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International Journal of
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Jan – Jun 2016 IJNCC
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International Journal of
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International Journal of
Nursing Critical Care
International Journal of Nursing Critical Care aims to improve the care of critically ill patients by
distributing, and promoting information relevant to intensive care. The Journal is devoted to Nurses and
Other Health Professionals involved in the care of patients with critical needs. Time to time journal will
publish peer- reviewed papers that are research and development oriented and is of interest to the healthcare
providers.
Focus and Scope of the Journal! Assessment of critical care patients
! Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal and integumentary
systems
! Intensive care
! Critical care environmental issues.
! Critical Care Networks.
! End of life care
! Ethical and legal issues in critical care
! Patient centered care
! Inotropic therapy, invasive and non-invasive cardiac output monitoring.
! Safety Culture Replacement therapies
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PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM
INTERNAL MEMBERS
Associate Manager
ChairmanMr. Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director,JournalsPub,
New Delhi
Hidam Renubala
Ankita Singh
Akanksha Marwah
Deepika Bhadauria
Commissioning Editors
Priyanka Garg
Chhavi Goel
Shrawani Verma
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Mala-ThayumanavanBGS Global Hospital, Bangalore,
India.
Dr. Pratibha SwamyCollege of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore,
India.
Dr. Sukhwinder KaurNational Institute of Nursing Education,
PGIMER, India.
Dr. Usha UkandeChoithram College of Nursing, CH&RC Indore
(M.P.), India.
Dr. C. Kanniammal Meenakshi College of Nursing, Chennai,
India.
Dr. Arnel Banaga SalgadoRAK Medical and Health Sciences University,
United Arab Emirates
Kawaljit KaurMedical surgical Nursing, Mai Bhago College of
Nursing, Tarn Taran (Punjab), India.
Regina D SatvekarBharati Vidyapeeth College of Nursing, Sangli
(Maharashtra), India.
Mr. N.J. Vasudevan Chitra College of Nursing, Kerala,
India.
K. PriscillaMatha College of Nursing, Tamil Nadu,
India.
A Arvin BabuSree Abirami Hospital and College of Nursing,
Coimbatore, India
Mr. Sembian. N.Government Nursing College, U.P. Rural Institute of Medical Sciences & Research,
Saifai, Etawah
From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Nursing Critical Care. This journal is part of the
Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present nursing issues, from theoretical
aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of
Nursing Critical Care as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part
of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nursing Science community,
addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.
The core vision of International journal of Nursing Critical Care in JournalsPub is to propagate novel
awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research
societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Plant Nursing in general. JournalsPub acts as a
pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully.
International Journal of Nursing Critical Care focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of
Intensive care, Assessment of critical care patients, Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory,
cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal and integumentary systems, Critical care environmental issues,
Critical Care Networks, End of life care, Ethical and legal issues in critical care, Patient centered care,
Inotropic therapy, invasive and non-invasive cardiac output monitoring, Safety Culture Replacement
therapies.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Nursing and
solutions in the area.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nursing community.
We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative
platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the
field of Nursing.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Nursing readers and will
stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Nursing.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. Prevalence of Common Problems Among Elderly Residing at Selected Urban and Rural Community of Kottayam District, Kerala, India
J.V. Sindhu, S.K. Saini 1
2. A Study to Assess the Warning Signs During Pregnancy Among Primigravida Women in Selected Hospital, Jalandhar, Punjab Jyoti Arora, Bimla Rani, Ashu kesar, Harleen Kaur 7
3. A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Self-Informational Module Regarding Knowledge and Attitude of Child Adoption Among Infertile Couple in Selected Infertility Clinics in PunjabLaxami Thakur, Ashu Kesar, Bimla Rani 28
4. Short Communication: Risks Associated With Pregnancy in Primigravida WomenJyoti Arora 61
5. A Short Review Article on Knowledge and Attitude of Child Adoption among Infertile CoupleLaxami Thakur 64
Contents
IJNCC (2016) 1–6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Nursing Critical Care Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Prevalence of Common Problems Among Elderly Residing at
Selected Urban and Rural Community of Kottayam District,
Kerala, India
J.V. Sindhu1*
, S.K. Saini2
1Mercy College of Nursing, Thalayolaparambu, Kottayam, Kerala , India 2National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
Abstract
Constipation, insomnia, immobility and urinary incontinence are common problems among
elderly. With a view to assess these problems descriptive study was done among 200 elderly
between the age group of 65 and 80 years old. The study was done in selected urban and
rural community of Kottayam district using Pittsburgh sleep quality index scale, Victoria
bowel performance scale, Tinetti Assessment Tool and revised urinary incontinence scale
using interview technique. The result revealed that all these problems are of high prevalence.
The highest prevalence was observed for constipation (54.5%). This was followed by
insomnia (52.5%), urinary incontinence (42.1%) and immobility (37.1%). All these problems
are preventable and manageable with simple nursing measures. Nurses working in the
community should be able to identify these problems and manage so that their quality of life
is improved.
Keywords: common problems, elderly
BACKGROUND
Population ageing is the most significant
result of the process known as
demographic transition. Reduction of
fertility leads to a decline in the proportion
of the young in the population. Decrease in
mortality rate would lead to a longer life
span for individuals. Population ageing
includes a change from high fertility/high
mortality to low fertility/low mortality and
subsequently an increase in the ratio of
older people in the total population. India
is undergoing such a demographic
transition.
There would be an increase in the
proportion of older people, in the world,
who would be in need of assistance from
adults of working age, from 10.5% in 1955
and 12.3% in 1995 to 17.2% in 2025.[1]
The size of India’s elderly population aged
60 and above is expected to increase from
77 million in 2001 to 179 million in 2031
and further to 301 million in 2051. The
proportion is likely to reach 12% in 2031
and 17% in 2051.[1]
In a study done to
identify the incidence, and potential risk
factors for, constipation in a representative
elderly community, using symptom-based
diagnostic criteria, a random sample of
1833 eligible residents of Olmsted
Country, above 65 years were mailed
questionnaire. The overall prevalence of
constipation was 40.1%.[2]
As the age
progress all the systems get weak and
some of the symptoms are common which
can create lot of stress and lower the
quality of life. These problems are easily
preventable and manageable with simple
nursing measures.
IJNCC (2016) 7-27 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 7
International Journal of Nursing Critical Care Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Study to Assess the Warning Signs During Pregnancy Among
Primigravida Women in Selected Hospital, Jalandhar, Punjab
Jyoti Arora, Bimla Rani*, Ashu kesar, Harleen Kaur Bharat College of Nursing, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
Abstract
Pregnancy is a joyous occasion for a woman and her family. But, sometimes, certain risks
are associated that can prove to be harmful for the mother and her child. This study has been
done to analyze the knowledge of warning signs during pregnancy among primigravida
women. A total of 100 participants were selected for the study and the study concluded that
10% of women had good knowledge, while 2% had very good knowledge; 26% had average
knowledge, more than 51% of women had poor knowledge, followed by 11% who had very
poor knowledge regarding the warning signs during pregnancy.
Keywords: pregnancy, primigravida women, pregnancy risks, warning signs
INTRODUCTION “Maternal health is Nation’s wealth.
There is chance for the welfare of the
world only when the condition of the
women improves. It is not possible for a
bird to fly on only one wing.”
Swami Vivekananda
Pregnancy and childbirth are special
events in a woman’s life and indeed in the
lives of their families. This can be a time
of great hope and joyful anticipation. It
can also be a time of fear, suffering and
even death. Pregnancy is a normal
physiological process and not a disease,
however, sometimes; it is associated with
certain risks to health and survival both for
the woman and for her infant. These risks
are prevalent in every society and in every
setting. In developed countries they have
largely been overcome because every
pregnant woman has to take special care
during pregnancy and childbirth. In
developing countries where each
pregnancy represents a journey into the
unknown from which all too many woman
never return, due to lack of care
provision.[1]
Women have been given the ability to
produce children. However, this can also
sometimes lead to death of the woman. At
least 40% of all pregnant women suffer
from certain types of complications during
their pregnancy. For about 15%, these
complications will be potentially life
threatening, and requires instant obstetric
care. Maternal death also compromises the
health and survival of infants and children
they have behind. The death of a woman
during pregnancy and childbirth is not
only a health issue but also a matter of
social injustice.[2]
There are 430 maternal deaths for every
100,000 live births. In developing
countries, the Figure 1 is 480 maternal
deaths for every 100,000 live births. In
developed countries, there are 27 maternal
deaths for every 100,000 live births.[3]
In
India, most of the mothers are deprived of
the knowledge concerning antenatal,
IJNCC (2016) 28-60 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 28
International Journal of Nursing Critical Care Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Self-
Informational Module Regarding Knowledge and Attitude of
Child Adoption among Infertile Couple in Selected Infertility
Clinics in Punjab
Laxami Thakur, Ashu Kesar, Bimla Rani*
Bharat College of Nursing, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
Abstract
The birth of a child brings immense happiness to the parents and the whole family. However,
couples who are infertile remain elusive to this happiness. Though there are different
treatment strategies to overcome this problem, but these methods also remain futile in certain
cases. Such couples should plan for adoption, which can also be a form of rehabilitation for
the child as well. This study was done to assess the effectiveness of self-informational module
regarding knowledge and attitude of child adoption among infertile couple in selected
infertility clinics in Punjab. There were a total of 50 participants in the study.
Keywords: child adoption, self-informational module, infertility, knowledge, attitude
INTRODUCTION
“A child is precious and beautiful, A
source of joy and happiness, A focus of
love and care, A Subject of dream for the
future.”
Child care 1996
The birth of a baby is one of the most
inspiring and emotional events that occurs
in one’s life time. The child signifies the
beginning of life and provides the
foundation for future for the fertile
couples. But for the infertile couples, this
is not achieved and it can be very
upsetting. It rescues as a threat to the
women identity and may influence their
self-concept in terms of their inability to
conceive.[1]
Infertility is a tragic condition.
Though Infertility does not claim an
individual’s life, it inflicts devastating
emotional trauma on the individual for
being unable to fulfill the biological role of
parenthood. In India for infertility, the
female partner is generally blamed and she
becomes the victim of social gossip for her
barrenness. This gradually brings
unhappiness in the female partner,
psychosomatic ill health and even
suicide.[2]
Infertility which affects as many
as 1in 6 couples is defined as a failure to
conceive with in one or more years of
regular unprotected intercourse. Infertility
can be caused by a wide variety of factors.
40–50% of infertility results from female
factors, 30–40% from male factors, in 10
percent of cases, the cause is unknown,
and the remaining 10 per cent of the
infertility results from both male and
female factors.[3]
In India, Infertility appears to be an un-
important question for policy makers and
women’s groups alike. None of the
programmes on National reproductive
health policy has focused on implementing
preventive and curative services for
IJNCC (2016) 61–63 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 61
International Journal of Nursing Critical Care Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Short Communication: Risks Associated With Pregnancy in
Primigravida Women
Jyoti Arora Bharat College of Nursing, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
Primigravida is a term used to refer to
women who are pregnant for the first time.
Certain pregnancies get affected by
different kinds of warning signs that are
indications of possible danger during
pregnancy regarding complications. In
such cases women should be aware of
factual information regarding warning
signs. Primigravida women may have
knowledge of warning signs during
pregnancy, which is influenced by their
demographic variables like age, type of
family, religion, area of residence,
educational status and family income. The
modifying factors and perceptual factors
directly influence them to participate in
health promotion activities. The outcome
of this can be very poor, poor, average,
good and very good knowledge. The
primigravida women with very good and
good knowledge are capable of enhancing
the likelihood for having active role to
overcome the problem. Thereby,
promoting the health and for better
adoption of treatment modalities.
On the other hand, the primigravida
women with average knowledge and poor
and very poor knowledge can result in
likelihood for having moderate and not
having any active role respectively, in
overcoming the problem. This can lead to
poor management modalities. At this
junction a researcher can provide health
education material on warning signs
during pregnancy in the view to improve
the existing knowledge which acts as cues
to action to obtain a very good level of
knowledge on warning signs during
pregnancy.
According to statistical reports from World
Health Organization, approximately 53%
of African women, followed by Asians
(42%) and Latin Americans (4%), die each
year due to pregnancy or childbirth related
complications. Less than 1% of maternal
deaths occur in developed countries.[1]
According to a study by Gupta N, five
direct obstetric causes that can lead to
four–fifths of the maternal deaths
worldwide, can actually be prevented and
managed. The direct causes include severe
bleeding (81%), sepsis (15%), unsafe
abortions (13%), eclampsia (12%), and
obstructed labor (8%). Other direct causes
are ectopic pregnancy (8%), embolism.
Indirect causes (19%) are malaria, anemia
and heart diseases.[2]
As per another study conducted by Prual
A, Bouvier, Bernis, Breart on direct
causes, incidence, and fatality rates with
respect to maternal morbidity, the direct
causes of severe maternal morbidity
includes hemorrhage (3.05 per 100 live
births), obstructed labor (2.05 per 100), 23
cases of which involved uterine rupture
(0.12 per 100). Other direct obstetric
causes accounted for 12.2% of cases. The
mortality rates were very high for sepsis
(33.3%), uterine rupture (30.4%) and
eclampsia (18.4%); hemorrhage varied
from 1.9% for antepartum hemorrhage to
IJNCC (2016) 64-67 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 64
International Journal of Nursing Critical Care Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Short Review Article on Knowledge and Attitude of Child
Adoption among Infertile Couple
Laxami Thakur Bharat College of Nursing, Punjab, India
Infertility is quite common among couples
nowadays. The standard of living of
today’s generation is one of the major
causes that contribute to it. Infertility is
referred to as the incompetence to
conceive after 12 months of unprotected
sexual intercourse. Having a child in a
couple’s life is the greatest happiness a
couple can experience. Due to this infertile
couples can also look for child adoption as
an alternative. Child adoption is the
process by which a child is taken in to a
family by one or more adults who are not
the biological parents; but are recognized
as child’s parents by the law. Infertile
couples often have different personal
opinions or views regarding child
adoption.
A study was conducted by EzugWu FO,
Obi SN, Onah H.E in 2002 on knowledge,
attitude and practice of child adoption
amongst infertile women in Nigeria.
According to the results, 86.4% of the
target population for the study was had
knowledge regarding child adoption,
followed by 27.3%, who knew its correct
meaning, 21.6% women knew the
procedure to adopt a baby while the rest
did not have any idea regarding adoption.
69.3% of women stated their reluctance to
adopt a baby while the remaining 30.7%
were prepared to adopt a child. The
conclusion drawn from this study was that,
although majority of Nigerian women who
were infertile and had taken part in the
study, had heard about child adoption,
whereas, only a fraction of them knew its
real meaning, its legal procedure and
protocol.[1,2]
Karpel L, Frydman N, Hesters L, Fanchin
R, Frydman R, Flis-Trèves M.(1999) did a
study on the location of adoption for
couples engaged in medical help for
reproduction. Results from the study
implied that 49% of the couples were not
in support of adoption, particularly when
they had already conceived earlier through
medical help. 84.5% considered adoption
as an alternative as soon as they got to
know about their infertility, 69% had
shown their interest in adoption by reading
books, watching television or by speaking
with adoptive parents or adopted children.
29% had begun the procedure for
adoption, out of which, only 18% actually
meant to adopt a child.[3]
Archana Banyal (2009) conducted a study
on the factors influencing the decisions for
child adoption among the infertile couples
attending the outpatient department of
obstetrics and gynecology at All India
Institute of Medical Sciences in India. The
study consists of 25 infertile couples. The
findings revealed that 56% of the total
sample favored child adoption among
which 52% were in the age group of 26-30
years and 83.33% in the age group of
31.35 years. 50% of the sample that
favored for adoption wanted a male child,
14.29% opted for a female child, 35.71%
had no preference and 57.14% of couples
wanted to adopt a relatives child.[4]
Mechanical Engineering
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Applied Mechanics
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Computer Science and Engineering
Nanotechnology« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences
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Chemistry
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Subm
it
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Article 2
016
International Journal of
Nursing Critical
Care
www.journalspub.com
Jan – Jun 2016 IJNCC