisation Operations.

• Expeditionary Operations.


Types of war

• ‘The first, the supreme, the most far-reaching act of judgement that the statesman & commander have to make is to establish by that test the kind of war on which they are embarking; neither mistaking it for, nor trying to turn it into, something that is alien to its nature. This is the first of all strategic questions and the most comprehensive’.

Carl von Clausewitz, On War


Fusion of concurrent activity

Increasing violence

Ope

ratio

nal T

hem

e Major Combat Operations

Counter Irregular Activity

Peace Support Operations

Limited Intervention

Peacetime Military Engagement


Decision to intervene

• Impact on strategic interests:– Impacts on national security objectives.– Has significant economic implications.– Humanitarian crisis requiring intervention.– Forces already deployed to theatre.

• Ability to mitigate that impact by intervention:– Likelihood/ability of the international community to act.– Understanding of the conflict & likelihood of successful outcome.– Ability to provide sufficient resources for the required duration.– The impact of intervention on other crises & interests.


Military Responses

• Armed Forces provide capabilities that support stability, tackle threats at source & respond to crises overseas before they impact upon national security.

Regional Military Presence & Advice

Prevent Restore

Advisors

Training Teams

IndividualMilitary

Capabilities

JointForce

Deployment


UK International Commitments


Peace Support Operations



Peace Support Operations (PSO)

• An operation that impartially makes use of diplomatic, civil and military means, normally in pursuit of UN Charter purposes & principles, to restore or maintain peace.

• May include conflict prevention, peacemaking, peace enforcement, peacekeeping, peace-building &/or humanitarian operations.


PSO Evolution

• Post World War 2 (e.g. UNTSO).

• The Cold War:– Traditional or Nordic peace-keeping

operations (e.g. UNFICYP).

• Post Cold War:– Peace Enforcement (e.g. UNPROFOR).– Comprehensive Approach.

• New Paradigm (e.g. Afghanistan/Iraq).


UN Truce Supervision Organisation (UNTSO)


UN Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)


UN Protection Force(UNPROFOR)


New Paradigm

• Removed previous assumptions about consent & impartiality.

• Neither guidelines for classic COIN nor PSO are adequate for tackling contemporary challenges:– State fragility.– Complex web of intervening actors.– Smaller forces.– Global networks.– Complexity of hostile groups.– Lethality of adversaries.


Stabilisation Operations



Stabilisation

• The process that supports states which are entering, enduring or emerging from conflict, in order to:– prevent or reduce violence; – protect the population & key infrastructure;– promote political processes & governance structures,

• ... leads to a political settlement that Establishes non-violent contests for power; & prepares for sustainable social & economic development.


Elements of a Stable State

Political Settlement

Societal Relationships


Fragile and Failed States

• Countries that have significant presence of irregular activity sit within the spectrum:– Fragile State: viable host nation government, but

reduced capability to secure, protect & govern the population.

– Failed State: remnants of a host nation government may exist. However it does not have monopoly on use of force, cannot provide security or simple basic services, & is not sufficiently legitimate or effective to protect borders, citizens, or even itself.


Stabilisation

• Security is the foundation on which stabilisation is built. • Some security challenges may be quickly contained; but

in most demanding form may become a bloody insurgency.

• The insurgent must have the initiative taken from him. • However, defeating an insurgency is merely treating the

symptoms of the problem. • For long-term success, the campaign must address the

root causes of the instability, & that requires an approach combining economic, governance & security measures; a comprehensive approach.


Influence


Operational Guidance

• Over long term cannot kill or capture way to victory. – Kinetic operations should be subordinate to measures

to promote better government, economic programs & address grievances.

• Patient accumulation of quiet successes over time to discredit & defeat extremist movements & their ideology.


9 Security Principles of Stabilisation

• Primacy of Political Purpose. • Understand the Context.• Focus on the Population.• Foster Host Nation Governance, Authority & Indigenous

Capacity.• Unity of Effort.• Isolate & Neutralise Irregular Actors.• Exploit Credibility to Gain Support.• Prepare for the Long Term (Perseverance &

Sustainability).• Anticipate, Learn & Adapt.


Operational framework

Shape

Secure

Hold

Develop

Security

Em

phas

is o

f A

ctiv

ity


Guide to Commanders

• Accept ambiguity and embrace uncertainty by building a learning organisation.

• Tap into expertise.

• Be robust but accountable.

• Stay longer…& return.


J2 - Intelligence

• Stabilisation demands a far wider span of expertise than conventional operations.– requires an understanding of the human dimension.


Expeditionary Operations



Relationships between levels of warfare


Employ military capabilityPrime-minister

& Cabinet

Joint Task Force HQ

Maritime Land Air

Home

In Theatre

Chiefs of Staff Cttee

Hd Office

Permanent Joint HQ

Defence Crisis Management Organisation


Campaigning

• Analysis of situation.

• Planning to reach desired outcome.

• Execution of activities to change or improve the situation.

• Assessment of progress.


Coalition operations

• Command & Control:– Lead nation.

– Operational control.

– Integrated staff.

– C4ISR.

• Multi-national planning:– Match resources to objectives

– Logistic support.

• Information disclosure & releaseability.• Standardisation.• Rules of Engagement.• Civil-military interface.• Pre-deployment training.


Relationship between actors in a Potential Crisis


Civil Actors

• Other Government Departments.– Other nations.

• International Organisations (IO).– International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

• Non Government Organisations (NGO).• Donor Organisations.• Commercial Sector.

– Private Security Companies.

• Local authorities & populace.– Dislocated civilians.


Comprehensive Approach (1)

• The co-ordination of civil & military planning is a basic tenet of the Comprehensive Approach.

• CIMIC is a practical application of the Comprehensive Approach at the operational & tactical levels.

• It is necessary throughout the spectrum of tension & conflict. – shaping the operational environment to the mutual benefit of

both military & civil actors.

• CIMIC should be an integral part of the Campaign Plan – from the outset of the planning process.


Comprehensive Approach (2)

Cabinet

Foreign Office MOD Dept for Intl Dev

Diplomacy Defence Development

Civil-military cooperation

PJHQ

Mil HQ Dev OfficeEmbassy

UK

Theatre

StabilisationUnit


Differing Cultures

Foreign Office

MOD

Dept for Intl Dev

“Observe & report”

“Influence & destroy”

“Humanitarian principles”


Permanent Joint HQ (PJHQ)• Current major operations are commanded by the Chief

of Joint Operations & run from PJHQ in Northwood, Middlesex.

PJHQ Mission:

As part of Defence Crisis Management Organisation, provide politically aware

military advice to inform strategic commitment of UK forces to overseas

joint & combined operations.

When directed by CDS, exercise command of UK forces assigned to

overseas joint & combined operations, either led by the UK or another nation,

in order to achieve UK’s strategic objectives.


Stabilisation Unit (1)

• Mission:– To co-ordinate & support cross-government stabilisation

planning & execution.– To ensure the rapid & integrated delivery of targeted expertise in

a cross-government approach.

– To lead on stabilisation lesson-learning & assist with

implementation.


Stabilisation Unit (2)

• Role:– Develop integrated planning.– develop an early understanding of the issues. – shape the strategic approach.– develop a coherent, prioritised set of realistic objectives. – provide mechanisms for coordinated delivery. – advise on specific thematic issues, such as Security Sector

Reform. – lead on the collation and dissemination of cross-government

stabilisation lessons.

UK Civilian Stabilisation Group


Expeditionary logistics

• Early planning.– Demand, Duration, Distance.

• Multi-national logistics:– Framework nation.– Benefits & challenges.

• Inter & Intra-Theatre movement.– Security.

• Infra-structure.• Host Nation Support.


Camp BASTION Water-Bottling Plant


Public Support



MDWSC Georgia

Nov/Dec 2011

Colonel Andrew Cliffe

International Operations

Documents

Transcript of International Operations