amnesty international newsletterVol. IV No. 9

SOUTH KOREA PRESIDENT LIFTS EMERGENCY LAWS AFTERBISHOP TJI IS IMPRISONED FOR 15 YEARSPresident PARK CHUNG-HEE of South Korea re-

pealed Emergency Regulations 1 and 4 on 23August, 11 days after Bishop (Daniel) TJIHAK-SUN, Honorary President of AMNESTY INTER-NATIONAL's South Korean Section, was senten-ced to 15 years' imprisonment.But President Park, whose wife died in an

attempt on his life earlier in the week, saidthose already convicted under the regulationswould remain in detention.Emergency Regulation 1, promulgated in Jan-

uary, provided a maximum 15-year sentence foranyone opposing the country's controversialconstitution of 1972. Emergency Regulation 4,promulgated in April, instituted the deathpenalty for anyone who praised, encouragedor sympathized with a student group that hadbeen instrumental in organizing anti-Parkdemonstrations. Both regulations had beenthe subject of strong protest both inside andoutside South Korea. President Park said hewas revoking them because the death of hi.swife had united the country to an awareness ofthe alleged threats it was facing.At least 170 South Koreans - mostly students,

church leaders and intellectuals - and twoJapanese nationals received stiff sentencesranging from long terms of imprisonment todeath under the two regulations. Some deathsentences were commuted subsequently, butnine South Koreans still face execution atthe time of writing. All nine were put onlast month'sAI Postcards for PrisonersCampaign.Monsigneur Tji, who is Roman Catholic

Bishop of Wonju and an outspoken critic of thePark regime and the 1972 Constitution, wasfound guilty under Emergency Regulation 4 andfive articles of South Korean penal code. Hewas accused of "providing money to dissidentstudents planning the violent overthrow of thegovernment". He admitted giving one millionKorean won (about £1,200) for humanitarianreasons to the poet KIM CHI-HA, who was sen-tenced to death under the regulations in Julyand then had his sentence commuted to lifeimprisonment (AugustNewsletter).After the emergency regulations were lifted,

AI cabled President Park welcoming their re-peal and urging the immediate and uncondition-al release of all prisoners sentenced and de-tained under these regulations".A 50-page report last month by an AI dele-

gate to South Korea, New York Lawyer WILLIAMBUTLER, called the emergency measures "a totaldenial of human freedom". He said many ofthose found guilty under them had only con-fessed under torture.Mr Butler subsequently gave testimony on his

findings before a foreign affairs sub-committee

of the United States House of Representatives.This was followed by a call by leading Americannewspapers and politicians for withdrawal of USassistance to South Korea.

AI TO PUBLISH REPORT ON CHILEAI is publishing a major report on Chile

to mark the first anniversary on 11 Septem-ber of the military coup that overthrew thegovernment of President SALVADOR ALLENDE.The 80-page publication, calledCHILE- an

Amnesty International report,examines indetail the program of repression upon whichthe new military junta embarked after thecoup. It contains chapters on the circum-stances of the coup, political prisoners,executions, deaths and disappearances, theuse and abuse of the law by the junta, tor-ture and the plight of refugees. There isalso an appendix containing individual casesof repression and chronology of Al'sownwork on Chile.The report, which is being published in

English and Spanish editions, is illustratedwith photographs and a map showing the loca-tions of detention centers in Chile.Price of each edition is 85 pence (US

$2.10) plus postage. Copies are availablefrom national sections and from AmnestyInternational Publications, 53 Theobald'sRoad, London WC1X 8SP, England. Payment,including postage, must be received inadvance.

DANISH EX-FOREIGN MINISTER WILL OPENAI INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL MEETING

Some 150 delegates and observers from 22 nat-ional sections are expected to attendAmnestyInternational'sSeventh International Councilmeeting which is being held at Askov Folk HighSchool near Vejen, Denmark, from 6-8 September.They will be welcomed by the former Danish

Minister of Foreign Affairs KNUD BORGE ANDERSEN.Representatives from 36 non-governmental

organizations are also sending observers to thecouncil. Prior to the council, these observerswill attend a special meeting to discuss futureaction in Ars Campaign for the Abolition ofTorture.Also preceeding the council will be a meeting

of AI treasurers and a meeting of the Internatio-nal Executive Committee.Among the topics for discussion at the council

itself are plans for new approaches in AI's work, development in new areas, the handling of emer-

gency situations, capital punishment and means of broadening awareness of Ars aims and concerns.

BULGARIA RELEASES HEINRICH SPETTERDr HEINRICH SPETTER, the Bulgarian economist

sentenced to death in Sofia on 1 June for alle-ged espionage, arrived in Israel on 22 Augustafter being freed by Bulgarian authorities.Dr Spetter, aged 53 and a former employee of

September 1974 Founded 1961

2 Amnest International Newsletter September 1974

the United Nations Industrial Development Orga-nization in Vienna, was the subject of an app-eal by AI for commutation of his sentence (JulyNewsletter). The appeal to Bulgarian CommunistParty Leader TODOR ZHIVKOV, was renewed 13 Aug-ust after the Supreme Court, meeting in camera,confirmed the death sentence.Dr WERNER SPORN, an Austrian lawyer represen-

tingAI, tried to attend the Supreme Courtappeal hearing but was compelled to leave thecourtroom. He was also prevented from meetingDr Spetter and his family.After receiving Dr Sporn's report,AI Secre-

tary General MARTIN ENNALS went to the Bulg-arian Embassy in London and, in a meeting withembassy officials, welcomed the release of DrSpetter. But he also expressed concern thatthe appeal had been held in camera and at thedefence lawyer's handling of the Spetter case.

AI OBSERVER.EXPELLED FROM TUNISIAMONIQUE DESFORGES, a French lawyer repre-

sentingAI, was expelled from Tunisia on 15August while attending the trial at the Natio-nal Security Court in Tunis of 202 students,teachers and workers accused of various poli-tical charges. A number of other foreignobservers were also expelled.On 24 August the court sentenced 175 of the

defendants to terms of imprisonment rangingfrom six months to ten years. The court sus-pended 52 of the sentences. During the trial,which began 5 August, several of the accusedprotested against torture they said they hadsuffered while in detention and pointed outindividual torturers among the police presentin the courtroom. The trial has been condem-ned by international observers as being partof an attempt to suppress all opposition move-ments in Tunisia.

SOUTH VIETNAM DENIES 118 HONG KONGDEPORTEES WERE TREATED BRUTALLYThe Republic of Vietnam has angrily denied

reports that 118 Vietnamese refugees deportedfrom Hong Kong in June (July Newsletter) werebrutally assaulted on their forced return toSaigon and that 14, including two children,died after most of them were sent to the no-torious prison on Con Son Island.But A.J.J. SANGUINETTI, a Hong Kong lawyer

who visited Saigon 8-10 August on behalf of AI,confirmed the assault charge. He also confir-med that most of the refugees had initiallybeen sent to Con Son on arrival, despite assur-ances given by the Saigon regime to Hong Kongthat they would be treated leniently if re-turned.Saigon's denial of the charges came in a

cable toAI Secretary General MARTIN ENNALSfrom HOANG DUC NHA, Minister for Informationand Open Arms of the Republic of Vietnam. Thecable was in response to an AI cable and pressstatement calling for an urgent and impartialinternational inquiry into the fate of the 118.According to the reports on which A/ based

its call for an inquiry, a girl aged four anda boy aged 12 were among the 14 alleged to havedied, mostly of illness and "injuries". Thereports also said that some 25 military-agemen who were among the 118 refugees and who are

believed to be conscientious objectors, had beensent without training to join front-line unitsin one of South Vietnam's heaviest fightingzones.Mr Hoang's cable in reply said he was "abso-

lutely stunned at (the) shocking inaccuracy" ofthe reports about the refugees. "There has beenno repeat no deaths or injuries inflicted onthem," Mr Hoang said, "nor have there beenpeople sent to frontline without training stop.Amnesty International's excitement therefore(is) gratuitous and unnecessary."Mr Hoang said that "instead of fidgeting over

nothing",AI should look into the fate of the100,000 South Vietnamese whom he alleged were"still in North Vietnamese hands and so farunaccounted for".In a report of his visit to Saigon, Mr Sangui-

netti said a Saigon government official hadadmitted to him that none ,of the detained refu-gees had been seen by independent persons. Theofficial said that all the refugees, including35-40 of them who have been released, will soonface trial.Mr Sanguinetti said independent sources in

Saigon had confirmed that the 118 were "brutallyassaulted" on their arrival from Hong Kong. Hesaid that the Hong Kong authorities had not pro-duced a list of the names and particulars of therefugees. (In London there were reports thatthe Hong Kong government was claiming it hadnever recorded the names of the refugees beforeit deported them.)"Even cattle when shipped have some kind of

documentation," Mr Sanguinetti said. He pointedout that such a list is important "as there maywell be substitution at the trials".The Australian Government has already joined A/

in asking Saigon for an independent inquiry intothe fate of the 118.

APPEAL TO BAHREIN TO FREE 29 WORKERSAI cabled Sheikh ISSA BIN SULMAN AL KHALIFA of

Bahrein on 18 August calling for the release of29 workers who were arrested in June during anindustrial dispute at an a:It-minium plant in theArabian Gulf state (August Newsletter).A press statement issued with the cable expres-

sed concern that the 29 had been detained forover two months without charge or trial in con-travention of Bahrein's criminal code whichstipulates that no one can be detained for morethan 48 hours.The statement also voiced concern at reports

of poor conditions in Jidda Island prison wherethe 29 are being held and at the fact that theirrelatives had not been allowed to see any ofthem. One report said that prisoners subsistedon tiny daily rations of boiled vegetables, sugar,tinned milk and flour, receiving only two ouncesof fish and one ounce of meat per week.

CHILE COMMUTES FOUR DEATH SENTENCESThe Chilean Government announced in August that

it was commuting the death sentences passed by anair force tribunal on three air force officersand one civilian for collaboration with the gov-ernment of President SALVADOR ALLENDE before lastyear's military coup.Earlier A/ Secretary General MARTIN ENNALS had

written to Chile's Head of State, General AUGUSTO

Se tember 1974 Amnest International Newsletter 3

PINOCHET UGARTE, appealing for commutation ofthe sentences on Colonel ERNESTO GALAZ, aged46, Captain RAUL VERGARA, aged 31, SergeantBELARMINO CONSTANZO, aged 43, and CARLOS LAZOFRIAS, aged 47, a member of the Chilean Social-ist Party and former Vice-President of theState Bank of Chile. The background to theircase is detailed in the forthcoming AI public-ation Chile: an Amnesty International Report(see front page box).Mr Ennals said in his letter that a number ofimpartial foreign observers who attended theair force trials reported that the legal rightsof the defendants had been grossly violated.The observers had said that, among other vio-lations, the charges against the defendantswere based on confessions extracted duringsevere interrogation involving the use oftorture.Mr Ennals also expressed concern to General

Pinochet at the news that in a trial of 74political prisoners which began recently inLinares, the military prosecutor had demandedthe death penalty for four civilian membersof the regional council of the Socialist Partyduring the Allende government.

JORDAN URGED TO FREE 9 PALESTINIANSAI cabled King HUSSEIN of Jordan on 18 AUgust

urging him to free nine Palestinians who havebeen arrested over the past three months fortrade union activities. The nine have beendetained without charge or trial and withoutbeing permitted visits from relatives.The nine include MUHAMMED KASSEM, Secretary

of the Amman Engineering Workers' Union, andABDUL KADER KHATTAB, a member of the ExecutiveBureau of the Amman Bank Employees' Union. Allwere arrested following a complaint they madeagainst the Minister of Labour who had crossedtheir names off the register at recent tradeunion elections.

UN RECEIVES AI SUBMISSION ON NAMIBIAAI sent United Nations Secretary General KURT

WALDHEIM a communication on 6 August on the"consistent pattern of gross and reliably attes-ted violations of human rights perpetrated bythe government of South Africa upon the inhabi-tants of Namibia".The communication referred to the situation

in northern Namibia where, since the secondhalf of 1973, more than 100 persons have beenflogged in public because of their oppositionto South African policies in Namibia. It saidSouth Africa's refusal to stop the floggingsconstituted a gross violation of human rights.A/ sent the UN affidavits from victims of thefloggings and from a surgeon who examined twoof them, as well as photographs of the woundsinflicted and of the instrument used: the driedrigid stem of the makalani palm branch.Five days after the communication was sent,

AI'sCampaign for the Abolition of Torture dep-artment issued a news release challenging SouthAfrica's statement that the floggings are theoutcome of "tribal law and custom" in Namibia.It also issued a 12-page report on thefloggings. The news release said that SouthAfrica's protestations that it was unable tointervene "is not only hypocritical but also

false" since the government, in fact, controls,directly or indirectly all important politicaland economic matters in Namibia.The United Nations' Office of Public Informat-

ion has just completed a 16mm colour filmentitled "Namibia - a trust betrayed", whichprovides a useful background to the problem.Sections and groups wishing to obtain a copy ofthis 27-minute film should write to: DaphneBrooks, Chief of Distribution, Radio and VisualServices Division, United Nations, New York, NewYork 10017, USA.

POSTCARDS FOR PRISONERSFROM NSF CAMPAIGNSMUSTAFA DZHEMILEV OF USSRRE-ARRESTEDMustafa DZHEMILEV of the Soviet Union, who was

on thePostcards for Prisoners Campaignin Nov-ember 1971, has been re-arrested and sentenced toa year's imprisonment for refusing to report formilitary training.Some reports maintained that he was actually

detained for attempting to mark the 30th anni-versary of the deportation of the Crimean Tartarsto Uzbekistan.Mr Dzhemilev, who is now believed to be on

hunger strike, was put on the postcard campaignduring a 3-year term of imprisonment he wasserving for allegedly writing and distributingsamizdat - underground literature in typescriptform. * * *Ota FILIP of Czechoslovakia, who was on the

October 1970 Campaign, was expelled from thecountry in July and arrived in West Germany withhis family. Expelled with him was fellow Czecho-slovak writer Jiri Hochman who was also an AIadoptee and who has now gone to Switzerland formedical treatment. An article in the Swiss news-paper Zeue Zurcher Zeitung on 8 August creditedA/'s intervention with playing a major part inMr Hochman being allowed to leave Czechoslovakia.

THIS MONTH'S CAMPAIGNDr Jan TESA CzechoslovakiaDr Jan TESAR, aged 41, married with four

children, is a prominent historian. He had aresearch post at the Military Historical Insti-tute in Prague and was later attached to.theHistorical Institute of the Czechoslovak Academyof Sciences in Prague. He took part in thedrafting of the "Piller Report" which was ord-ered by the former Czechoslovak leader ALEXANDERDUBCEK and which analyzed political developmentsin Czechoslovakia since 1948 and outlined reasonswhy the Socialist experiment failed. He was alsoco-author of the "Ten Point Manifesto," theletter to the Czechoslovak State and Party inst-itutions protesting against the retreat from thepolicy of,,the reform period.Dr Tesar was arrested in 1969, released, and

arrested again in November 1971. In July 1972 hewas sentenced to 6 years' imprisonment on chargesof subversion. He is held in Ostrava prison. LastJuly he underwent a stomach operation in Prague.His wife, who last saw him in February, was notallowed to visit him in hospital.Please send courteously:worded cards appealing

for his releaseto: General Ludvfk Svoboda, Pre-sident of the Czechoslovak Republic, Praha -

Amnesy InternationaL Newsletter Se tember 1974

Hrad - Czechoslovakia; and to: Dr Gust6v Husgk,Secretary Generalzof the CzechosTovak CommunistParty, Praha 1, Nabef Kyjevske Brig6dy, Cze-choslovakia; to: Dr Jan Nemec, minister of Justice, Praha - Nove M6sto, Vyehradska 16,Czechoslovakia.

Rosario RAMIREZ Mora, Spa2nArrested together with her husband Cayetano

Rodriguez Garcia in December 1969, Rosario RA-MIREZ Mora has been held in Granada ProvincialPrison ever since, having been denied bail.They are both accused of illicit associationand illegal prcpaganda, charges for which theprosecution is demanding a total 10-year sen-tence for Senora Ramirez.She suffers from a liver disease and is not

receiving adequate medical care for her condi-tion. She has been unable to have children be-cause of poor health and has no other familybesides her husband, who is also imprisoned inGranada.Please send courteously-won:led c,.,Jo appeal-

ing for her release or tr7,a1 to: Sr Don Fran-cisco Ruiz-Jarabo y Baquero, "Inistro de Justi-cia, Calle San Bernado 47, 'Iadrid, Spain.

Mrs KUSNAH,IndonesiaMrs KUSNAH was first arrested short1y after

the abortive coup attempt in 1965 ana was re-

leased after spending several months in jail. She was again arrested in 1969 and has remained in prison without charge or trial ever since.Prior to the coup attempt Mrs Kusnan was em-

ployed at the Unilever plan in Jakarta and wasan activist in the Unilever Workers' Union, anaffiliate of the left-wing trade union federa-tion SOBSI. SOBSI and all its affiliates werebanned immediately after the coup attempt andmany of its leaders were arrested.During interrogation following her second ar-

rest, Mrs Kusnah was severely maltreated, in-cluding being burned with cigarettes, while be-in pressed to give information about the where-abouts of her pre-1965 trade union colleagues.After spending many months in interrogation

centers in Jakarta, Mrs Kusnah was transferredto the Bukit Duni Women's Prison in Jakartawhere she remained until April 1971 when shewas transferred to the Plantungan Women's De-tention Center in Central Java. This means thatshe has been classified as a "B" category pri-soner, the category for those who cannot betried for lack of evidence but who will not bereleased because they are deemed to be securi-ty risks. Mrs Kusnah has 13 children who arenow in the care of her husband.Please send courteously-worded cards ppeal-

ing for her release to: President Suharto,Istana Hegara, Jakarta; and to: the Prosecutor-General, Ali Said SH, Kejaksaan Agung, JalanHasanuddin 1, Kebayoran-Baru, Jakarta.

PRISONER RELEASES AND CASESThe International Secretariat learned in

July of the release of 104 A/-adopted pri-soners and took up 144 new cases.

AI NEWS IN BRIEFFollowing conflicting reports that a young

RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF AI MEMBERSThe Victorian Section in Australia has

drafted a suggested set of guidelines forAl-members under the above title:

A member will hold personal opinions buthe must be tolerant of the opinions of oth-ers and he must be prepared to work forthose who are imprisoned for views he doesnot share.A member may express his opinions public-

ly, but unless he refers to matters of di-rect concern to Amnesty International andhas been authorized to speak for the move-ment, for a section or a group, he must notallow the impression to arise that he ispresenting Amnesty's views.A member may also belong to other organi-

zations. He must then carefully separatehis activities for another organizationfrom his work for Amnesty International andand must refrain from involving Amnesty inmatters beyond its concern.

In particular, a member or an organiza-tion to which he belongs may be committedto aims to which Amnesty internationalcould not subscribe or appear to be subscri-bing. For example, he may be opposed to aspecific regime's ideology or policies onmatters other than the jailing of prisonersof conscience or torture. The member mustthen carefully weigh to what extent his be-ing considered hostile to that regi-, .e couldprejudice his or Amnesty's work fo- prison-ers of conscience in that country.

In brief, while a member's right to ctherinterests and commitments is not questioned,he must not prejudice the standing of Amnes-ty Internaticnal as an unbiased movementwith specific objectives.

Soviet violinist, GEORGI ERMOLENKO, had askedfor political asylum in Australia, AI SecretaryGeneral MARTIN ENNALS cabled Prime Minister ED-WARD GOUGH WHITLAM suggestMg the formation ofan ad hoc independent committee, composed oflegal authorities and an Al representative, todetermine whether Mr Ermolenko really wantedasylum. The violinist eventually returned tothe USSR after assuring Australian officialsthat he wished to do so. Australia is propo-sing a new international covenant for the gran-ting of asylum for political reasons and some-thing like the committee proposed in this caseby would need to be a constituent ot it.

* * *

AI cabled President ANWAR SADAT of Egypt on8 August condemning the execution of two alle-ged spies, ATTIA, FAHMI ISKANDER and SULEIMANSALMAN. They are believed to be the same twopersons - then named as Fawwaz Hussein and Su-leiman Suleiman whose death sentences AI urgedPresident Sadat to commute last June.

* * *

FUNDRAISING IDEA: During Prisoner of Con-science Week 1973, special collections inLuthern churches in the Hanover area ofWest Germany raised 30,000 Dms. Now is thetime for groups to make similar arrangementsfor PoC Week 1974: 13-20 October.

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS 53 THEOBALD'S ROAD LONDON WC1X 8SP ENGLAND

MARTIAL LAW REGIME IN THE PHILIPPINESEMPLOYS TORTURE TO CRUSH OPPOSITION

Several reports received during recent monthsby the CAT department from the Philippines, in-dicate that torture of political opponents ofPresident FERDINAND MARCOS' regime is commonpractice, and may be on the increase.

There are no signs that any adequate mea-sures have been taken to curb these practices,in spite of previous international protestsagainst similar allegations since the impositionof martial law in September 1972.

In October 1973, the Catholic Major ReligiousSuperiors in the Philippines conducted a nation-wide survey on the role of the church undermartial law, and in the report of this survey,only recently released in Europe, an alarmingaccount is given of a political atmosphere inwhich the proper exercise of civil rights isseverely restricted, and basic human rightsgrossly violated. In a chapter on the politicalsituation, the report says that "there are fre-quent reports of physical torture from allregions of the country".

It appears, however, that the methods oftorture employed are not restricted to physicalbrutality. It has been alleged that interroga-tors have injected detainees with addictivedrugs, in order to break their minds. A more.recent report by the Philippines CatholicChurch says that many of the political detai-nees are subjected to "rehabilitation" by psy-chologists and psychiatrists. The report quotesBrigadier General CICERO CAMPOS, commandingofficer of Camp Crame, a notorious detentioncenter, as saying:"Call it what you may, callit brainwashing or whatnot, but simply we haveto change the attitude of these persons, andthat is not a simple job to do." Victims ofthe tortures, for which the military and thePhilippine Constabulary ( police) are to beheld responsible, include lawyers, writers,teachers and churchmen.

In a letter of 22 August to President MarcosAI Secretary General MARTIN ENNALS has sharplyprotested the continuing use of torture andcalled for an investigation into the cases ofsome of the alleged victims. The letter furtherurged the President to abide by the UN StandardMinimum Rules for the Treatment of PHsoners,

CLANDESTINE LETTER CHARGES KOREAN CIARelatives and lawyers of some of the pri-

soners recently on trial in South Korea havecirculated a mimeographed letter, telling ofthe claims of torture that were made in thecourtroom. LEE KANG CHUL, a 26-year-oldstudent, was quoted as charging:"I was tor-tured with electricity for 20 days in abasement of the KCIA (Korean Central Intel-ligence Agency) building. I could no longerstand the torture and admitted the prosecu-tion charges". He was sentenced to 20 years.Another student, YO JUNG NAM, reportedlytold the judges:"It was so painful and dis-tressing to be kept awake so long at theKCIA that I just wrote what they were dic-tating". He was sentenced to death.

amnesty international

CAMPAIGN FOR THE

ABOLITION OF

TORTUREbulletin No. 4 September 1974

UN SUB-COMMISSION DISCUSSES TORTUREJust beforethis BulLetinwent to press, a

messagewas received from New York that theUnited Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention ofDiscrimination and Protection of Minorities, atits 27th session which was held 5-23 August,has in a resolution made the recommendationthat the question of torture be discussed atthis autumn's session of the UN General Assently.

In Resolution 3059 of 2 November 1973, inwhich the General Assembly unanimously rejectedany form of torture, specific mention was madeof the fact that the Sub-Commission had askedthe Commission on Human Rights for authoriza-tion to include in its agenda for last month'ssession an item on the human rights of personssubjected to any form of detention and impri-sonment. This authorization was granted, andAI, in accordance with its consultative status,submitted a statement concerning the questionof torture in relation to the work of theUnited Nations.

In this statement AI pointed out how thedangers of abuse of scientific research,thecircumstantial evidence of involvement of medi-cal personnel, and the inevitable corruptionof the judiciary had been shockingly confirmedby the recent disclosures in Portugal. Theseconfirmations from Portugal are all the moredisturbing since in a large number of countriesall over the world we are faced with a similarpicture of highly developed internal security,political imprisonment and torture as in thePortugal of the past.

Stressing the need for more effective actionand machinery to combat torture on the inter-governmental level, the statement drew the Sub-Commission's attention to the recommendationsto that extent that emanated from the ParisConference for the Abolition of Torture, andsuggested further that the commission set up aworking group on torture.

In another resolution the Sub-Commission re-commended that the Commission on Human Rightsstudy the "violations of human rights in Chile,with particular reference to torture and othercruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punish-ment."

MAKARIOS ACCUSED OF TORTURETorture has become an effective political

issue in the hands of the opponents of theousted President of Cyprus, Archbishop MAKARIOS.On display in New YOrk and London early in

2 Campaign for the Abolition of Torture September 1974 Bulletin

August were implements that had allegedly beenused by the Cyrpiot Auxiliary Police, a securi-ty force that was established by PresidentMakarios to combat the banned EOKA-B movement.The last months of the Makarios government weremarked by a vendetta of attacks and reprisalsbetween the EOKA-B guerrillas and the Makariossecurity forces.

It seems clear that the use of tortureagainst suspected EOKA-B guerrillas and sympa-thizers (including at least two of their law-yers) was a routine part of their interrogation.A member of the AI Campaign Department examinedthe torture equipment that had allegedly beenused in Cyprus, which included the following:chains and hard rubber hoses; three-feet-longtails of the stingray fish, allegedly used forwhipping, that are firm, flexible, and coveredwith small, sharp spines; and foreign-madeequipment, including heavy battery-driven po-lice truncheons (manufactured in Savage,Minnesota, USA) that give powerful electricaljolts and a Japanese-made device (perhaps manu-factured for medical use) that could be insert-ed in the anus and activated by batteries tocause intense vibration.

In London, a spokesman for ArchbishopMakarios denied all of the allegations as thefabrications of those who would prevent theArchbishop's return to Cyprus as president. Itis certainly true that his opposition has publi-cized the issue of torture in order to make.itmore difficult for the Archbishop to re-assumepower. Nevertheless, the nature of the allega-tions has been corroborated by several foreignjurists, including a lawyer who visited Cypruslast year representing the International Com-mission of Jurists.

Perhaps the most telling evidence was con-tained in the denial issued by the Archbishop.His spokesman said that every allegation hadbeen investigated and that in each case it hadbeen determined that the alleged victim hadallowed himself to be beaten, mutilated or burn-ed by his colleagues so that he could accusethe government of using torture.

APPEALSRELEASED : MARIA CONCEICAO SARAMENTO COELHODA PAZ of Brazil (July and August Bulletins)has been released, according to a close relativeliving abroad, who expressed appreciation tothose who appealed to the Brazilian authorities.

MARIA TERESA ALESSANDRO - URUGUAYA 43-year-old social worker and former Domi-

nican nun, MARIA TERESA ALESSANDRO, of Argenti-nian nationality, was arrested on 21 February1972 in Mercedes on suspicion of collaborationwith the Tupamaros. Although her relations withthis underground organization seem to have beensuperficial, she was indicted for associationwith a subversive movement.

Upon arrest Maria Alessandro was taken to amilitary barracks, where, according to informa-tion received by AI, she was subjected to bru-tal tortures during a 24-day period, in orderto extract a confession and to break her morale.She was suspended on a pole for hours on end inthe blazing sun, was forced to walk around a

pole for 18 hours without pause, and when shecollapsed, was kicked and pulled up by herhair. She was interrogated while naked, hadnails pulled out, and was forced to watch howyoung boys were tortured on their genitals. Inaddition to these physical brutalities, shewas sexually humiliated, and was continuallydisturbed during the short periods at nightthat she was allowed some rest.

After 24 days she was transferred to theprison of Mercedes in a very weak condition.The excessive tortures stopped, but prisonconditions were harsh, and she and other pri-soners were regularly harassed and subjectedto humiliating treatment. This continuedafter subsequent transfer to the Women'sPrison in Montevideo, where she is stillawaiting trial.

As a result of the torture she has under-gone and the poor prison conditions, MariaAlessandro's health has seriously deteriorated:she is reported to suffer from rheumatism andinadequately healed fractures, and is in cons-tant pain. She is also losing hair, and haslapses of memory, and it is feared that sheis developing a serious chronic psychosis.

Please send courteously worded letters,appealing for adequate medical treatment forMaria Teresa Alessandro, for an official in-quiry into the alleged tortures, and for aspeedy triaZ, to: Dr Marechal, Juzgado CrimenTercer Turno, Soriano 1126, Montevideo, Uru-guay; and to: Senores Miembros de la SupremaCorte de Justicia, Montevideo, Uruguay.Appeals for proper treatment should be sentto: Sr Figueredo, Director, and/orSr Alejan-dro Otero, Comisario, Carcel de Mujeres, Sec-tor Centro, Montevideo, Uruguay.

AI URGES GREECE TO RE-OPEN CASEBEFORE THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE

Following the return of civilian rule toGreece, AI Secretary General MARTIN ENNALSwrote to Greek Prime Minister CONSTANTINEKARAMANLIS, requesting that the new governmentinvite the European Commission on Human Rightsto re-open the Greek case of 1968-69. Theculmination of the Greek case was the with-drawal by the government of Colonel GEORGEPAPADOPOULOS from the Council of Europe on theeve of its expulsion.

Subsequently the "Report of the EuropeanHuman Rights Commission in the Greek Case" wasaccepted by the Council of Europe. The reportlisted numerous violations of human rights,including 213 victims who had been tortured bythe government's security forces.

The Commission "established beyond doubtthat torture or ill-treatment contrary to Arti-cle 3 (of the European Human Rights Convention)has been inflicted in a number of cases, andgiven the 'repetition of acts' and the 'offi-cial tolerance', the use of torture in Greececonstitutes an 'administrative practice": Theallegations of torture, as documented by AI,were instrumental in the decision of the Coun-cil of Europe that promoted the diplomaticisolation of Greece from the rest of WesternEurope.