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IJFDM (2016) 7–9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 7
International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Creep Mechanism in Materials at Elevated Temperature
Manisha Agnihotri* Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, India
ABSTRACT
Deformation at elevated temperature under constant load is called creep. It depends on the
wire material and the temperature of the room. In this paper we have given a short
communication on Creep occurring in materials and its mechanism at elevated temperature
values. In the meanwhile, structural changes in the material are well explained
Keywords: creep, dislocation, elevated temperature, material deformation, tensile load
INTRODUCTION
Creep occurs when a metal is subjected to
a constant tensile load at an elevated
temperature. Hence it undergoes a time-
dependent increase in length. As the
material is said to have low melting point,
creep usually occurs when the homologous
temperature is > 0.5. When the material is
subjected to high temperature creep test is
performed on the material. Creep test is
performed in influence of constant load on
a tensile specimen at constant temperature.
The resultant graph thus illustrates a
typical creep curve having 3 distinct stages
with different creep rates. After an initial
rapid elongation e0, the creep rate decrease
with time until reaching the steady state.
(1) Primary creep is a period of transient
creep. The creep resistance of the
material increases due to material
deformation. Predominate at low
temperature test such as in the creep of
lead at RT.
(2) Secondary creep provides a nearly
constant creep rate. The average value
of the creep rate during this period is
called the minimum creep rate.
(3) Tertiary creep shows a rapid increase
in the creep rate due to effectively
reduced cross-sectional area of the
specimen.
The shape of creep curve will slightly
change according to the applied stress at a
constant temperature.
CREEP
Many complex processes are taking place
inside the solder alloy during the creep
test. The deformation observed is a result
of the simultaneous application of a load
(the 4.8 kg weight) and the atomic
movement inside the alloy at elevated
temperature. (In this case room
temperature is an “elevated” temperature.)
A creep curve such as the one shown
above is often divided into three portions:
Primary creep: This is the deformation
that occurs just after the load is
applied. In this region, the curve is
downward. This means the
deformation rate is decreasing. During
primary creep, the internal structure of
the alloy is changing in response to the
applied load.
Secondary creep: There is often a stage
where the slope of the creep curve
remains approximately constant, like a
straight line. This is the period of
secondary creep (also called steady
state creep). During secondary creep,
the internal structure of the alloy
remains approximately constant.
IJFDM (2016) 14-16 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 14
International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics Vol. 2: Issue 2
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A Brief Account of Brittle Fracture in Engineering Materials
Rekha Rani* Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
ABSTRACT
Fracture is usually undesirable in engineering applications. Flaws such as surface cracks
lower the stress for brittle fracture whereas line defects are responsible for initiating ductile
fractures. Brittle fracture is the failure of a material with minimum of plastic deformation. If
the broken pieces of a brittle fracture are fitted together, the original shape & dimensions of
the specimen are restored. Brittle fracture is defined as fracture which occurs at or below the
elastic limit of a material. The mechanism of Brittle fracture is explained by Griffith theory.
This paper discusses about brittle fracture and gives a brief introduction of Griffith Theory of
brittle fractures.
Keywords: brittle fracture; crack formation, ductile, Griffith theory, plastic deformation
INTRODUCTION
Brittle fracture takes place by rapid crack
propagation and very little plastic
deformation, and yields a relatively flat
fracture surface. For most brittle
crystalline materials, crack propagation
corresponds to the successive and repeated
breaking of atomic bonds along specific
crystallographic planes, this is known as
cleavage.
Cleavage is essentially a low temperature
phenomenon, which can be eliminated if a
sufficiently high deformation temperature
is used. See the section on the ductile-to-
brittle transition. The occurrence of brittle
fracture is also associated with certain
crystal structures, in particular BCC,
where it is more pronounced in the
presence of impurities which form
interstitial solid solutions in metals of this
structure.[1–3]
FRACTURE
It is defined as the separation of a body
into pieces due to stress, at temperatures
below the melting point. Steps in fracture:
crack formation
crack propagation
Fracture Depending on the ability of
material to undergo plastic deformation
before the fracture two fracture modes can
be defined - ductile or brittle
Ductile Fracture – most metals (not too
cold):
Extensive plastic deformation ahead of
crack
energy absorption (“toughness”) before
fracture
Crack is “stable”: resists further
extension unless applied stress is
increased
Brittle Fracture
Some Examples – ceramics, ice, cold
metals:
Relatively little plastic deformation
low energy absorption before fracture
Crack is “unstable”: propagates rapidly
without increase in applied stress
No appreciable plastic deformation
IJFDM (2016) 10-13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 10
International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
A Short Communication on Tool Wear Mechanism
Priyanka Garg* Department of Physics, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT
Tool wear describes the gradual failure of cutting tools due to regular operation. It is a term
often associated with tipped tools, tool bits, or drill bits that are used with machine tools.
Types of wear include: flank wear in which the portion of the tool in contact with the finished
part erodes. This paper discusses the tool wear mechanism and factors affecting it.
Keywords: abrasive, adhesive, crater, flank wear, tool wear
INTRODUCTION
Evidence indicates that wear is a complex
phenomenon and is influenced by many
factors. The causes of wear neither behave
in the same manner, nor do they always
affect wear to the same degree under
similar cutting conditions. The causes of
wear are not fully understood.
In recent years, great strides have been
made by various researches. Even though
there is some disagreement regarding the
true mechanisms by which wear actually
takes place, most investigators feel that
there are at least five basic causes of wear
as follows:
(1) Abrasive action of hard particles
contained in the work material.
(2) Plastic deformation of the cutting edge.
(3) Chemical decomposition of the cutting
tool contact surfaces.
(4) Diffusion between work and tool
material.
The relative effects of these causes are a
function of cutting velocity or cutting
temperatures. Investigations have also
been made on other possible causes such
as oxidation and electrochemical reactions
in the tool work contact zone.[1–3]
FACTORS INFLUENCING TOOL
WEAR
The most important factor influencing tool
wear is cutting temperature. Of the four
basic causes of wear, temperature has
considerable effect in all but, one cutting
temperatures is important for two basic
reasons:
(1) Most tool materials shown rapid loss
of strength hardness, and resistance to
abrasion above some critical
temperature
(2) The rate of diffusion between work
and tool materials rises very rapidly as
temperature increases past the critical
TYPES OF WEAR
Abrasive wear
Softer material sliding over the face of
hard material may contain appreciable
concentration of hard particles. Hard
particles act as small cutting edge like
grinding wheel. Hard particles result worn
out of tool material. Particles of hard
material are intermittently turn out from
the surface and dragged along the
surface.[2]
The most common type of wear
mechanism, abrasive wear occurs when
the hard particle on chips passes over the
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Focus and Scope of the Journal Elastic instability Gross plastic deformation Tensile instability Creep damage and creep-fatigue interaction Low and high cycle fatigue damage Brittle/elastic damage Ductile/plastic damage Strain softening and strain-rate sensitivity damage Impact damage Modeling and numerical simulation Elastic–plastic fracture mechanics Crack incubation and propagation Crack and fracture repair techniques Damage tolerance and fracture control
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EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
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From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics. This journal is part of
the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Fracture and Damage
Mechanics from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of
emerging technologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Fracture and Damage
Mechanics as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of
scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science
community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.
The core vision of International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics in Journals Pub is to
propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and
professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Fracture and Damage
Mechanics in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their
papers at excellently, well-time & successfully.
International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics focuses on original high-quality research in the
realm of Elastic instability, Gross plastic deformation, Tensile instability, Creep damage and creep-fatigue
interaction, Low and high cycle fatigue damage, Brittle/elastic damage etc.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Fracture and
Damage Mechanics and solutions in the area.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Fracture and
Damage Mechanics community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the
idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others,
reporting new developments in the field of Fracture and Damage Mechanics
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorial staff of Journals Pub, who supported us at every stage of the project.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will
stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Fracture and Damage Mechanics.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. Classification of Chains Based on Strength and Reliability in Machines C. Chinglenthoiba, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar 1
2. Practices Used in Damage Tolerance and Fatigue Control in Aircraft Structures Reema Jaiswal 4
3. Creep Mechanism in Materials at Elevated TemperatureManisha Agnihotri 7
4. A Short Communication on Tool Wear MechanismPriyanka Garg 10
5. A Brief Account of Brittle Fracture in Engineering MaterialsRekha Rani 14
Contents
IJFDM (2016) 1–3 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Classification of Chains Based on Strength and Reliability in
Machines
C. Chinglenthoiba*, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Engineering College, Affiliated to Anna University,
Namakkal, Chennai, India
ABSTRACT
A chain, a reliable machine component, transmits power by means of tensile forces, used
primarily for power transmission and conveyance systems. The function and uses of chain are
similar to a belt and convenient to sort types of chain by either material of composition or
method of construction. The chains can be broadly divided into six types.
Keywords: compressed air technology, effective renewable alternative energy, zero pollution
vehicle
INTRODUCTION A chain is a reliable machine component,
which transmits power by means of tensile
forces, and is used primarily for power
transmission and conveyance systems. The
function and uses of chain are similar to a
belt.
There are many kinds of chain. It is
convenient to sort types of chain by either
material of composition or method of
construction.[1–7]
We can sort chains into five types:
Cast iron chain
Cast steel chain
Forged chain
Steel chain
Plastic chain
Demand for the first three chain types is
now decreasing; they are only used in
some special situations. For example, cast
iron chain is part of water-treatment
equipment; forged chain is used in
overhead conveyors for automobile
factories.
It is important to note that, roller chain is a
chain that has an inner plate, outer plate,
pin, bushing, and roller.[8–17]
CLASSIFICATION OF CHAINS
Based on the Type of Application
We can sort chains according to their uses,
they can be broadly divided into six types:
(1) Power transmission chain
(2) Small pitch conveyor chain
(3) Precision conveyor chain
(4) Top chain
(5) Free flow chain
(6) Large pitch conveyor chain
The first one is used for power
transmission; the other five are used for
conveyance. In the Applications section of
this book, we will describe the uses and
features of each chain type by following
the above classification.
In the following section, we will explain
the composition of power transmission
chain, small pitch chain, and large pitch
conveyor chain.
IJFDM (2016) 4–6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 4
International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Practices Used in Damage Tolerance and Fatigue Control in
Aircraft Structures
Reema Jaiswal* Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, India
ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the importance of fatigue and damage tolerance analysis procedures,
which are dominant factors in the aircraft structural design process as well as the following
in service life. These concepts are illustrated with typical examples.
Keywords: aerospace structure, aircraft, damage tolerance, fatigue, fracture
INTRODUCTION
In today’s structural design, fatigue and
damage tolerance analysis have become
most important and challenging task for
the designers because of failure of
structure due to different type of damages.
Some of these damages have caused a loss
of entire structure i.e. Whole Aircraft
Itself. The failures associated deal with
structural components serving mechanical
systems. The loading conditions can take a
variety of forms, such as engine noise
during normal operation, or maneuvers
performed during cruise. The analysis of
combined loading conditions provide a
more realistic picture of actual in-service
use, and allow the engineer to assess
system performance more clearly before
any supporting testing may commence.[1]
As a system performs throughout its
intended lifespan, accumulated wear, or
fatigue will inherently occur. This
accumulation has a direct correlation with
the increase probability a failure will
occur, defined as risk.
Fatigue
Fatigue is defined as structural failure due
to repeated loads (cycling), whose
generated stresses are lower than those
found for static failure. Failures occur due
to the natural inhomogeneity of materials
and damage imparted to materials from
manufacturing processes, where
accumulation of damage from loading
occurs due to:
Mechanical or thermally induced
loading
Environmental effects to component
(corrosion, etc.)
Rate of damage is load dependent
(randomized loading vs. constant
loading)
Fatigue damage in large and complex
structures can have multiple sites of
initiations, which is especially true for
large assemblies, such as the aircraft’s
fuselage and wing. Initiation sites are due
to poor design practices or manufacturing
quality. Some examples include improper
corrosion protection (design),
incorporation of jagged edges or notches
(design and/or manufacturing). Such
initiation sites cause local discontinuities
(in the case of corrosion pitting) and/or
geometric aberrations, where sudden
changes in the structural load path promote
stress risers. Quantified geometric
aberrations are termed stress concentration
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