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1. Structural Damages on Tungsten and Graphite Samples Upon Ion Irradiation M. Bhuyan 1
2. Study of Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique S. Bidyaswor Singh, Kh. Kamala Devi, L. Raghumani Singh, A. Nabachandra Singh 7
3. Role of Magnetic Field on the Optical, Thermal and Structural Characterization of Strontium Tartrate Trihydrate Crystal R.G. Vidhya, R. Ramasamy, L. Vijayalakshmi 14
4. A Brief Review About Nonlinear Optics Priyanka Garg 25
5. A Review on Basics of Physical and Geometric Optics Shrawani Verma 28
Contents
IJOS (2016) 1–6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Optical Sciences Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Structural Damages on Tungsten and Graphite Samples Upon
Ion Irradiation
M. Bhuyan* Department of Physics, Rangia College, Rangia, India
Abstract
Tungsten and graphite samples are very important for the plasma facing component material
of next generation fusion reactor because of its superior thermo-physical and mechanical
properties. It is essential to study the ion material interaction for its response to severe
conditions of fusion reactor. In this work, an ingenious ion source namely plasma focus is
used to study the effect of neon (and proton) irradiation on tungsten and graphite under
various experimental conditions. To observe the structural changes of exposed and reference
tungsten and graphite samples were analyzed using X-ray diffractometer. X-ray diffraction
pattern confirms the development of compressive stress on the samples due to thermal load
and formation of other phases or some expanded phases.
Keywords: fusion reactor, neon, X-ray diffractometer
INTRODUCTION Material research is an important part of
fusion research. The proper understanding
of material properties in fusion
environment is quite essential for the
better operation, safety and performance of
tokamak fusion reactor. The successful
operation of International Thermonuclear
Experimental Reactor (ITER) solely
depends upon the various types of plasma
facing components (PFC). Tungsten (W) is
one of the most important candidates as
PFCs for ITER because of its excellent
material properties such as high melting
point, high threshold energy for physical
sputtering, and low retention of hydrogen
isotopes.[1,2]
Carbon-based materials such
as isotropic graphite and carbon fiber
composites (CFCs) have been widely
employed for protection of inner walls of
existing tokamaks.[3,4]
In ITER, however,
high-Z components will be used together
with carbon materials[5,6]
and most
probably carbonized at high temperatures.
Due to high melting point, high threshold
energy for physical sputtering and low
retention of hydrogen isotopes properties
previous investigations of tungsten were
focused using various energetic ions with
different energy ranges in various facility
which are discussed in our earlier paper.[7]
Therefore, in present work we implant the
neon and proton ions on tungsten and
graphite samples to observe the structural
changes, as they plays an important role in
ITER in terms of PFCs. Hereafter, we
present experimental procedure as well as
experimental results.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The neon and proton ions are irradiated on
our tungsten and graphite targets
separately. The schematic of the
experimental setup is shown in Figure 1.
The square tungsten samples of sizes of
5 × 5 mm2 and 10 × 10 mm
2 and circular
specimens of graphite with 0.5-cm
diameter were introduced inside the PF
IJOS (2016) 7–13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 7
International Journal of Optical Sciences Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Study of Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Thin Films
Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique
S. Bidyaswor Singh1, Kh. Kamala Devi
2, L. Raghumani Singh
3, A. Nabachandra Singh
1*
1Department of Physics, Thoubal College, Thoubal, Manipur, India
2Department of Physics, Waikhom Mani Girls College, Thoubal, Manipur, India
3Department of Physics, Pettigrew College, Ukhrul, Manipur, India
Abstract
Chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique was used to deposit nano-structured cadmium
sulfide (CdS) thin films on pre-treated glass substrates. The films are studied using the X-ray
diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical absorption and
transmission techniques. The XRD shows that the films are polycrystalline and are a mixture
of cubic and hexagonal phases, which agrees with the earlier report of CdS thin film. The
average grain size of the film is about 39.14 nm. SEM studies indicate that the grains are
seen to be spherical and symmetrical, not uniformly distributed and not well connected to
each other. The EDAX spectrum shows that the film contains the elements Cd and S as
expected. Optical study shows that the film has a band gap of 3.15 eV.
Keywords: chemical bath deposition, EDX, nanocrystalline, SEM, thin films, XRD
INTRODUCTION
In the present development of technology,
nano-structured CdS thin films have
gained considerable research attention and
have been becoming a promising candidate
for various applications. CdS films belong
to the II–VI semiconductor compounds,
and they are highly reproducible, stable,
and cost effective material for
optoelectronic devices, photovoltaic
industry and optical detectors, etc.[1–5]
They are also widely used in photonic
devices like light emitting diodes,[6]
solar
cells,[7]
and lasers.[8]
But poor conductivity
of CdS films as low as 108
(Ωm)1
has
been reported.[9]
Such limitations in
properties can be varied over several
orders of magnitude by considering doping
of different dopants to different extends
and annealing the sample at different
temperatures.[10]
In order to enhance
applications in different fields, we must
study doping and annealing effects on CdS
thin films. There are various techniques to
prepare CdS thin films such as spray
pyrolysis,[11]
chemical bath deposition,[12–
15] successive ionic layer adsorption and
reaction,[16]
etc. The chemical bath
deposition (CBD) technique has drawn a
special attention because this technique
has many advantages such as no
requirement for sophisticated instruments,
minimum material wastage, and
economical way of large area deposition.
The film deposited by this method has
better photoconductivity and improved
morphological properties such as
roughness and pinhole density as
compared with film processed by other
techniques.[17]
CBD can be used to deposit
any compound that satisfies four basic
requirements: simple precipitation, highly
insoluble in the solution, chemically stable
IJOS (2016) 14–24 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 14
International Journal of Optical Sciences Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Role of Magnetic Field on the Optical, Thermal and Structural
Characterization of Strontium Tartrate Trihydrate Crystal
R.G. Vidhya1*, R. Ramasamy
2, L. Vijayalakshmi
3
1Department of Physics, Shrimati Indira Gandhi College, Tiruchirapalli, India
2Department of Physics, National College, Thiruchirapalli, India
3Principal, Auxiium College of Arts and Science for Women, Pudukottai, India
Abstract
Several technical advances rest on on the accessibility of appropriate crystals having diverse
uses. The growth of crystals from gel is well suited for the crystal growth of compounds,
which are sparingly soluble and decompose fairly at low temperature. Gel grown crystals
may diffract X-rays more strongly and have a less mosaic structure. A few advancements and
modifications in these techniques are suggested. A Magnetic field has been recognized as
affecting nucleation and crystal growth rate, polymorphism and colloidal stability, and is
now being applied to crystal growth of proteins and other compounds. Strontium tartrate
crystals are grown in the presence and in the absence of magnetic field by single diffusion
method .A comparative optical, thermal and structural analysis between the outcome of the
strontium tartrate crystals grown in the absence of magnetic field and the crystals grown
under the influence of magnetic field is done.
Keywords: gel method, magnetic field, single diffusion, strontium tartrate, XRD
INTRODUCTION
The preparation of metal organic
frameworks (MOF) is an especially active
research area, due to the tunable properties
and functions of MOF. These compounds
find applications in many fields, such as
molecular recognition, adsorption and
separation processes, catalysis, ion
exchange and molecular magnetism, The
design and synthesis of novel coordination
architectures controlled by varying the
reaction conditions including temperature,
metal – to – ligand ratio and pH value are
of great interest in coordination chemistry.
Polycarboxylate ligands have created
interest as the potential bridging ligands
with a variety of connection modes with
transition metal centers and abundant
structural motifs Dicarboxylate are very
important bridging ligands, which have
attracted much interest in coordination
polymer synthesis, providing the necessary
charge balance and building the neutral
frame works.
The structure of organometallic compound
can be varied by changing the metal,
coordination number, ligands etc. A non-
aromatic acid and an inorganic salt form
the metal organic compound. The
characterization of strontium tartrate
crystals are reported in many literatures.[1-
13] In the present study the variation in
structural characterization of strontium
tartrate crystals grown in the presence
(SrTmf) and in the absence of magnetic
(SrT) field are compared. To our
knowledge there are no literatures
reporting the structural properties of
IJOS (2016) 25–27 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 25
International Journal of Optical Sciences Vol. 2: Issue 1
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A Brief Review About Nonlinear Optics
Priyanka Garg JournalsPub, Noida, UP, India
INTRODUCTION Nonlinear optics (NLO) designates the
behaviour of light in nonlinear media and
also is subdivision of optics. The media
which has the dielectric polarization say P
retorts nonlinearly to the electric field E of
the light.
This nonlinearity is characteristically
merely experiential at appropriate high
light intensities for example those
delivered by lasers. Directly above the
Schwinger limit, the vacuum
aforementioned is predictable to come to
be nonlinear. In nonlinear optics, the
superposition norm no more grasps.[1-3]
Nonlinear optics was unknown till 1961 of
Second harmonic generation by Peter
Franken et al. at University of Michigan,
subsequently as the construction of the
first laser by Theodore Harold Maiman.
Conversely selected nonlinear properties
were learned beforehand the growth of the
laser. The hypothetical base for numerous
nonlinear procedures were first termed in
Bloembergen's monograph, Nonlinear
Optics.
Nonlinear optics is specified growing
consideration due to its extensive use in
the extent of laser skill, optical
communication and data storage skill.
NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROCESSES
The non-linear reaction of properties such
as frequency, polarization, phase or path of
incident light is explained by non-linear
optics. These responses gave rise to many
optical phenomena. Some of processes are
explained below:[4]
Frequency Mixing Processes
Second harmonic generation or
frequency doubling, is the process of
creation of light with a double
frequency that is half of the
wavelength. In this process two
photons are demolished which creates
a single photon at two times the
frequency.
Third harmonic generation includes
the process of creation of light with a
tripled frequency which is one-third
the wavelength. Here three photons are
demolished with the creation of a
single photon at three times the
frequency.
High harmonic generation is the
process of generation of light with
much larger frequencies as compared
to the original.
Sum frequency generation is the
process of cohort of light having a
frequency which is the sum of two
added frequencies.
Other frequency mingling methods are
as optical parametric amplification,
difference frequency generation, and
optical parametric oscillation,
nonlinear light-matter interaction with
free electrons and plasma, optical
rectification.
Few other nonlinear processes are:
Optical Kerr outcome which is amount
reliant refractive index.
IJOS (2016) 28–33© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 28
International Journal of Optical Sciences Vol. 2: Issue 1
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A Review on Basics of Physical and Geometric Optics
Shrawani Verma JournalsPub, Noida, UP, India
A BRIEF ON PHYSICAL AND
GEOMETRIC OPTICS
Light proliferates as motions in an
electromagnetic field, which extend from a
point light source as equally divided and
concentric wavefronts. The energy
conveyed in the motions is measured in
quantum parcels known as photons.
The radiation of light through space can be
spoken to in two routes: (1) as real
wavefronts that grow concentrically and
radially from the light source (examination
by physical optics), or (2) as nonexistent
light beams opposite to the wavefronts that
augment radially from the light source and
show the course in which every part of the
wavefront is moving (investigation by
geometric optics). The essential
parameters of optical components
portrayed in this page are created as far as
geometric optics.[1-3]
In astronomical applications, light sources
are distance to the point that the concentric
wavefronts turn into a progression of
similarly dispersed parallel planes over the
width of any viable telescope gap. To
represent: over the opening of a 1 meter
(39.4") telescope, light beams from a
solitary point on the Moon, the nearest
cosmic item at 384,403 kilometers, veer
from parallel by close to 1/384403000 of a
radian or 0.0000026 millimeter, which is
0.0047 or 1/200 a wavelength of "green"
light. Since the creation furthest reaches of
the most astounding quality galactic optics
are around λ/20 wave, or 10 times bigger
than the wavefront dissimilarity, optical
counts can expect superbly level and
parallel wavefronts from a removed light
source. The optical way of these
wavefronts can be compressed as fanciful
yet systematically helpful light beams,
characterized as parallel to each other and
opposite to the wavefronts they portray.
WAVELENGTH & FREQUENCY
The distance amid identical points on two
adjacent wavefronts of light is the
wavelength (λ) of the light. The frequency
(ν) of light is the number of wavefronts
that pass a fixed point in one second, or the
cycles per second. The relationship
between frequency and wavelength is
governed by the speed of light in a
vacuum, c:
c = ν·λ = 299,792,458 m·s–1 = 3 x 108
meters per second.
λ = c / ν.
Therefore the frequency of "green" light at
550 nm is ν = c/λ550 =
299792458/0.00000055 (wavelength in
meters) or 545 trillion cycles per second.
Light wavelengths are generally measured
in angstroms (10-10 meter), nanometers
(10-9 meter) or micrometers (10-6 meter).
Light that seems green to the human eye
has a wavelength of around 550
nanometers — 0.00055 millimeters or 0.55
micrometers (thus submicron).
Unmistakable wavelengths of respectably
brilliant light range from around 750 nm
("orange red") to 380 nm ("blue violet"),
or 0.00075 to 0.00038 millimeters. In spite
of the fact that they are interrelated, note
that recurrence is utilized to describe the
vitality conveyed by a photon of light,
while wavelength is utilized to portray the
optical conduct of wavefronts. Longer
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