International Mobile Telecommunicationsmidas1.e-technik.tu-ilmenau.de/~webkn/Webdaten...GSM...
Transcript of International Mobile Telecommunicationsmidas1.e-technik.tu-ilmenau.de/~webkn/Webdaten...GSM...
8.5 UMTS / IMT-2000
UMTS and IMT-2000• Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)
UWC-136, cdma2000, WP-CDMA UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
• UMTS UTRA (was: UMTS, now: Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) enhancements of GSM
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): GSM up to 384 kbit/s CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic) VHE (Virtual Home Environment)
fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI requirements
min. 144 kbit/s rural (goal: 384 kbit/s)min. 384 kbit/s suburban (goal: 512 kbit/s) up to 2 Mbit/s urban
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Frequencies for IMT-2000
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSS↑
ITU allocation(WRC 1992)
IMT-2000 MSS↓
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD ↑
UTRAFDD ↓
TDD
TDD
MSS↑
MSS↓
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSS↑ IMT-2000 MSS
↓GSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSS↓
MSS↓
MSS↑
MSS↑
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv.
IMT-2000 Family
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA);TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC/3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq. Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment ofCore Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w/ FDD)
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
GSM and UMTS Releases
• Stages (0: feasibility study)
1: service description from a service-user’s point of view
2: logical analysis, breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
3: concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
(4: test specifications)
• Additional information: www.3gpp.org/releases
www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/ SpecReleaseMatrix.htm
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3GPP Releases (I)
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
3GPP RELEASES
3GPP RELEASE RELEASE DATE DETAILS
Phase 1 1992 Basic GSM
Phase 2 1995 GSM features including EFR Codec
Release 96 Q1 1997 GSM Updates, 14.4 kbps user data
Release 97 Q1 1998 GSM additional features, GPRS
Release 98 Q1 1999 GSM additional features, GPRS for PCS 1900, AMR, EDGE
Release 99 Q1 2000 3G UMTS incorporating WCDMA radio access
Release 4 Q2 2001 UMTS all-IP Core Network
Release 5 Q1 2002 IMS and HSDPA
Release 6 Q4 2004 HSUPA, MBMS, IMS enhancements, Push to Talk over Cellular, operation with WLAN
3GPP Releases (II)
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
3GPP RELEASES
3GPP RELEASE RELEASE DATE DETAILS
Release 7 Q4 2007 Improvements in QoS & latency, VoIP, HSPA+, NFC integration, EDGE Evolution
Release 8 Q4 2008 Introduction of LTE, SAE, OFDMA, MIMO, Dual Cell HSDPA
Release 9 Q4 2009 WiMAX / LTE / UMTS interoperability, Dual Cell HSDPA with MIMO, Dual Cell HSUPA, LTE HeNB
Release 10 Q1 2011 LTE-Advanced, Backwards compatibility with Release 8 (LTE), Multi-Cell HSDPA
Release 11 Q3 2012 Heterogeneous networks (HetNet), Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP), In device Coexistence (IDC), Advanced IP interconnection of Services
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
3GPP Releases (III)
3GPP RELEASES
3GPP RELEASE RELEASE DATE DETAILS
Release 12 March 2015 Enhanced Small Cells operation, Carrier Aggregation(2 uplink carriers, 3 downlink carriers, FDD/TDD carrieraggregation), MIMO (3D channel modelling, elevationbeamforming, massive MIMO), MTC - UE Cat 0 introduced, D2D communication, eMBMS enhancements.
Release 13 Scheduled for March 2016 LTE-U / LTE-LAA, LTE-M, Elevation beamforming / Full Dimension MIMO, Indoor positioning, LTE-M Cat 1.4MHz & Cat 200kHz introduced
Release 14 Mid 2017 Elements on road to 5G
Release 15 End 2018 5G Phase 1 specification
Release 16 2020 5G Phase 2 specification
Release 17 Mid 2021 5G RAN
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UMTS Releases and the Path Towards 5G
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
https://www.3gpp.org/images/articleimages/Releases/2019_large_ongoing_releases.jpg
Licensing Example: UMTS in Germany, August 18, 2000
• UTRA-FDD: Uplink 1920-1980 MHz Downlink 2110-2170 MHz duplex spacing 190 MHz 12 channels, each 5 MHz
• UTRA-TDD: 1900-1920 MHz, 2010-2025 MHz; 5 MHz channels
• Coverage of the population 25% until 12/2003 50% until 12/2005
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
Sum: 50.81 billion €
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
UMTS Architecture (Release 99 used here!)
• UTRAN (UTRA Network) Cell level mobility Radio Network Subsystem (RNS) Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
• UE (User Equipment)• CN (Core Network) Inter system handover Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
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UTRANUE CN
IuUu
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
UMTS Domains and Interfaces I
• User Equipment Domain Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
• Infrastructure Domain Shared among all users Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
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USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
UMTS Domains and Interfaces II
• Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) Functions for encryption and authentication of users Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
• Mobile Equipment Domain Functions for radio transmission User interface for establishing/maintaining end-to-end connections
• Access Network Domain Access network dependent functions
• Core Network Domain Access network independent functions Serving Network Domain
Network currently responsible for communication Home Network Domain
Location and access network independent functions
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
Spreading and Scrambling of User Data
• Constant chipping rate of 3.84 Mchip/s• Different user data rates supported via different
spreading factors higher data rate: less chips per bit and vice versa
• User separation via unique, quasi orthogonal scrambling codes users are not separated via orthogonal spreading
codes much simpler management of codes: each
station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes
precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
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data1 data2 data3
scramblingcode1
spr.code3
spr.code2
spr.code1
data4 data5
scramblingcode2
spr.code4
spr.code1
sender1 sender2
OVSF Coding
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
1
1,1
1,-1
1,1,1,1
1,1,-1,-1
XX,X
X,-X 1,-1,1,-1
1,-1,-1,11,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1
1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1
1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1
1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1
1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1
1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1
SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8
SF=n SF=2n
...
...
...
...
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
UMTS FDD Frame Structure
W-CDMA• 1920-1980 MHz uplink• 2110-2170 MHz downlink• chipping rate: 3.840 Mchip/s• soft handover• QPSK• complex power control
(1500 power control cycles/s)• spreading: UL: 4-256
DL:4-512
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0 1 2 12 13 14...Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPCTime slot
666.7 µs
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
666.7 µs
666.7 µs
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips, 10 bits
2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k = 0...6)
TFCI
2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k = 0...7)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCH
FBI: Feedback InformationTPC: Transmit Power ControlTFCI: Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH: Dedicated Physical Channel
Slot structure NOT for user separation but synchronization for periodic functions!
8.5 UMTS/ITM-2000
Typical UTRA-FDD Uplink Data Rates
User data rate [kbit/s] 12.2 (voice) 64 144 384DPDCH [kbit/s] 60 240 480 960DPCCH [kbit/s] 15 15 15 15Spreading 64 16 8 4
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
UMTS TDD Frame Structure (Burst Type 2)
TD-CDMA• 2560 chips per slot• spreading: 1-16• symmetric or asymmetric
slot assignment to UL/DL(min. 1 per direction)
• tight synchronization needed• simpler power control
(100-800 power control cycles/s)
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0 1 2 12 13 14...Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot666.7 µs
10 ms
Traffic burstGPGP: guard period
96 chips2560 chips
UTRAN Architecture
• UTRAN comprises several RNSs
• Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
• RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
• Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC: Radio Network ControllerRNS: Radio Network Subsystem
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
UTRAN Functions
• Admission control• Congestion control• System information broadcasting• Radio channel encryption• Handover• SRNS moving• Radio network configuration
• Channel quality measurements• Macro diversity• Radio carrier control• Radio resource control• Data transmission over the radio
interface• Outer loop power control
(FDD and TDD)• Channel coding• Access control
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8.5 UTMS/IMT-2000
Core Network: Protocols
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1: PDH, SDH, SONET
Layer 2: ATM
Layer 3: IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTN/ISDN
PDN (X.25),Internet (IP)
UTRAN
CN
Core Network: Architecture
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B RNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
Core NetworkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu, too, are separated into two logical domains:
• Circuit Switched Domain (CSD) Circuit switched service incl. signaling Resource reservation at connection setup GSM components (MSC, GMSC, VLR) IuCS
• Packet Switched Domain (PSD) GPRS components (SGSN, GGSN) IuPS
• Release 99 uses the GSM/GPRS network and adds a new radio access! Helps to save a lot of money … Much faster deployment Not as flexible as newer releases (5, 6)
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UMTS Protocol Stacks (User Plane)
Circuit Switched Packet Switched
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
apps. &protocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps. &protocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDP/IPPDCP
RLC UDP/IP UDP/IP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDP/IPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP, PPP,…
IP, PPP,…
IP tunnel
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
Support of Mobility: Macro Diversity
• Multicasting of data via several physical channels Enables soft handover FDD mode only
• Uplink simultaneous reception of UE data at several
Node Bs Reconstruction of data at Node B, SRNC or DRNC
• Downlink Simultaneous transmission of data via different cells Different spreading codes in different cells
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CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
Support of Mobility: Handover
• From and to other systems (e.g., UMTS to GSM) This is a must as UMTS coverage will be poor in the beginning
• RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)• RNS offering additional resources (e.g., for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)• End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS
Change of SRNS requires change of Iu
Initiated by the SRNS Controlled by the RNC and CN
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SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CN
Iu
Node BIub
Node BIub
Example Handover Types in UMTS/GSM
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
RNC1UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1Iu
Node B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
Breathing Cells
• GSM Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
• UMTS Cell size closely correlated to the cell capacity Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity Noise generated by interference from other cells and other users of the same cell Interference increases noise level Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max. power limit) and
thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible Limitation of the max. number of users within a cell required Cell breathing complicates network planning
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Breathing Cells: Example
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8.5 UMTS / IMT-2000
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
UMTS Services (Originally)• Data transmission service profiles
• Virtual Home Environment (VHE) Enables access to personalized data independent of location, access network, and device Network operators may offer new services without changing the network Integration of existing IN services
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Service Profile Bandwidth Transport Mode Comments
High Interactive MM 128 kb/s Circuit-switched Bidirectional, Video Telephony
High MM 2 Mb/s Packet-switched Low Coverage, max. 6 km/h
Medium MM 384 kb/s Packet-switched Asymmetrical, MM, Downloads
Switched Data 14.4 kb/s Circuit-switched
Simple Messaging 14.4 kb/s Packet-switched SMS Successor, E-Mail
Voice 16 kb/s Circuit-switched
Example 3G Networks: Japan
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA Phones
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
Isle of Man –Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
UMTS in Monaco
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
UMTS in Europe
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8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
Vodafone/Germany
Orange/UK
8.6 HSPA
Enhancements I
• GSM Enhanced Message Service EMS / Multimedia Messaging Service MMS
EMS: 760 characters possible by chaining SMS, animated icons, ring tones, was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
MMS: transmission of images, video clips, audio− see WAP 2.0
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was: GSM] Evolution)8-PSK instead of GMSK, up to 384 kbit/snew modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
− MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 8.8/11.2/14.8/17.6 kbit/s− MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 22.4/29.6/44.8/54.4/59.2 kbit/s
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8.6 HSPA
Enhancements II
• UMTS HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)
initially up to 10 Mbit/s for the downlink, later > 20 Mbit/s using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas
can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally > 13 Mbit/s)user rates e.g. 3.6 or 7.2 Mbit/s
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access) initially up to 5 Mbit/s for the uplinkuser rates e.g. 1.45 Mbit/s
HSPA+ with 28-84 Mbit/s for downstream
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HSDPA – Transmission Rates
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8.6 HSPA
Source: http://www.elektronik-kompendium.de/sites/kom/1301141.htm
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
HSDPA, 3. Expansion Stage - Uplink: 3.6 MBit/s
HSDPA, 3. Expansion Stage - Downlink: 7.2 MBit/s
HSDPA, 2. Expansion Stage - Uplink: 1.8 MBit/s
HSDPA, 2. Expansion Stage - Downlink: 3.6 MBit/s
HSDPA, 1. Expansion Stage - Uplink: 384 kBit/s
HSDPA, 1. Expansion Stage - Downlink: 1.8 MBit/s
UMTS, Uplink: 64 kBit/s
UMTS, Downlink: 384 kBit/s
Data Rates for Different HSDPA Expansion Stages
8.6 LTE
Enhancements III
• LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Generation 3.9
Peak data rates of 300 Mb/s (downlink) and 75 Mb/s (uplink)
• LTE Advanced / LTE +
increased peak data rate, downlink 3 Gbit/s, uplink 1.5 Gbit/s
higher spectral efficiency, from a maximum of 16bps/Hz in R8 to 30 bps/Hz in R10
increased number of simultaneously active subscribers
improved performance at cell edges, e.g. for DL 2x2 MIMO at least 2.40 bps/Hz/cell.
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Development of HSDPA / HSUPA
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8.6 HSPA
Source: http://www.ltemobile.de/HSPA.46.0.html TTI: Transmission Time Interval
8.6 HSPA
HSPA+
• Goal of 3GPP Specification HSPA+ Release 7: increase of data rate
• Higher frequency spectrum efficiency 64QAM in downlink 16QAM in uplink MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
• Maximum data rate: HSPA+ Release 7: 28.0 Mbit/s (Downlink) 11.5 Mbit/s (Uplink) HSPA+ Release 8: 42.2 Mbit/s (Downlink) 11.5 Mbit/s (Uplink) HSPA+ Release 9: 56.0 Mbit/s (Downlink) 11.5 Mbit/s (Uplink)
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8.7 LTE
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
• Current standard for high-rate mobile data communication Migration from UMTS via HSDPA and HSUPA to LTE Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Multiple Input/Multiple Output antenna technology
(MIMO) Decrease of latency for IP-based voice communication Expected data rate of up to 300 Mb/s (downlink)
and 75 Mb/s (uplink)
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8.7 LTE
LTE Netzaufbau
• eNB = E-UTRAN Node B• MME = Mobility Management Entity• S-GW = Serving Gateway
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Source: http://www.slideshare.net/hamdani2/lte-long-term-evolution
Comparison of HSPA and LTE
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8.7 LTE
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8.7 LTE
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8.8 5G/IMT-2020
On the Way to 5G
5G (IMT-2020) with the following (ambitious) goals:• Increase of data rate by factor 100 compared to LTE (i.e. up to 10 Gb/s)• Increase of capacity by factor 1000• Addressing of 100 billion mobile devices worldwide at a time• Extremely low latency ping below 1 ms• Energy saving by factor 1000 per transmitted bit• 90% less power consumption
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Source: http://www.lte-anbieter.info/5g/
8.8 5G/IMT-2020
5th Generation
• Tactile Internet• Said to be introduced in 2020 IMT 2020
• Main goals: Efficiency with low cost High bit rate using dynamic
spectrum access Convergence of fiber and
wireless network• Application scenarios Internet of Things (IoT) Integration of MANETs
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5G Application Profiles
• Enhanced mobile broadband Data rates up to 20 Gb/s Video streaming, augmented / virtual
reality• Massive machine type communications Massive IoT: plentitude of IoT devices with
energy efficiency• Ultra-reliable low-latency communications Latency less than 1 ms Autonomous driving, Industry 4.0
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8.8 5G/IMT-2020
mMTC
Outlook
6G – The next PLMN standard…
• Possibly to be expected in 2030• Even higher data rates to cope with the
huge amounts of data to be transferred• Extended mobile edge computing• Higher radio frequencies (Terahertz wave
spectrum above 95 GHz) But what about the ranges?
• virtually zero latency but what about speed of light?
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References
References
• Al Agha, Khaldoun; Pujolle, Guy; Ali-Yahiya, Tara (2016): Mobile and Wireless Networks. London, Hoboken, NJ: ISTE Ltd.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Networks & Telecommunications Series. Advanced Networks Set, Volume 2).
• Commsbrief (2017): Mobile Networks Made Easy. A Simplified View of Mobile Networks for Professional Audience. Commsbrief Limited.
• Lin, Yi-Bing; Chlamtac, Imrich (2001): Wireless and Mobile Network Architectures. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Sauter, Martin (2017): From GSM to LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G. An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband. 3rd edition. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Smith, Clint; Collins, Daniel (2014): Wireless Networks. Design and Integration for LTE, EVDO, HSPA and WiMAX. 3rd edition. New York, Blacklick: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing.
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