INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ... · D.K. Tanti 1, M.K. Verma 2, Brijesh Singh 3,...

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME 63 OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF DSTATCOM IN AN INDIAN POWER SYSTEM FOR LOAD AND VOLTAGE BALANCING D.K. Tanti 1 , M.K. Verma 2 , Brijesh Singh 3 , O.N. Mehrotra 4 1,4 Department of Electrical Engineering, B.I.T., Sindri (INDIA) 2,3 Department of Electrical Engineering, I.I.T.( BHU), Varanasi (INDIA) ABSTRACT The present paper deals with the problem of unbalanced voltages arising due to unbalanced loads in an electrical power system network. In this paper, placement of Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) in an Indian power system network has been considered to balance load voltages and currents against switching of unbalanced loads. Impact of DSTATCOM has also been observed in balancing voltage at all other buses which get affected due to connection of unbalanced load in the system. A feed forward neural network with back propagation algorithm has been trained with unbalanced bus voltages with targets defined as balanced bus voltages prior to connection of unbalanced load in the system. The DSTATCOM has been placed at the bus having maximum squared deviation of three phase unbalanced bus voltage from its target value. Simulations have been carried out in standard MATLAB environment using SIMULINK and power system block-set toolboxes. Simulation results establish effectiveness of DSTATCOM placement in load and voltage balancing in the Indian power system considered. Keywords: Power quality, Load balancing, Voltage balancing, DSTATCOM, Optimal placement, ANN 1. INTRODUCTION Power quality is of increasing importance in worldwide distribution. The present distribution systems are facing severe power quality problems such as poor voltage regulation, high reactive power demand, harmonics in supply voltage and current, and load unbalancing [1]. Therefore, maintenance of power quality is becoming of increasing INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET) ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), pp. 63-74 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.5028 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJEET © I A E M E

Transcript of INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ... · D.K. Tanti 1, M.K. Verma 2, Brijesh Singh 3,...

Page 1: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ... · D.K. Tanti 1, M.K. Verma 2, Brijesh Singh 3, O.N. Mehrotra 4 1,4 Department of Electrical Engineering, B.I.T., Sindri (INDIA)

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –

6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME

63

OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF DSTATCOM IN AN INDIAN POWER

SYSTEM FOR LOAD AND VOLTAGE BALANCING

D.K. Tanti1, M.K. Verma

2, Brijesh Singh

3, O.N. Mehrotra

4

1,4

Department of Electrical Engineering, B.I.T., Sindri (INDIA) 2,3

Department of Electrical Engineering, I.I.T.( BHU), Varanasi (INDIA)

ABSTRACT

The present paper deals with the problem of unbalanced voltages arising due to

unbalanced loads in an electrical power system network. In this paper, placement of

Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) in an Indian power system network has been

considered to balance load voltages and currents against switching of unbalanced loads.

Impact of DSTATCOM has also been observed in balancing voltage at all other buses which

get affected due to connection of unbalanced load in the system. A feed forward neural

network with back propagation algorithm has been trained with unbalanced bus voltages with

targets defined as balanced bus voltages prior to connection of unbalanced load in the system.

The DSTATCOM has been placed at the bus having maximum squared deviation of three

phase unbalanced bus voltage from its target value. Simulations have been carried out in

standard MATLAB environment using SIMULINK and power system block-set toolboxes.

Simulation results establish effectiveness of DSTATCOM placement in load and voltage

balancing in the Indian power system considered.

Keywords: Power quality, Load balancing, Voltage balancing, DSTATCOM, Optimal

placement, ANN

1. INTRODUCTION

Power quality is of increasing importance in worldwide distribution. The present

distribution systems are facing severe power quality problems such as poor voltage

regulation, high reactive power demand, harmonics in supply voltage and current, and load

unbalancing [1]. Therefore, maintenance of power quality is becoming of increasing

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

& TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)

ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), pp. 63-74

© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.5028 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJEET

© I A E M E

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –

6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME

64

importance in worldwide distribution systems. Industrial consumers with more automated

processes require high quality power supply else equipments such as microcontrollers,

computers and motor drives may get damaged. High quality power delivery includes

balanced voltage supply to consumers. Connection of unbalanced load at a bus may cause

unbalanced voltage and current drawn by other loads connected at that bus. Switching of

unbalanced load at a bus may also result in unbalanced voltage at some other buses.

Unbalanced voltages contain negative and zero sequence components which may cause

additional losses in motors and generators, oscillating torques in Alternating Current (AC)

machines, increased ripples in rectifiers, saturation of transformers, excessive neutral currents

and malfunctioning of several type of equipments. With the advancement in power

electronics, new controllers known as Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) have been

developed [2]. These controllers have been proved to be quite effective in power flow

control, reactive power compensation and enhancement of stability margin in AC networks

[3].

Power electronics based controllers used in distribution systems are called custom

power devices. Custom power devices have been proved to be quite effective in power

quality enhancement [1]. The custom power devices may be series, shunt, and series-shunt or

series-series type depending upon their connection in the circuit. Most prominent custom

power devices include Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM), Dynamic Voltage

Restorer (DVR) and Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) [1]. There are several

papers reported in literature on placement of custom power devices in balancing of

unbalanced load in radial distribution systems. Load voltage balancing using DVR against

unbalanced supply voltage in radial distribution system has been considered [4], [5].

Placement of DSTATCOM in weak AC radial distribution system for load voltage and

current balancing has been considered in [6]. Balancing of source currents using

DSTATCOM in radial distribution system has been considered in [7]. In [7], unbalancing has

been caused by connection of unbalanced and non-linear load. Load compensation using

DSTATCOM against unbalancing caused by opening of one of the phase of the load in radial

distribution system has been considered in [8]. Balancing of supply across an unbalanced 4-

phase load along with power factor improvement using DSTATCOM has been suggested in

[9]. A Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based controller has been proposed in [10] to balance

terminal voltage of an isolated standalone asynchronous generator driven by constant speed

prime mover. A non-linear and unbalanced load has been connected at the generator

terminals in [10] to create unbalance in supply voltages. The paper [11] uses three phase four

wire four leg VSC topology for a DSTATCOM application. The four leg inverter is operated

in a current controlled mode by a suitable control strategy to inject compensator currents in

order to achieve harmonic compensation, load balancing and power factor correction. The

control of DSTATCOM for reactive power, harmonics and unbalanced load current

compensation has been presented [12] for a diesel generator set for an isolated system. The

paper [13] proposes a method to use SVCs (Static VAR Compensators) with four wire three

phase loads for load balancing and reactive power compensation. A DVR/APF (Active Power

Filter) based on Proportional Resonant (PR) controller has been proposed in [14] to protect

sensitive industrial loads at the point of common coupling, against voltage harmonics,

imbalances and sags.

Most of the work on placement of custom power devices in load balancing has

concentrated on radial distribution systems. Very limited attempt seems to be made in load

balancing in interconnected power systems using custom power devices. Unbalanced load

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connected at a particular bus may cause voltage unbalances at several other buses in an

interconnected power system network. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based approach

has been applied for optimal placement of custom power devices in IEEE 14- bus system

considering it as an interconnected distribution system, for balancing bus voltages at all the

buses caused by unbalanced load connected at a particular bus [15]. However, IEEE 14-bus

system may be considered as a small and well behaved system. The methodology suitable for

optimal placement of custom power devices for this system may not be suitable for a large

and practical system. In this paper, Artificial Neural Network based approach suggested in

[15] has been considered for optimal placement of DSTATCOM to balance unbalanced

voltages in a practical 75-bus Indian system representing earlier Uttar Pradesh and

Uttarakhand Power Corporation Network. The ANN has been trained with Levenberg

Marquardth back-propagation algorithm (trainlm).

2. DSTATCOM MODEL

In the present work, DSTATCOM has been represented as three independently

controllable single phase current sources injecting reactive current in the three phases at the

point of coupling. The proposed DSTATCOM model has been shown in Figure-1. The

control scheme consists of three control switches which can be set on/off as per compensation

requirement.

Figure-1. Proposed DSTATCOM model

3. METHODOLOGY

The simulation model of the power system network under study is developed using

MATLAB/SIMULINK software [16]. The developed plant model was used to find three

phase balanced bus voltages prior to switching of unbalanced load, unbalanced three phase

voltage and current at the bus where unbalanced load is switched on, and unbalanced three

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phase voltages at other buses in the system. The voltage data base so prepared has been used

for training of ANN for finding the optimal location of DSTATCOM. A feed forward

Artificial Neural Network with back propagation algorithm has been used. The neural

network has been trained to give a desired pattern at the output, when the corresponding

input data set is applied. The training process is carried out with a large number of input and

output target data. The system has been made unbalanced by connection of highly unbalanced

load at different load buses. The three phase balanced per unit (p.u.) voltages of buses prior to

connection of unbalanced load, have been taken as output target data. The three phase p.u.

voltages of buses under unbalanced loading conditions have been considered as input data to

train the neural network. Once the network is trained, some data are used to test the network.

The testing results provide information about the optimal location for the placement of

DSTATCOM controller. Mean Square Error (MSE) has been computed for all the buses. The

load bus corresponding to highest mean Mean Square Error value has been selected as the

optimal bus for the placement of DSTATCOM controller.

4. CASE STUDIES

Case studies were performed on a practical 75-bus Indian system [17]. The 75 bus

Indian system is a reduced representation of earlier Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand Power

Corporation Network. It consists of 75 buses including 15 synchronous generators and 97

transmission lines. There are 42 load buses in the system having a net real and reactive power

demand of 6573.5 MW and 1002.37 MVAR, respectively. The single-line-diagram of the

system has been shown in Figure-2. Simulation model of 75-bus system Indian system was

developed using software package MATLAB/SIMULINK [16]. The simulation block

diagram of the system has been shown in Figure-3. The developed plant model shown in

Figure-3 was used to find three phase balanced bus voltages prior to switching of unbalanced

load, unbalanced three phase voltage and current at the bus where unbalanced load is

switched on, and unbalanced three phase voltages at other buses in the system. In order to

create unbalance loading condition, an additional Y- connected highly unbalanced load ;

Phase A [P=1MW, Q=100MVAR] , Phase B [ P=25KW, Q=200KVAR] , Phase C [ P=1KW,

Q=0.1KVAR] was connected at each bus considered at a time, with all other buses having

balanced base case loadings. A feed forward neural network was trained with three phase

unbalanced bus voltages. The balanced three phase voltages of different buses prior to

connection of unbalanced load at a bus were considered as target data for the neural network.

The Mean Square Errors (MSE) were calculated for all the load buses using training data and

target data. The MSE of all the buses have been shown in Figure-4. It is observed from

Figure-4 that bus-47 has maximum MSE value. Therefore, bus-47 was selected as the optimal

location for the placement of DSTATCOM controller.

Three phase voltage at all the buses and three phase current at the bus with

unbalanced load were found with DSTATCOM placed at bus-47 for all the unbalanced

loading cases. The variation of three phase voltage with respect to time for all the buses and

variation of three phase current with respect to time at the bus with unbalanced load were

plotted using MATLAB software [16]. Three phase voltage and current at bus-30 with

unbalanced load connected at bus-30 have been shown in Figure-5. Three phase voltage at

buses 16, 49, 62 and 74 with unbalanced load connected at bus-30 have been shown in

Figure-6. Three phase voltage and current at bus-39 with unbalanced load connected at bus-

39 have been shown in Figure-7. Three phase voltage at buses 28, 57, 65 and 73 with

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unbalanced load connected at bus-39 have been shown in Figure-8. Three phase voltage at

buses 20, 32, 52 and 69 with unbalanced load connected at bus-47 have been shown in

Figure-9. Three phase voltage and current at bus-47 with unbalanced load connected at bus-

47 have been shown in Figure-10. Three phase voltage and current at bus-50 with unbalanced

load connected at bus-50 have been shown in Figure-11. Three phase voltage at buses 25, 34,

53 and 64 with unbalanced load connected at bus-50 have been shown in Figure-12. Three

phase voltage and current at bus-54 with unbalanced load connected at bus-54 have been

shown in Figure-13. Three phase voltage at buses 24, 42, 60 and 66 with unbalanced load

connected at bus-54 have been shown in Figure-14. It is observed from figures 5, 7, 10, 11

and 13 that placement of DSTATCOM at bus-47 results in considerable balancing of load

voltage and current at the bus with unbalanced load. It is observed from figures 6, 8, 9, 12

and 14 that placement of DSTATCOM at bus-47 is also able to produce considerable voltage

balancing at other buses.

Figure-2. Single line diagram of the 75-bus Indian system

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Figure-3. 75-bus Indian system (MATLAB/SIMULINK) model

Figure-4. Mean Square Error for different load buses (75-bus Indian System)

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Bu

s

No.

Without DSTATCOM With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

30

30

Figure-5. Three phase voltage and current at bus-30 with unbalanced load connected at bus-30

Bus

No.

Without DSTATCOM With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

16

49

62

74

Figure-6. Three phase voltage at buses 16, 49, 62 and 74 with unbalanced load connected at bus-30

Bus

No.

Without DSTATCOM With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

39

39

Figure-7. Three phase voltage and current at bus-39 with unbalanced load connected at bus-39

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Bus

No.

Without DSTATCOM With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

28

57

65

73

Figure-8. Three phase voltage at buses 28, 57, 65 and 73 with unbalanced load connected

at bus-39

Bus

no.

Without DSTATCOM With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

20

32

52

69

Figure-9. Three phase voltage at buses 20, 32, 52 and 69 with unbalanced load at

connected at bus-47

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Bus

No.

Without DSTATCOM With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

47

47

Figure-10. Three phase voltage and current at bus-47 with unbalanced load connected at

bus-47

Bus

no.

Without DSTATCOM With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

50

50

Figure-11. Three phase voltage and current at bus-50 with unbalanced load connected at

bus-50

Bus

no.

Without DSTATCOM With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

25

34

53

64

Figure-12. Three phase voltage at buses 25, 34, 53 and 64 with unbalanced load at

connected at bus-50

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Bus

no.

Without DSTATCOM With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

54

54

Figure-13. Three phase voltage and current at bus-54 with unbalanced load connected at

bus-54

Bus

no.

Without DSTATCOM With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

24

42

60

66

Figure-14. Three phase voltage at buses 24, 42, 60 and 66 with unbalanced load at

connected at bus-54

5. CONCLUSION

Custom power devices have shown to be quite effective in power quality

enhancement. However, due to high cost and for most effective utilization, these controllers

are to be placed optimally in the system. In the present work, optimal placement of

DSTATCOM has been considered in a practical Indian power system based on ANN

methodology to balance voltages and currents caused by switching of unbalanced loads.

Simulation results show that DSTATCOM is capable of enhancing not only voltage and

current unbalances at unbalanced load location, but also voltages at other locations.

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