International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1....
Transcript of International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1....
![Page 1: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
International Law and ASEAN Integration:Outcomes and CostsTowards A Just Peace
AsianSIL Inter-sessional Regional Conference 2015The Rule of Law and Development Nexus: A New Deal for Asia
4-5 June 2015Bangkok, Thailand
Associate Professor Michael Ewing-Chow
1
![Page 2: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Just Peace1967 to …
2
![Page 3: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
![Page 4: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ASEANCommunity
ASEANPolitical-Security
Community(APSC)
ASEANEconomic
Community(AEC)
ASEAN Socio-Cultural
Community(ASCC)
4
ASEANPolitical-Security
Community(APSC)
ASEANEconomic
Community(AEC)
ASEAN Socio-Cultural
Community(ASCC)
ASEAN Institutional and Legal Frameworks,including Dispute Settlement Mechanisms
![Page 5: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
THE ECONOMIC OUTCOMES
5
![Page 6: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
From Single Producerto Global Value Chains
•Globalization,Technology and MNCshave changed tradepatterns.•Behind the bordermeasures (includinginvestment ones) arenow more important totrade flows.•Traders and Investorswant Certainty andPredictability particularfor JIT GVCs.
•Globalization,Technology and MNCshave changed tradepatterns.•Behind the bordermeasures (includinginvestment ones) arenow more important totrade flows.•Traders and Investorswant Certainty andPredictability particularfor JIT GVCs.
6
![Page 7: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
“May you live in interesting times…”
• Risks for Traders and Investors–Political–Economic Crisis–Policy Changes
• Corruption• Protectionism• Public Policy (accepted as business risk)
• Risks for Traders and Investors–Political–Economic Crisis–Policy Changes
• Corruption• Protectionism• Public Policy (accepted as business risk)
7
![Page 8: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ASEAN Population and Economy 2012
8
![Page 9: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Yaung Chi Ooi v Myanmar
• Woman from Singapore invested in a small Myanmarbeer factory.
• She worked hard and made the factory profitable.• Myanmar Army took over the factory by armed
seizure in late 1997.• Myanmar Government froze her bank accounts – no
way to transfer funds out of Myanmar.• How may this woman get justice?• How do we encourage others to invest in ASEAN?
• Woman from Singapore invested in a small Myanmarbeer factory.
• She worked hard and made the factory profitable.• Myanmar Army took over the factory by armed
seizure in late 1997.• Myanmar Government froze her bank accounts – no
way to transfer funds out of Myanmar.• How may this woman get justice?• How do we encourage others to invest in ASEAN?
![Page 10: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
FDI and GVC Participation
10
![Page 11: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Relationship between LogisticPerformance and Corruption
11
![Page 12: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Corruption Perception IndexRanking
in ASEAN(2013)
Country Corruption Perception Index Score
2012 ranking(176 countries)
2013 ranking(177 countries)
1 Singapore 5 52 Brunei 46 383 Malaysia 54 53
12
3 Malaysia 54 534 Philippines 105 945 Thailand 88 1026 Indonesia 118 1147 Vietnam 123 1168 Laos 160 1409 Cambodia 157 160
10 Myanmar 172 157
Source: Transparency International, Corruption Perception Index,http://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview
![Page 13: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
THE RULE OF LAW
13
![Page 14: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sources of International Disputes
Failures of:1. Compliance2. Cooperation3. Clarity of the Law (or no Law) or Facts
Failures of:1. Compliance2. Cooperation3. Clarity of the Law (or no Law) or Facts
14
![Page 15: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
World Justice Project 4 Principlesof the Rule of Law
1. The government and its officials and agents as well asindividuals and private entities are accountable under thelaw.
2. The laws are clear, publicized, stable and just, are appliedevenly, and protect fundamental rights, including the securityof persons and property.
3. The process by which the laws are enacted, administered andenforced is accessible, fair and efficient.
4. Justice is delivered timely by competent, ethical, andindependent representatives and neutrals who are ofsufficient number, have adequate resources, and reflect themakeup of the communities they serve.
1. The government and its officials and agents as well asindividuals and private entities are accountable under thelaw.
2. The laws are clear, publicized, stable and just, are appliedevenly, and protect fundamental rights, including the securityof persons and property.
3. The process by which the laws are enacted, administered andenforced is accessible, fair and efficient.
4. Justice is delivered timely by competent, ethical, andindependent representatives and neutrals who are ofsufficient number, have adequate resources, and reflect themakeup of the communities they serve.
15
![Page 16: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Legalization
• Abbot, Keohane, Moravcsik, Slaughter & Snidal:1. Obligation2. Precision3. Delegation (Third Party Adjudication)
• Most conflicts are resolved without litigation e.g.Administration (Monitoring & Reporting) and byConsultations and Compromise.
• But under the shadow of Adjudication people aremore reasonable.
• Abbot, Keohane, Moravcsik, Slaughter & Snidal:1. Obligation2. Precision3. Delegation (Third Party Adjudication)
• Most conflicts are resolved without litigation e.g.Administration (Monitoring & Reporting) and byConsultations and Compromise.
• But under the shadow of Adjudication people aremore reasonable.
16
![Page 17: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Methods for Compliance
SunshineSunshineSticksSticks
Capacity
CarrotsCarrotsSunshine
and CarrotsSunshine
and Carrots
17
IntentionJacobson & Brown Weiss
![Page 18: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
A THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAWAND DISPUTE SETTLEMENT DESIGN
18
![Page 19: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Dimension 1: Outcomes Desired
1. Cessation of Conflict2. De-escalation of Tensions3. Final Legally Binding Award4. Damages or Compliance5. Mutually Agreed Solution6. Clarification of Norms7. Technical Cooperation8. Common Epistemic Understanding
1. Cessation of Conflict2. De-escalation of Tensions3. Final Legally Binding Award4. Damages or Compliance5. Mutually Agreed Solution6. Clarification of Norms7. Technical Cooperation8. Common Epistemic Understanding
19
![Page 20: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Dimension 2: Political Costs ofDisputes and Adjudication
1. Regime Change2. Regime Legitimacy Challenged3. Conflict4. Loss of Territory5. Sanctions6. Tensions7. Damages8. Declaration
1. Regime Change2. Regime Legitimacy Challenged3. Conflict4. Loss of Territory5. Sanctions6. Tensions7. Damages8. Declaration
20
+ Counterfactual Costs
![Page 21: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
DS Management Methods
1. Compulsory Adjudication2. Non-Compulsory Adjudication3. Consultation4. Monitoring5. Technical Coordination6. Clarification
1. Compulsory Adjudication2. Non-Compulsory Adjudication3. Consultation4. Monitoring5. Technical Coordination6. Clarification
21
![Page 22: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
International Law & ASEAN DSMs
1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use offorce, no interference and peaceful settlement)
2. 2004 Enhanced DSM (economic disputes –compulsory and negative consensus)
3. 2007 ASEAN Charter (general obligations)4. 2010 Protocol to the ASEAN Charter DSM (all
other disputes that do not have specific DSM)• Plus option for recourse to international
infrastructure of ICJ, WTO, ITLOS
1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use offorce, no interference and peaceful settlement)
2. 2004 Enhanced DSM (economic disputes –compulsory and negative consensus)
3. 2007 ASEAN Charter (general obligations)4. 2010 Protocol to the ASEAN Charter DSM (all
other disputes that do not have specific DSM)• Plus option for recourse to international
infrastructure of ICJ, WTO, ITLOS22
![Page 23: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
1. Intra-ASEAN Trade Disputes
• Malaysia – Polyethylene and Polypropylene[WTO DS1] (Singapore) (1995)
• Thailand – Cigarettes from the Philippines[WTO DS371] (Philippines) (2008)
• Note: Common Enhanced Preferential Tariffs(CEPT) non-compliance during Asian FinancialCrisis settled without reference to ASEAN DSM
• Malaysia – Polyethylene and Polypropylene[WTO DS1] (Singapore) (1995)
• Thailand – Cigarettes from the Philippines[WTO DS371] (Philippines) (2008)
• Note: Common Enhanced Preferential Tariffs(CEPT) non-compliance during Asian FinancialCrisis settled without reference to ASEAN DSM
23
![Page 24: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
1. Intra-ASEAN Trade Disputes
• Source: Lack of Compliance (clear(er) rules)• Actor: State to State (but also private parties)• At Stake: Compliance or Damages (Retailation)• Outcome: MAS or Compliance/Damages• DS Method: Adjudication (under the shadow)• Result: WTO Reports (EDSM – possible but
limited institutional capacity and track recordat ASEC meant that WTO was preferred)
• Source: Lack of Compliance (clear(er) rules)• Actor: State to State (but also private parties)• At Stake: Compliance or Damages (Retailation)• Outcome: MAS or Compliance/Damages• DS Method: Adjudication (under the shadow)• Result: WTO Reports (EDSM – possible but
limited institutional capacity and track recordat ASEC meant that WTO was preferred)
24
![Page 25: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
WHY IS IT SO HARD TO GETAGREEMENT AND ADJUDICATIONFOR NON-ECONOMIC DISPUTES?
25
![Page 26: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
2. Pedra Branca
• Source: Clarity of Facts• Actors: State to State (Malaysia v Singapore)• Costs: Loss of Territory v Escalating Conflict• Outcome: De-escalation of Tensions (Counterfactual
costs outweighed Costs)• Result: ICJ for finality of award• DS Methods: Consultation (failed) resulting in
submission to Final Adjudication (ICJ) (ASEAN TAC or2010 DSM – no finality in result)
• Source: Clarity of Facts• Actors: State to State (Malaysia v Singapore)• Costs: Loss of Territory v Escalating Conflict• Outcome: De-escalation of Tensions (Counterfactual
costs outweighed Costs)• Result: ICJ for finality of award• DS Methods: Consultation (failed) resulting in
submission to Final Adjudication (ICJ) (ASEAN TAC or2010 DSM – no finality in result)
26
![Page 27: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
3. ASEAN and Human Rights
• Source: No Clarity (hence no clear rules)• Actors: Domestic v State (plus int’l concern)• At Stake: Legitimacy of Regime v Tensions• Possible Outcome Desired: Communal Epistemic
Understanding of Norms• DS Method: Reporting and Monitoring• Result: No DSM – desensitization and constructivist
norm building by institutional development throughACWC, AICHR
• Source: No Clarity (hence no clear rules)• Actors: Domestic v State (plus int’l concern)• At Stake: Legitimacy of Regime v Tensions• Possible Outcome Desired: Communal Epistemic
Understanding of Norms• DS Method: Reporting and Monitoring• Result: No DSM – desensitization and constructivist
norm building by institutional development throughACWC, AICHR
27
![Page 28: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
4. ASEAN and Transnational Crime
• Source: Cooperation Problems• Actors: State v State (domestic police and citizens)• At Stake: Proliferation of Transnational Crime• Outcome: Cooperation (How?) (1997 Declaration,
1999 Plan of Action, 2002 Work Programme, 2004Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance, 2009 APSCBlueprint provisions on TC)
• DS Method: Encourage Cooperation and Exchange ofInformation (soft law with some proceduralstructures particularly in 2004 Treaty on MLA)
• Source: Cooperation Problems• Actors: State v State (domestic police and citizens)• At Stake: Proliferation of Transnational Crime• Outcome: Cooperation (How?) (1997 Declaration,
1999 Plan of Action, 2002 Work Programme, 2004Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance, 2009 APSCBlueprint provisions on TC)
• DS Method: Encourage Cooperation and Exchange ofInformation (soft law with some proceduralstructures particularly in 2004 Treaty on MLA)
28
![Page 29: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Law & DS Design Checklist
1. Do you know what outcome you don’t want?2. Do you know what outcome you want?3. What are the political costs of adjudication?4. What are the counterfactual (non-resolution of
dispute/conflict) costs of not adjudicating?5. Have the actors been culturalized to accept the
obligations and process? (e.g. democracy, aware ofthe counterfactual costs etc.)
6. What are the institutional capacities foradministration, monitoring or adjudication?
1. Do you know what outcome you don’t want?2. Do you know what outcome you want?3. What are the political costs of adjudication?4. What are the counterfactual (non-resolution of
dispute/conflict) costs of not adjudicating?5. Have the actors been culturalized to accept the
obligations and process? (e.g. democracy, aware ofthe counterfactual costs etc.)
6. What are the institutional capacities foradministration, monitoring or adjudication?
29
![Page 30: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
An Outcome/Cost Theory ofInternational Law and DS
1. SovereigntyDisputes
(hard law but nocompulsory
adjudication)
1. SovereigntyDisputes
(hard law but nocompulsory
adjudication)
2. Technical Trade RulesCFC Montreal Protocol
(hard law andadjudication)
2. Technical Trade RulesCFC Montreal Protocol
(hard law andadjudication)
Clarity of Outcome 1. SovereigntyDisputes
(hard law but nocompulsory
adjudication)
4. Cooperative andCoordination Issues e.g.
Transnational Crimes,Standards Setting
(soft law and proceduralrules)
4. Cooperative andCoordination Issues e.g.
Transnational Crimes,Standards Setting
(soft law and proceduralrules)
2. Technical Trade RulesCFC Montreal Protocol
(hard law andadjudication)
2. Technical Trade RulesCFC Montreal Protocol
(hard law andadjudication)
3. Human RightsClimate Change
(soft law)
3. Human RightsClimate Change
(soft law)
30
Political CostsEwing-Chow and Yusran
![Page 31: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Environmental Law as a Case StudyProblem Hole in Ozone Layer Global Warming
Clarity of Outcome Stop Using CFCs Reduce Greenhouse Gases inatmosphere (How?)
Political Costs Low – Some Economic Medium/High – Economic
Counterfactual Costs High – Solar RadiationClear Int’l Recognition
High – Climate ChangeCounterfactual Cost Accepted?
High – Solar RadiationClear Int’l Recognition
High – Climate ChangeCounterfactual Cost Accepted?
International Law Montreal Protocol (HardLaw with SomeEnforcement Mechanisms)
• Kyoto Protocol (Hard Lawwith Adjudication – but nobuy-in from US plus Chinaand India not capped)
• UNFCC?
Time Frame Fast (18 months) Slow (20 years and counting)
Result Stabilized Use of CFCs ?
31
Cass Sunstein (2008) – Cost/Benefit
![Page 32: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
ASEAN INTEGRATION: A NEW HOPE
32
![Page 33: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
History & Geography can beUnkind
• Independence in 1960s• A population of 1.6 million• A literacy rate of 53%• An unemployment rate of 13.5% and• GDP per capita of US$511 p.a.• Very limited land, labour and capital.• Did not produce enough food or water for the
population much less for export.
• Independence in 1960s• A population of 1.6 million• A literacy rate of 53%• An unemployment rate of 13.5% and• GDP per capita of US$511 p.a.• Very limited land, labour and capital.• Did not produce enough food or water for the
population much less for export.33
![Page 34: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
But History & Geography is notDestiny…
• In 2015, GDP per capita ofUS$56,284 p.a.
• A population of 5.4 million• A literacy rate of 96%• An unemployment rate of
less than 2%• Singapore focused on trade
and investment facilitationby the rule of law.
• Ewing-Chow, Losari andVillarasau Slade (2013)
• In 2015, GDP per capita ofUS$56,284 p.a.
• A population of 5.4 million• A literacy rate of 96%• An unemployment rate of
less than 2%• Singapore focused on trade
and investment facilitationby the rule of law.
• Ewing-Chow, Losari andVillarasau Slade (2013)
34
![Page 35: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
ASEAN Integration andInternational Law
• Economic Integration – generally hard law withcompulsory Adjudication (EDSM – negativeconsensus)
• Political Security Integration – depends on outcomes– coordination or codes of conduct but nocompulsory adjudication (ASEAN Summit finaldecider under 2010 DSM)
• Socio-Cultural Integration – no clarity aboutoutcomes so generally soft law to create communityunderstanding
• Economic Integration – generally hard law withcompulsory Adjudication (EDSM – negativeconsensus)
• Political Security Integration – depends on outcomes– coordination or codes of conduct but nocompulsory adjudication (ASEAN Summit finaldecider under 2010 DSM)
• Socio-Cultural Integration – no clarity aboutoutcomes so generally soft law to create communityunderstanding
35
![Page 36: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Conclusion
• Clarity about the outcomes.• Build institutional capacity and cognitive acceptance
of international law.• Provide traders and investors with confidence that
domestic policy making is not corrupt or interestcaptured.
• Ensure that policy space for public policy regulationis guaranteed.
• But also ensure that our laws and proceduresencourage good policies to fill that policy space.
• Clarity about the outcomes.• Build institutional capacity and cognitive acceptance
of international law.• Provide traders and investors with confidence that
domestic policy making is not corrupt or interestcaptured.
• Ensure that policy space for public policy regulationis guaranteed.
• But also ensure that our laws and proceduresencourage good policies to fill that policy space.
36
![Page 37: International Law and ASEAN Integration: Outcomes and ...€¦ · International Law & ASEAN DSMs 1. 1976 TAC (general principles – mainly no use of force, no interference and peaceful](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022063005/5fb42a7de625c82c5a3a08dc/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Only then can we move from anASEAN focused on Just Peace to
achieving A Just Peace.
Only then can we move from anASEAN focused on Just Peace to
achieving A Just Peace.
37