INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR INFORMATION SYSTEM (lNIS)

The general objective of the INIS and its implemen-tation are desc r lbed, One essential characte ristic ofthe system is its decentralised nature in the matterof input preparation. As a result a great degree ofagreement is necessary regarding scope of subjectsto be covered. bibliographic description. preparationof abstracts. indexing. vocabulary. etc. The paperdescribes the methodology to be followed in inputpreparation keeping in view the above desiderata.

Introduction

The greatest challenge for the twentiethcentury scientist and technologist is to keepabreast of the rapid developments in scienceand technology scattered in a variety of docu-ments. To cope up this problem. variousinte rnational sc ierrt.ific information servicescatering to the needs of people in individualdisciplines have been established. The trendduring the last decade is to exploit the capa-bilitie s of electronic digital compute rs forinformation storage and retrieval. Notableamong these are: various magnetic tape ser-,vices of Chemical Abstracts Service viz .•Chemical Titles. Chemical andB"i&ogicalActivities. Pobrmer Science and Technology.CA Condensates; the computer-based NationalMedical Library's MEDLARS system; Compu-terized information Service in Physics. Elec-trotechnology. and Control (INSPEC) systemby the Institution of Electrical Engineers.London. The main aim of these mechanizedinformation systems is to commit the datareferring to each item of the literature to amagnetic store by a "once-for-all intellectualeffort" effected through a single keyboardoperation. The various operations like extrac-ting indexes. current awareness and SDI ser-vices are carried out by a 'suite of program-mes'. The need for a similar system for world-wide exchange of scientific and technical infor-mation was considered by the InternationalAtomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Vienna as farback as 1966 and the decision to create anInternational Nuclear Information System (INIS)

zZ

D S R Murty

Insdoc , New Delhi - lZ

was taken by the IAEA's Board of Governors inFebruary 1969 [1].

Objective of INIS

The main aim of INIS is "to improve andexpedite the exchange of scientific and techni-cal information between IAEA member stateson the basis of multilateral co-operation, andto eliminate the overlapping and duplication inthe processing of Ltte ratu re'". Thus the systemis designed for world-wide coverage in whichthe national members of IAEA would providethe input in such a way that it becomes a partof a coherent information system. This inputis merged at lAEA headquarter at Vienna tocreate a master file and distribute the same tothe member states. English is taken as the'carrie r-language' of the system for dataentering the computer.

Implementation

INIS started functioning from January1970 and is ndocument-oriented" [2]. That iseach unit of INIS file involves a description ofthe publication which contains a bibliographicdesc ription and subject index terms. In viewof its highly decentralized nature. IAEA haspublished a set of INIS Reference Series toenable the participating countries to submit theinput in an accepted manner. The followingpublications comprise. at present. the INISReference Series:

IAEA-INIS-l(Rev.1) INIS: DescriptiveCataloguing Rules

IAEA-INIS-2(Rev.l) INIS: DescriptiveCataloguingSamples

IAEA-INIS-3(Rev. 1) INIS: Subject Categoriesand ScopeDesc~iptions

IAEA-INIS-4(Rev.0) INIS: Instruction" for

INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR INFORMATION SYSTEM

SubmittingAbstracts

IAEA-INIS-5{Rev. 1) INIS: Terminology andCodes for Coun-tries and Inter-national Organi-zations

IAEA-INIS-6{Rev.l) INIS: Authority List forCorporateEntries

IAEA-INIS-7{Rev.0) INIS: Magnetic andPunched PaperTape Codes andCharacter Sets

IEAE-INIS-8{Rev.0) INIS: Paper Tape Speci-fications andRecord Format

IAEA-INIS-9{Rev.0) INIS: Magnetic TapeSpecifications andRecord Format

IAEA-INIS-10{Rev.0) INIS: T ransl ite rationRules for SelectedNon-RomanCharacters

IAEA-INIS-ll{Rev.O) INIS: Authority List forJournal Titles

IAEA-INIS-12{Rev.0) INIS: Manual forIndexing

IEAE-INIS-13{Rev.0) INIS: Thesaurus

IAEA-INIS-13A{Rev.0) INIS: TerminologyCharts

As the input is supplied from centres alloverthe world, an agreed scope of subjects to becovered is an essential step in implementationof INIS. IAEA-INIS-3 provides the frameworkof subject categories giving an 'initial scope'and a 'final scope'. To start with INIS adoptedthe initial scope. In addition this publicationalso serves. to supply a subject classificationscheme for arranging the entries in Atomindex(Fig. Ia}, the printed list of references fromthe INIS monthly tape. INIS does not covertranslations and patents during the initialyears.

Input Preparation

Bibliographic Description

INIS contains bibliographic descriptionof each unit mostly following the Anglo-

Vol 18 No I Mar 1971

American Cataloguing Rules. But some of tiH;data el ements like author's aCfiliation, cor-porate bodies etc. have been ceded and enteredunder assigned tags to facilitate machinesearching. The INIS form 1 (Fig. Z) i. desig-ned for this purpose. The upper portion ofthis Form contains a header that containsimportant control information like the Tempo-rary Record Number (TRN), country code, th."type and status of the record, etc. Theworksheet proper containing the other detailslike the name{s) of author{s), title of the docu-ment, report numbe r , Journal title etc.IAEA-INl1:i-l describes the details of fillingthis Form while lAEA-INIS-2 gives exam-ples for different types of documents e. g. achapter from a book, a journal article, amanual. a conference paper.

Preparation of Abstracts

Alongwith each bibliographic descriptionof each piece of literature, INIS requires anabstract to be typed on a standard INIS Form ..2 in accordance with the guidelines providedin IAEA-INIS-4. The abstracts are collecteciat the Agency and are assembled on micro-fiches. This abstracts-on-microfiche se r-vi ceis available to the public at a cost of US$ 45.00 per year and contains the abstract fo,each item reported in the' Atomindex', identi-fied by its Record Number (RN). Theabstracts can be submitted in anyone of theworking languages of the Agency viz. English,Russian, French, or Spanish. The membercountries are also allowed to provide theabstract in the original language if it isaccompanied by an abstract in anyone of theworking language. INIS clearing house alsorequires the full text of a non-conventionalitem {i. e. other than journal articles or boc.k.xthat can be ordered from authorized dealers}.and supplies these in microfiche on demand a~a cost of US $ 0.20 per microfiche; on anindividual basis, one can obtain an item for$ 0.65 per document irrespective of thenumber of microfiches contained in the docu-ment.

Thus the idea of bringing out an inter-national abstracting journal in the nuclearfield was abandoned by the INIS designers.They believe that the abstracts -on rrri c rofich-:service can be better utilized by the intern a-tional abstracting services.

.....~"<, ,

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

NEUTRON AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

A31 - Ne~tro" Physic.

002187 "otonini,~. (Comit4to Nez Lone Le perl t Ene r q Le Nuc l e e r-e , Le p r e (Italy»: De ne s I , A •• ; r o s e l t t ,G. (Comitato ~azionale per llEnergia Nuclear~, Bolo~na(Itdly). Centro di Ce Lc c t o ) , Com Lt e t o Ne z l on a l e perl'Enerijia Nuc Lea e e , ::'olTle (Itdl],). ColllNtloncorrection. in s~411 angle scattering or ne~tron,.CNEN-RT/fIMA--69-5. 1970. 28 p. 3 fig.

002.188 Be o Lt on L, l.; De Ago,tino, E.: Fillarln!,G. (Co~itato Ndziondle per l'Ene.~ia Nucle~re, C",aceia(I~al!i)" Centro di 3tudi 'luclearl-). Co e i t e t o Nez io na Leper l'Ener:;Jia Nuc Le e r e , Rome (Italy). The interrace tora triple axis neutron spectro~eter on-line controlled bVPOP-SL. (In Italian). L'interfdccia per uno s pe t t r oe e t r-ca tri~lo a!se per neutroni controllato on-line da unPDP-9L. CNEN-RT/EL--70-1. h70. 21 p , 5 fj~.

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d!ffu.!ooe d! oou'roo!. CNEN-RT/FI--70-18. 1970. 19 p.14 fIg.

002199 ~rosshoeg, G. (Chat.cr. T.~nl.k' Hoo ••ola,';otebor:;l(Sweden). Ln st r t u t Lcne n (or qe.~torry.l"':).Chel~er' Te~ntskD Hog5~ol., Goteborg (Sweden).DOKtorsl.Ivhaf'ldllng (Tekn.Dr.). Experl.entalIrv.3tlgatlons of 80.e tl.e-dependent pheno •• "a In the,lowing down and dlttuslon of neutron •• INIS-.(--30.1970. 16 p ,

002200 ~an,en, l.r.: 'nderson, J.D.: Coldber~.£.: Ka:n;ner:Hener, J.; Pjec n e t y , [.; Wong, C. (CaliCornl.ue t v , , Lt ve r eo r-e (USA». Prediction. (or "'eutrol\transport In air, be.ed on Integral .e.aur •• ent. 1ftnitrogen and oxygen at 14 "eVe Nucl. Sel. Eng. (~.»1970). v , 40 p , 2f2-282.

002201 Has,~. Israel ~tomlc Energy Com~l.'lo",Beersheba. Nuclear Pesearch Center-~egev. The~e4suremer\t of energ~ levels' wldtn In the 6-9 Mevregion. (In Hebt"ew). NRCN--254. ~ay 1970. 46 p.

002202 Lnc e nu e , E. (lIiaml 'Jnlv., Coral Gable"fla. (uSA». Orthogonallt~ ot ••set of polvno~I.I.

Fig. Ia, Portion of a page from Atomindex

INDEX or PERSONAL ~UTHORS

Aarkroy, A. 002700Abdullah, E. 002751Abrahams, E. 00_294Achter, H.R. 002478Ackley, R.D. OU2603Adams, R.E. 002603,003041Addison, C.C. 002560~dkin9, C.R. 002979Ahmed, N. 002232

Baran, V. 002545B4ranova, l.P. 002352Barbor. G.l. 002718Berelko, E.V. 002220Barish. J. 002209Barker. ~.G. 002560Barkovskij. V.F. 002303Barnes, C.E. 002606,002607Barnes, V.H. 002264caro, G.~. 002781Baroczy, C.J. 002988-------

90rok, B.A. 002315Bose, S. 002680~otste'n, C. 002714~oube, Pierre 002726Bouchey, G.D. 003118Bourdet Lucien 003034Bowersox, D.f. 002J16Bow~an, R.A. 002548Bo~d, W.K. 002444Brambilla, G. 002549Prandon, D.G. 002411-~L ---- ------~'-- --

002901,002905,002908,002937,002939,002970,002975,002982,0029'2,002993,002995,OOJ001,003007,0030C9,003107

INDEX or CORPOR~TE ENTRIES

Academia R.S.R., Buc ne r ea t {Rome n i a }; Ln e t Lt u t u I deFizica Ato!1llica

002193

AGIP Nucleare, !"Ii lan (Italy)002549,002552

Agricultural Re see e-c h Service, F~rgo, N.D. (USA)002€87

I - - --

Arizona State Unlv., Tempe (USA)002.l41,OOl572

Arizona Unlv., Tucson (USA)002889 -- -

INDEX or REPORT NU••BERS

AAEC/E BARC CALT

AAEC/E--20S 002877 BARC--479 003151 C~LT--221-83 002505BARC--480 003152BARC--481 003089

I\AECfT" CEII-Bl8AAEC/TM--533 002872 BARC/I CEA-9IB--156 002~22AAEC/TM-534 003073MECtT ~-53€ 002190 8A?Cfl--59 002659MEC/TM--5J7 002221 BARC/I--79 002283 CEA-CONfAAECtTM--539 00219?

Fig. la , Ib, and Ic Par/ions of pages from 3 indexes in Atomindex

24 Ann Lib Sc i Doc

mTERNATlONAL NUCLEAR INFORMATION SYSTEM

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Vol 18 No 1 Mar 1971 705

Subject Indexing

INIS magnetic tape file contains a setof subject index terms to facilitate retrieval atvarious levels according to the requirementsof the user. It was decided by the lAEA teamof experts that co-ordinate indexing be adopted.Accordingly the INIS thesaurus was compiledin collaboration with the Eu ropean AtomicEnergy Community (Euratom). This thesauruswas built up as a result of co-ordinate index-ing of about 987.000 documents in the nuclearfield by the Euratom Staff.

Arrangement of INIS Thesaurus

Each concept in the thesaurus is dis-played as a 'word block' (Fig. 3) indicatingits place in the terminology tree of broaderterms (BT) and the narrower terms, (NT). TheBT's and NT's are further graded as BTl.BT2. BT3 •.••.•.•• andNTI. NT2. NT3._ .••etc. to reflect their hierarchical level in theterminology tree structure as shown in Fig. 3These various levels in BTs and NTs arevisually displayed by giving an indentation anddistinguishing the BTs by printing. in lowercase letters and the NTs with upper caseletters. The thesaurus contains two types ofterms vi z , accepted terms and forbiddenterms. Each accepted term or descriptor isdisplayed alongwith its associated terms as aword block. Forbidden terms are precededby a minus sign and printed in bold lower casetype. The thesaurus refers to appropriatedescriptors to be used from forbidden termsby USE references and SEE references. The.USE reference directs the indexer to use theappropriate descriptor in the case of syno-nyms or near synonyms. For general termswhich occur very frequently on nuclear lite-rature but are useless from retrieval pointa re indicated by a "USE = " referenc e as in:

- nuclear physicsUSE =

The SEE references are given in the case ofhomonyms. or where multiple alte:-nativesare to be considered. Thus the SEE referencedirects the user to one or more possibleaccepted terms in the thesaurus. Also somedescriptors contain a scope note to restrictthe meaning or to permit a broad meaning.A detailed explanation of the arrangement anduse of the thesaurus for indexing is given inINIS-lAEA-12(Rev. I).

26

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Terminology Charts

The thesaurus is accompanied by a setof terminology charts - originally developedby the Euratom (Fig. 4) and are desc ribed inINIS-lAEA-l3A (Rev. 0). These are intendedto:"(i) allow the indexer to find the most appro-priate descriptor to represent the conceptreferred to in a document- [i i] in the processof query formulation to locate all the appro-priate terms. and [iii] to spot all the inconsis-tencies in the generic structures in the pro-cess of thesaurus modification". The des-criptors are entered in section 3 on page 2 ofINIS Form 1 (Fig. 2).

Computer Processing

The input is supplied by the variousmember states either in a magnetic tape (9-track). paper tape or worksheets. The inputsubmitted on paper tape or worksheets istranscribed to 9-track magnetic tape by theINIS Computer Section. INIS uses an IBMSystem/360 Model 30 computer with 65Kmemory. For bibliographic description anyof the INIS 120 character set can be usedwhich consists of upper and lower caseEnglish alphabet. 23 special characters, 12Greek symbols and super- and subscriptnumber 0 through 9 as well as plus and minussigns. Each of the characters is representedby INIS-8 bit code, which is an extension ofthe ISO 7-bit code for information interchange.For intermediate storage on pun c hed papertape a 87 character code is prescribed by thelNIS. The remaining 33 characters are givena special coding. lAEA-INIS-7 gives the fulldetails of thes e codes as well as the equipmentused. The format of INIS records on papertape and magnetic tape are described in lAEA-INIS-8 and lAEA-INIS-9 respectively.

Error-Checking Routines

Each record entering the system passes. through a number of error-checking routinesand is cycled and recycled till it is free fromany error in the rendering of its bibliographicdescription as well as the control fields.

In the case of subject index terms. thedescriptors assigned by the indexers arechecked against those in the thesaurus.Forbidden te rms are automaticall y replac edby the corresponding terms. In case of SEEreferences (Fig. 3) where more than one alter-

Ann Lib Sci Doc

INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR INFORMATION SYSTEM

PART 1At liOW'[S (cont & n •.••d )Nt 1 S-WAV[

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native is given, the computer prints out all theSEE references as it cannot take a decision inthis case. The computer programmes in theinput processing also automatically assign theBTs associated with each descriptor in a re-cord which is called "up-posting". This pro-cedure enables the retriever to search ondifferent levels of specificity. The computercorrects also all misspellings of descriptorsthat have occurred earlier (e. g. changing of

Vol 18 No 1 Mar 1971

ALUMINIUM to ALUMINUM etc.), all del-c rt pto r s in which just one letter wal mil-spelled, omitted or in which two cens ecuttveletters were interchanged. But it is to benoticed that it can correct only when anyone ofthese corrections is present singly. Whenmultiple corrections are present, the computerprints out the descriptor for manual correc-tion.

27

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)L----------------~---------9131 ~::::::::::::::~~~~AU"TO:"TtON SlIVOlol~H"HISMS .,&.OI,&.TIO•••s:nlCTOtS -COM'~'U' 11P/o

REACTOR OPERATION - S3

Fig.4 A page from the INIS Terminology Chart

In addition to the above prog-rammes,INIS contains a set of ancillary sub-systemsto maintain the authority files (journal titles,corporate bodies), to produce statis-tical re-ports giving error rates by country and by.type of error, etc. .

Output Services

The records containing bibliographicdescriptions and subject index terms, aft erthey have gone through the above mentionederror-checking and correcting routines, aresequenced on magnetic tape assigning aReport Number (RN). The computer also pro-vides a list of correspondence between theTRN (supplied by each member state) and theRN. Although the magnetic tape is the chiefoutput service of INIS, it brings out theAtomindex - a printed list of the items on thetape alongwith the three computer producedindexes v Iz ; , the author, corporate. and re-port number indexes (Fig. l(b». The mag-

28

netic tape file or Atomindex can be correlatedwith the file of abstracts -on -mic rofichethrough the RN. A flow chart giving the comp-lete operations of INIS is given in Fig. 5.

INIS in India

BARC. the national member of IAEAhas evinced a keen interest in INlS right fromits i.nception in May 1970. An INIS cell isformed at BARC in its Li.brary and TechnicalInformation Section (LTIS) to look after thevarious aspects of collecting and processingthe INIS input. It also requested a nu mbe r ofscientific organizations and documentationcentres to ensure a timely and comprehensivecoverage (3). At present the input is sub-mitted on worksheets. INSDOC is activelyco-operating with BARC in supplying a partof input scanned from the Indian journalliterature since June 1970.

Ann Lib Sci Doc

INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR INFORMATION SYSTEM

INPUT

[[] Worksheets

c:::=J Paper Tape

I] Abstracts

IYI Non-Conventional\l) literature

o Magnetic Tapes

••CONTROLRegistrationCompleteness CheckVerificationDispatchingCorrespondence

••I~••

INIS FLOW CHART

[[]-----I

KEYBOARDINGKeyboarding ofdataon paper tape(from worksheets)

.0Q------'

Conversion to magnetic tape

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUINGANDSUBJECT CONTROL UNITS

I~= 11 PIper Tape I~;;::ilError Lilt: ~: Printout : _: Pnntout

•• ••COMPUTER PROCESSING

••~

• : Error Lilt:jiiiiiiiiii: Printout:-:

IBM 360/30 Computer

CompleteneaaCheck list

~~

MICROFICHEPREPARATIONin Clearinghouse

Microfiching of abstracts andnon-conventional literature(Masterfiches)

MICROFICHEDUPLICATION

••••

Sunding orders end individualrwq-

EDITING ANDPUBLICATIONProofing 01 INIS Atomindexand Cumulative lndexllfs

"'SAtominduINIS

umul.,i~Ind••

Q QCtcttlonl CunM.llIIt;Y1~ lndexinV Indn"

Vol. 18 No 1 Mar 1971

OUTPUT

Fig.5 INISFlow Chart

INIS IIIIS INIS "ISAtomlndell Cumull'IV' trId.. The •• urut Aumot.., LIltS

~~~~

•• ••AUTHORITY FILESMAINTENANCE

IN IS Th ••• uruaCorpora" AuthorsJournal TIU••Report Hoe .

BARC has plans also to disseminate theINIS output services to the Indian scientistsand technologists. It is distributing thexerox copies of the monthly Atomindex tovarious scientific institutes, universities andthe collaborating 0 rganizations. BARC als 0

envisages to submit the input on magnetictapes as well as to conduct searches usingthe INIS output tape in the near future.

Training for Submitting Input

In view of the highly decentralizednature of lNIS, lAEA nfirmly believes thattraining courses are essential for those res-ponsible in preparing input - particularlyIndexe r s ", The first in the series of suchseminars was held for the region Asia andSouth East Asia at the invitation of the Depart.ment of Atomic Energy, Government of India,at BARC, Bombay during 23 Nov. - 11 Dec.1970. The Seminar, organized by the IAEAexperts in abstracting, indexing etc., wascomposed of lectures, demonstrations andextensive practice periods in which theparticipants prepared the descriptive cata-loging entries, abstracted and indexed a widevariety of documents in the nuclear fieldfamilarizing thems elves with the us e of INISReference Series.

Looking Ahead

INIS is at present a pilot project inbuilding a world-wide nuclear informationsystem. The first phase of producing thelNIS tapes and publ ication of Atomindex.

30

MURTY

Within the framework of the initial scope it hasbeen successfully implemented. Design andimplementation of search programmes an<lorganizing of SDI Services using the outputtapes have yet to be taken up. Much of itssuccess lies in the cooperation of the membernations in submitting a timely and accurateinput as well as attempting a speedy dissemi-nation of its output services.

Acknowledgement

The author is thankful to IAEA forusing sample pages from Atomindex and someof the INlS Reference Series.

References

(1] BREE. R: World cooperation in nuclearscience information. Special Libra-ries 1970, 61(5), 229-32.

[2J WOOLSTON, J E, ISSAEV, L L.IVANOV, M V, DEL BIGIO G: Thedesign and implementation of aninternational nuclear informationsystem. Proc Symp on handlingnuclear information. lAEA, Vienna1970. 607-19.

[3] KAMATH, V A: Nuclear libraries andservices including small centres indeveloping countries; the Indiannuclear library and information ser-vice. P roc Symp on handl ing nuclearinformation. lAEA. Vienna 1970. 435-46.

Ann Lib Sci Doc