international institute for democracy and electoral ... - IDEA

i d e a ’ s

international institutefor democracy and electoralassistance (idea)

a n n u a l R e p o R t 2 0 0 5

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i d e a a n n u a l R e p o R t 2 0 0 5

table of contents

3 WelcomebyIDEABoardChairpersonLenaHjelm-Wallén

4 IDEA’sObjectives

7 IDEAinAction�005

7 A.IDEA’sThematicWork

7 1.ElectoralProcesses 9 2.PoliticalParties

9 WomeninPolitics10 3.DemocracyBuildingandConflictManagement11 4.DemocracyAssessments

13 B.IDEA’sRegionalWork

13 1.Africa14 2.LatinAmerica16 3.ArabWorld17 4.Asia18 5.SouthCaucasus

19 C.IDEACelebrates10YearsofDemocracyAssistance

�1 D.PublicationsReleasedin�005

�8 E.IDEA’sDatabases

�9 AboutIDEA

30 �005BoardofDirectors

31 StatementofRevenueandExpenditure

i d e a ’ s

Welcome

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SupportingdemocracyworldwideisanambitiousagendaforasmallInstitute.ForthisreasonInternationalIDEAoffersitsexpertiseinanumberoffocusedareas.Broadlyspeaking,thesecover:

•Electoralprocesses:equippingacountrywiththeabilitytomanageallaspectsofanelectoralsystemandnotjustwhathappensonpollingday;

•Thedevelopmentofviablepoliticalparties,whichIDEAseesasimportantforproperdemocraticfunctioning;and

•Therelationshipbetweenconflictmanagement,entrenchingstabilityanddemocracybuilding.

IDEAdoesnotclaimtohavetherecipeformakingdemocracy,butasanorganizationweprovidemuchneededinformationandknowledgesothatcountriescanselecttherightingredientsforthemselvesinordertodeepentheirowndemocraticprocesses,institutionsandculture.

�005saw,forexample,thepublicationofanentirelyrevisedandupdatedversionofElectoralSystemsDesign:TheNewInternationalIDEAHandbook.Asoneenthusiasticreviewerstated,itis‘simplythebestsinglesourceofinformationandadviceonelectoralsystemdesign.’

IDEAcontributedrightfromthebeginningtothedevelopmentoftheGlobalDeclarationofPrinciplesandCodeofConductforInternationalElectoralObservation.ThesewereadoptedinOctober�005attheUNHeadquartersinNewYorkinaceremonyaddressedbyUNSecretary-GeneralKofiAnnan,formerUSPresidentJimmyCarterandformerUSSecretaryofStateMadeleineAlbright.

OurnewDemocracy,ConflictandHumanSecurityprojecttackleskeyquestionsontheabilityofdemo-cracytodeliversocialandeconomicrights,inclusionandpovertyreduction.Theprojectishighlyrelevanttocountriesinpostconflicttransitionorwherethere-militarizationofsecurityisaconcern.

IDEAisalsokeentogeneratematerialonhowtoreformandstrengthenpoliticalpartiesaroundtheworld.Ourresearchonthefunctioningofparties–includingtheirfundingmechanismsandstructures–

providescomparativeinformationonnofewerthan60countries.

In�005IDEAconcludedthefirstphaseofitsproject‘DemocracyintheArabWorld’,layingthegroundworkforfurtherworkintheregion.

InAsia,thegovernmentofMongoliaannounceditsintentiontoconductanationwidesurveyofdemocracyusingthe‘StateofDemocracy’methodo-logydevelopedbyIDEA.SimilarassessmentswerecompletedinSouthAsiaduringtheyear.

Theglobaldebateabouttheeffectivenessofdemo-cracyassistanceisanimportantdevelopmentinwhichIDEAhasavestedinteresttoparticipate.Bythesametoken,theBoardattachesgreatimportancetotheevaluationsofIDEA’sprogrammesandproductsiftheInstituteistoremaincredibleandeffective.

�005wasalsothe10thanniversaryofIDEA.Althoughwehavenotchedupmanyachievementsinthattime,thecaseforIDEAremainsascompellingtodayasitdidwhentheorganizationwasfirstfounded.Inthattimedemocracyassistancehasevolvedfromsupportingdiscreetprojectstoanapproachthatencompassesbroaderpoliticalandconstitutionalreform.Yetthedemandforauthoritativematerialtoassistpeopletocementtheirowndemocracyaroundtheworldremainsjustasstrong.

ThiswasbroughthometomewhenIspokeatthe3rdMinisterialCommunityofDemocraciesMeetinginChileinApril�005,whereIDEA’sworkwasacknowledgedinthefinaldeclaration.Thatmeetingunderscoredonething:farfrombeingcomplete,IDEA’sworkhasjustbegun.

WiththeappointmentofVidarHelgesenasSecretary-GeneralinDecember�005,welookforwardtomeetingthechallengesahead.

LenaHjelm-WallénIDEABoardChairperson

FormerDeputyPrimeMinister&FormerMinister

forForeignAffairsofSweden

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idea’s objectives

IDEAisanintergovernmentalorganizationfocusedonsupportingdemocracyworldwide.Itsmainobjectivesaretoimprovethedesignandeffectivenessofdemocraticinstitutionsandtopromotedialogueforstrengtheningdemocraticreformsandprocesses.IDEA:

•Assistscountriesindevelopingandimprovingdemocraticinstitutions;•Connectspoliticians,researchers,policymakers,democracyanalysts,citizensandall

thosewhoengageinpoliticalreform;•Usesfieldexperiencetodeveloptrainingmaterialsforimprovingdemocraticprocesses;•Promotesprofessionalism,transparency,accountabilityandefficiencyinthemanagement

ofelections.

IDEA’sapproachtoleverage,analyseanddisseminateknowledgefordemocracybuildingisbasedonthreekeyassumptions:•Therearenoblueprintsfordemocracy.Everycountry’slegalandpoliticalinstitutionsare

shapedbyitshistory,politicaltraditions,social,economic,ethnic,religiouscompositionandculture.Individualfreedom,goodgovernance,theprotectionofhumanrightsandtheruleoflawareallfeaturesofademocraticsystem.Ultimately,thequalityofdemocracyisjudgedbyhowwellacountry’sownpoliticalinstitutionsandprocessesmeettheneedsofitscitizensandallowthemtoacquireapoliticalvoice.

Strömsborg,IDEA’sheadquartersinStockholm,Sweden.

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•Thereisnopre-determinedrecipeforsuccessfuldemocracy.IDEAmakesavailablecomparativeknowledgeandanalysisfromvariouscountriesonwhatpoliticalprocessesandinstitutionsfunctioninaparticularcontext.ThedemandforsuchknowledgeisworldwideandoptionsbasedonIDEA’shandbooks,databasesandpolicypaperscanbeadjustedtoanyculturalorpoliticalsituation.

•Democracycannotbetakenforgranted.IDEAworkswithnewandlong-establisheddemocraciesalike,withthosecountrieswhichareinpost-conflicttransitionandthosewherecitizensquestionthecapabilityofdemocraticinstitutionstodeliveronsocioeconomicrights.Makingdemocracyworkisataskforeachcountryviaitscitizens,institutions,civilassociations,socialandeconomicforces,professionalassociations,religiousgroups,andpoliticalparties.

IDEAdistilsinternationalexperienceandinformationintothefollowingareas:

•Electoralprocesses:Freeandfairelectionsarekeytodemocracy.IDEApromotestheprofessionalmanagementofelectionsbyprovidingtrainingmaterialsandcomparativeguidanceonhowtodesignelectoralsystems,strengthenelectoralinstitutions,andrunsustainableelectoralprocesses.

•Politicalpartiesandparticipation:Thoughpublictrustinpoliticalpartiesisverylow,norepresentativedemocracycanoperatewithoutdemocratic,effectiveandaccountableparties.IDEAplacespoliticalpartysystemsandwomen’spoliticalparticipationatthecentreofitsdemocracy-buildingwork.

•Democracybuildingandconflictmanagement:Effectivedemocraticinstitutionsandprocessesshouldbeabletomanageconflictinginterestswithoutresortingtoviolence.IDEAsupportsreconciliationprocessesasameansofadvancingdemocraticdevelopmentandconstitutionbuildinginsocietiesemergingfromperiodsofviolence.

IDEA’sapproachisrootedinitsregionalwork:throughitsheadquartersandsevenofficesaroundtheworld,IDEAcollectsinformation,analysestrends,feedsexperiencefromthegroundintoitswork,andmakesitspolicyoptionsandtoolsavailabletopractitionersatthefieldlevel.In�005,IDEAfocuseditsworkonAfrica,LatinAmerica,theArabworld,AsiaandtheSouthCaucasus.

“Electoral Assistance is part of the Institute’s name. It is not so because we wanted an ‘E’ and an ‘A’ to finish ‘IDEA’. We wanted to signal that this Institute was more than a think tank; it had a practical mission as well as an intellectual one. And that mission was to provide assistance…That assistance would be in the electoral area – the machinery of democracy.”

Sir Shridath Ramphal, former IDEA Board Chairman (1995-2001) and former Secretary-General of the Commonwealth

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Balibo,EastTimor.Awomanregisterstovotebeforeareferendum.

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idea in action 2005

A.IDEA’sThematicWork

1. Electoral Processes

Buildingtrustaswellasprofessionalisminthemanagementofelectoralprocessesremainsamajorchallengeforelectoralmanagementbodies(EMBs)indifferentpartsoftheworld.Despiteconsiderableprogressachievedinrecentyears,basicneedsstillexistincrucialareassuchasthestructure,financingandstaffingofEMBs,theresolutionofelectoraldisputes,therelationshipbetweenelectoraladministratorsandthemedia,andthepracticeofremotevoting.

IDEA’sElectoralProcessesProgrammeunderpinsmuchoftheorganization’swork.Theprogramme:•Supportsthedevelopmentofsoundandcredibleelectoralprocesses;•Ensurestheprofessionalmanagementofelectionsandtheindependence

ofEMBsinordertoincreasepublicconfidence;and•Increasesvoterturnout.

InJune�005IDEApublishedarevisedandupdatedversionofitsbookElectoralSystemsDesign:TheNewIDEAHandbook(ESD).Choosinganelectoralsystemisoneofthemostimportantinstitutionaldecisionsforanydemocracy.Electoralsystemsdefineandstructuretherulesofthepoliticalgame–theyhelpdeterminewhoiselected,howacampaigniswaged,theroleofpoliticalparties,whogovernsandwhatpoliciesareimplemented.Sincethepublicationofthefirstedition1997,theESDhandbookhasbecomeastandardinternationaltextonelectoralsystemsdesign.EvendevelopeddemocraciesrelyonthematerialinESDwhenevaluatingtheirownsystemsandseekingmodelstoemulateforappropriatereform.AworkshopofCaribbeandemocraciesorganisedbytheCommonwealthSecretariatandtheCommon-wealthParliamentaryAssociationinTrinidadandTobagoinJulyusedthefindingsoftheESDasastartingpointfordiscussion.

“International IDEA’s revised handbook comes at the most propitious time, and should be compulsory reading for all political actors and those involved in electoral issues.”

Enrique Iglesias, former President, Inter-American Development Bank

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IDEAcontributedtotheGlobalDeclarationofPrinciplesandCodeofConductforInternationalElectoralObservation,whichwereadoptedinOctoberattheUnitedNationsHeadquartersinNewYork.Theseinternationallyendorsedstatementsaredesignedtopreventthemanipulationofelections.

“Genuinedemocraticelectionsareanexpressionofsovereignty,whichbelongstothepeopleofacountry,thefreeexpressionofwhosewillprovidethebasisfortheauthorityandlegitimacyofgovernment.Therightsofcitizenstovoteandtobeelectedatperiodic,genuinedemocraticelectionsareinternationallyrecognizedhumanrights.Genuinedemocraticelectionsservetoresolvepeacefullythecompetitionforpoliticalpowerwithinacountryandthusarecentraltothemaintenanceofpeaceandstability.Wheregovernmentsarelegitimizedthroughgenuinedemocraticelections,thescopefornon-democraticchallengestopowerisreduced.

Genuinedemocraticelectionsarearequisiteconditionfordemocraticgovernance,becausetheyarethevehiclethroughwhichthepeopleofacountryfreelyexpresstheirwill,onabasisestablishedbylaw,astowhoshallhavethelegitimacytogovernintheirnameandintheirinterests.Achievinggenuinedemocraticelectionsisapartofestablishingbroaderprocessesandinstitutionsofdemocraticgovernance.Therefore,whileallelectionprocessesshouldreflectuniversalprinciplesforgenuinedemocraticelections,noelectioncanbeseparatedfromthepolitical,culturalandhistoricalcontextinwhichittakesplace.”

GlobalDeclarationofPrinciplesforInternationalElectionObservation(UnitedNations)

TheBRIDGEProject(BuildingResourcesinDemocracy,GovernanceandElections)isthemostcomprehensiveprofessionaldevelopmentcourseinelectionadministration,developedjointlybyIDEA,theAustralianElectoralCommissionandtheUnitedNationsElectionAssistanceDivision.Overthepastsevenyears,1,500peoplein14countrieshavetakenthecourse,whichnowexistsinsevenlanguages.In�005,courseswereattendedbyelectoralcommissionstafffromAfrica,LatinAmericaandtheSouthCaucasus.

TheACEProject(www.aceproject.org)providesonlineinformationaboutelectionadministration.DevelopedbyIDEAinpartnershipwithIFESandtheUnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,theACEWebsitereceivesnearly1millionhitspermonth.Workisunderwaytoexpandtherangeofmaterial,providecapacitybuildingtraininganddevelopanonlinenetworkofexperts.

Informationonafurther�1countrieshasbeenaddedtotheElectoralProcessesInformationCollection(EPIC)Website,asystematiccollectionofhowcountriesmanagetheirelections,developedbyIDEA,IFESandtheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP).EPICnowcovers1�1countries.Inaddition,atestdatabaseofElectoralResourcesOnlinehasbeendeveloped,whichhostsacollectionofsome�,700sampleelectoralmaterialsfromaroundtheworld.

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2. Political Parties

Aproperlyfunctioningdemocracyrequiresproperlyfunctioningpoliticalparties.Yetdecliningmembership,internalweaknessoralackofgeneraltrustbesetspoliticalparties.IDEA’spriorityistoimprovethefunctioningofpoliticalpartiesindemocracies.TheInstitutegathersandcomparesdatafromaroundtheworldonhowpoliticalpartiesfunction.Whencompleted,thisaction-orientedresearchwillprovideabasisforpoliticalpartyreform.Researchanddialogueonpoliticalpartiesisunderwayinmorethan60countriesinCentralAmerica,theAndeanregion,Africa,CentralandEasternEurope,andSouthAsia.

In�005morethan40politicalpartiesattendedworkshopsinHungary,SriLankaandSouthAfricatodiscusspartyreform.IDEA’sSouthCaucasusProgrammelaunchedaresearchprojectontheexternalandinternalregulationsofsixpoliticalpartiesinArmeniaandGeorgia.Thestudygaveacompletepictureofleadershipstructures,women’srepresentation,candidateselection,funding,trainingandmanagementpractices.

WomeninPoliticsWomen’sparticipationinpoliticsiscentraltodemocraticgovernance.However,womenholdlessthan16percentofparliamentaryseatsworldwide.ForthisreasonIDEAiscommittedtoprovidinginformationandpracticalassistancetoensuregreatergenderbalanceinthepoliticalprocess.

IDEAisinvolvedinaglobalresearchprojectontheimplementationandapplicationofelectoralquotasforwomenincooperationwithStockholmUniversity’sDepartmentofPoliticalScience.IDEAalsoassistedanumberofcountrieswithstrategiesforincreasingwomen’sparticipation.Forexample,inOctober�005IDEAorganizedtrainingincampaigningfor1�0femalepotentialcandidatesinthe�006Peruviancongressionalelections.

TheInstitutealsohostedseveraleventsatthe49thSessionoftheUNCommissionoftheStatusofWomeninNewYork,includingameetingonwomenandpoliticaldecision-making,incollaborationwiththreeotherorganizations.Inaddition,IDEAco-hostedaforumwiththeEuropeanWomen’sLobbyformorethan100parliamentariansfromallovertheworldtodebatethereviewoftheimplementationofthe1995BeijingDeclarationandthePlatformforAction,whichisanagendaforwomen’sempowermentresultingfromtheUN4thWorldConferenceonwomenin1995.

“Past attempts to build democracies without political parties have failed.”

Karl Heinz Nassmacher, Professor of Political Science, Oldenburg University, Oldenburg, Germany


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AfghanpresidentialcandidateMasoodaJalalwithsupporters.

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3. Democracy Building and Conflict Management

Democracyiswidelyseenasthebestmeansofachievingthepeacefulmanagementofsocialconflicts.Ironically,thetransitiontowardsdemocracymayitselfgenerateviolence,asshiftsoccurinthedistributionofpowerandtherelationshipbetweencitizensandthestate.TheDemocracyBuildingandConflictManagementProgramme:•Strengthensconfidenceindemocracyandtheabilityofinstitutionsto

manageconflictingsocialinterests;and•Promotestheuseofdialogueandreconciliationprocessestocement

democraticreformsandstability.

IDEAsupportedconstitutionaldialogueprojectsinGeorgiaandNepalandhelpedlocalorganizationsassesstheconstitutionalcultureinbothBoliviaandArgentina.IDEAcompletedcomparativecasestudiesonconstitution-buildingprocessesfor1�countriesandpublishedapolicypaperinEnglishandArabic,KeyOptionsinIraq’sDemocratizationProcess,whichwasdistributedwithinIraq.

“Tacklinginequalityhasbecomeperhapsthemostpressingtaskfordemocracy.Politicalinstitutionsandprocessesneedtoensurethepoliticalmandateandpopularcontrolbuttheyalsoneedtoensurethepoliticalmandateandcapacitytogovernanddeliverpolicieswhichservetoimprovethelivesofcitizens.Withoutbothpoliticalandeconomicjustice,democracycannotthrive.”KarenFogg,Secretary-GeneralofIDEA2002-2005

IDEAreleasedaregionalizedLatinAmericanversioninSpanishofitsReconciliationHandbookfollowedbyseminarsinsixcountriesonthecontinent.AFrenchtranslationwasalsopublished.MakingReconciliationWork–theRoleofParliamentarians,publishedjointlywiththeInter-ParliamentaryUnioninEnglish,French,ArabicandSpanish,waslaunchedataworkshopinBurundi,attendedbyparliamentariansfrom15countries.

Experienceshowsthattherebuildingofnationalinstitutionsisinsufficienttosustainpeaceifparalleleffortsarenotdevelopedtostrengthenlocalgovernance.Tothisend,IDEAcommencedaprojecttosupportlocaldemocracyinHaiti.AnewIDEApolicypaper,DemocracyandtheUnitedNation–PeaceBuildingattheLocalLevel:LessonsLearned,outlinestheexperiencesofUNpeacekeepingmissionsinKosovo,TimorLeste,SierraLeoneandLiberia.

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AposterinLiberiacallsforreconciliation.

KarenFogg

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4. Democracy Assessments

Inparalleltoitsworkonthesefourmaintopics,IDEAhasalsodevelopedamethodologyforassessingthestateofdemocracyinanygivencountry.

Aseffortstosupportdemocracyanddemocratizationincrease,thedevelopmentofameansofmonitoringprogressbecomesmoreimportant.IDEAdevelopedthemethodologyinitsStateofDemocracyHandbookpublishedin�00�,basedonworkdonebyprofessorsDavidBeethamandStuartWeirfromEssexUniversity,toequipthecitizensofanycountryintheworldwiththeabilitytoassessthefunctioningoftheirowndemocracyanddeterminewhatimprovementsneedtobeimplemented.In�005thegovernmentofMongoliaissuedDraftNationalPlanofActiontoConsolidateDemocracyinMongolia,whichwascraftedbygovernment,privatesectorandcivilsocietyrepresentatives.IDEA’sStateofDemocracymethodologyisbeingusedtoconductthenationwideresearchforthePlan.

ExternalEventsIDEAalsotakesanactivepartineventsorganizedbyitspartnersandothernetworks.Highlightsinclude:

•IDEAwasaffordedaprominentplaceattheCommunityofDemocraciesMinisterialmeetinginChileinApril�005andaskedtodeliverapaperonIdeasforDemocracyandchairaroundtablediscussion.IDEABoardChairpersonLenaHjelm-Wallénspokeattheclosingsession.

•IDEAorganizedaworkshoponRepresentativeDemocracy,ParticipatoryMethods,andCapacityDevelopmentforResponsiblePoliticsatthe6thGlobalForumonReinventingGovernmentinKoreainMay.

“Weofferedsomethingthatincorporatedexperiencesfromdifferentcontinents,notonlyfromEuropeorNorthAmerica.Theideawasquiteobvious–Iwassurprisedthatnooneelsewasdoingit.…peoplewerefocusingonelectionsandelectoralobservationexpectingthatdemocracywouldcomemoreorlessautomatically.ButIknewthatelectoralobservationdoesn’tcreatedemocracy.Youhavetocombinethetwobasicprinciplesofpreparinghandbooksongoodpracticeswithaprocessthatisfocusedoninstitutions.”BengtSäve-Söderbergh,formerSecretary-GeneralofIDEA(1995-2002)


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Avoterinthefirst-everAfghanipresidentialelection,October2004.

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B.IDEA’sRegionalWork

1. Africa

Africastillfacesformidablechallengesofpoverty,HIV/AIDS,humanrightsviolations,corruption,conflictandongoingpoliticalproblems.Manycountrieslackcapacityinelectoraladministrationandtheirpoliticalpartiesneedtobestrengthened.Othersmustcopewiththelegacyofpreviousconflicts.

Africa’sregionalorganizationsarepushingdemocratizationandgoodgovernanceasaprerequisitefordevelopment,withtheNewPartnershipforAfrica’sDevelopmentbeingthemostarticulateexpressionofthisprocess.TheEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStateshasdevelopeditsfocusbeyondpeacekeepingandeconomicintegrationtootherareassuchasimprovingelectoralprocesses.TheAfricanUnionhasrecentlyformedanElectionsUnit;whileinSouthernAfrica,theSouthernAfricaDevelopmentCommunity(SADC)ParliamentaryForumhasreleaseditsownElectionsGuidelines.

ManyAfricanstatesareshowinganinterestindevelopingmoretransparentelectoralprocessesandinclusivepoliticalsystems.Civilsocietyorganizationsarebecomingmoreactiveandthelevelofpoliticalparticipation–asjudgedbyvoterturnout–ishigh,evenwherethecredibilityandtransparencyoftheelectoralprocessmaybequestioned.

Toachievethegreatestimpact,IDEAmainlyworkswithregionalorganizationsinAfrica.TheInstitute:•Improvestheprofessionalismandcompetencyofelectionadministratorsbyproviding

relevanttechnicalmaterialforskillsdevelopment;•Buildscredible,functioningpoliticalparties;•Increaseswomen’spoliticalrepresentation;•Assistsconflict-managementprocessesandensuresthatAfricanexperienceissharedin

areassuchasconstitutionbuilding,reconciliation,traditionaljusticemechanismsanddialogueprocesses;and

•Evaluatestheperformanceofdemocracyatthelocallevel.

IDEAcontributedtotheprofessionaldevelopmentofelectoraladministratorsthroughtargetedtraining:BRIDGE–BuildingResourcesinDemocracy,GovernanceandElections.In�005,courseswereattendedbyelectoralcommissionstafffromGhana,Nigeria,Liberia,Gambia,SierraLeoneandMozambique.

Twenty-twoparticipantsfromWestAfricaattendeda10-dayBRIDGETraintheFacilitatorscourse.InMozambiqueaBRIDGEtrainingcoursefor�0nationalandprovincialstaffoftheTechnicalSecretariatforElectionAdministration(STAE)completedafour-yearprojecttobuildexpertise.

“It is manifestly clear that the process of democratization on the African continent is irreversible. Indeed, there is evidence to suggest that our leaders and our peoples are determined to give democracy and good governance a chance to take root on the continent.”

Bience Gawanas, African Union Commissioner for Social Affairs, at IDEA’s 10th anniversary conference, June 2005

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ElectionofficialsinLiberia’s2005presidentalelections.

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BRIDGEtraininginMozambiqueaimedtoimprovegeneralcapacityofthestaffandtodevelopthetrainingdepartment.

IDEAadvanceditscomparativeresearchonthefunctioningofpoliticalparties:materialwascollectedinBurkinaFaso,Ghana,Mali,Nigeria,Senegal,Lesotho,Malawi,Mauritius,Swaziland,Zimbabwe,Angola,Botswana,theDemocraticRepublicofCongo,Mozambique,Namibia,SouthAfricaandZambia.

IDEAanditspartnerslobbiedsouthernAfricanheadsofstatetoelevatetheSADCDeclarationonGenderandDevelopmenttoprotocolstatusandtoraisethetargetof30percentwomenin

decision-makingto50percent.IDEAjoinedwithotherdevelopmentpartners,includingtheAfricanDevelopmentBank,toexaminetheroleofparliamentsinpovertyalleviation.

Twoobstaclestowomen’sparticipationinpoliticsinWestAfricaweredescribedataneventinGhana,co-organizedbyIDEA,AbantuforDemocracy(Ghana)andtheCenterforGovernanceandDemocracy(BurkinaFaso):•Culturalobstacles:resistancefromhusbands,familiesandsocietyatlargearethelargesthindrancesbothforwomenattemptingtoenterpoliticsandforthosealreadyelected;and•Politicalobstacles:politicalpartyleadersarereluctanttoconsiderwomenas

candidatesinmostofthecountriesandtheyrefusetonominatewomenforleadershippositions.

2. Latin America

LatinAmericancountriesshareanumberofcommonproblems:weakdemocraticinstitutions,dissatisfactionwithpoliticalparties,widespreadpoverty,inequality,exclusionandcorruption.Politicalandeconomicreformshavefailedtodeliverimprovementsintheeverydaylivesofmanypeople.Theincreasedfrustrationwiththedemocraticprocesshasoftengivenrisetomassprotestmovementsdemandingpoliticalreformorleadershipchangeoutsidetheregularelectoralframework.Thechallengeistobreakthecyclesothatpopulardiscontentdoesnotunderminedemocracy.

IDEAseestheneedtoreformelectorallaws,processesandinstitutionsinordertodevelopmoreinclusivepoliticalandparticipatorysystems,andtomakedemocraticinstitutionswork.

IDEA’sworkinLatinAmericabridgesthegapbetweenpopularsupportfordemocracyasasystemandwidespreaddissatisfactionwithpoliticiansandpoliticalprocessesinpractice.TheInstitute:•Strengthenspoliticalinstitutions–withworkonpoliticalpartiesreceivingahighpriority;•Strengthensconstitution-buildingandreformprocessestoensurethedevelopmentof

sounddemocraticinfrastructure;

“I strongly recommend BRIDGE to other election administration bodies...The dynamic adult-education teaching style used in BRIDGE was very well-received by our trainees and we saw that it greatly improved the level of their knowledge of electoral administration and management....The BRIDGE training curriculum also provided us with the ability to develop our own operational training courses according to the reality of our own country.”

Felisberto Naife, Director of Training and Civic Education, STAE, Maputo

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•Ensuresthatelectoralreformproducesmoreinclusiveandbetterelectoralsystems;and

•Generatesabetterunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenpoliticalandeconomicdevelopment.

In�005,IDEAheldseveraleventstostrengthenelectoralinstitutionsandpoliticalpartiesinLatinAmerica,including:•AseminaronelectoralinformationmanagementinColombiaattended

byelectoralmanagementofficials.•AsymposiumforelectionadministratorsinBoliviaontheBRIDGE

project.•AseminarinGuatemalaforpoliticalpartiesandelectionmanagement

bodiesdealingwithinternaldemocracyinpoliticalparties,politicalpartyfundingandmediaaccess.

•Traininginfinancialmanagement,reportingandaccountabilityforninePeruvianpartiesandregionalexchangeonpartyfinancereforminPeru.

•MeetingsinHondurasandNicaraguafor35high-rankingpartyofficialsfromCentralAmericatolaunchthenextphaseofIDEA’sworkwithpoliticalparties.

DuringtheyearIDEAopenedanofficeinMexicoCity,withresponsibilityforMexico,CentralAmericaandtheCaribbean.IDEAalsoarrangedaseriesofmeetingsondemocracyandgovernancetargetingsome500Mexicanlegislators,partyofficials,electoralofficersandothers.InOctober,300delegatesfromthroughouttheworldattendedaseminarinMexicoCityonDemocracy,ElectionsandtheMedia.

InBolivia,IDEA’sAgoraDemocráticaprogrammeandtheUNDPteameduptoencouragepoliticalreformandstrengthenthecountry’spartysystem.Theprojectisdesignedtoencouragepoliticalpartiesandothergroupstoaddresstheissuesunderlyingtherecentconflictsinthecountry.Theseincludeethnicrelations,regionalself-determination,thegovernment’sroleindevelopinghydrocarbonsandothernaturalresources,theeconomicmodel,andthepoliticalsystemandrulesforpoliticalcompetition.

Createdin�004jointlywithPeru’sAsociaciónCivilTransparencia,AgoraseekstostrengthenpoliticalpartysystemsinthefiveAndeannationsthroughdevelopingpoliticalreformproposals,providingopportunitiesforconsensusbuilding,andofferingtechnicalcooperationandtraining.

InPeru,IDEAandtheOrganizationofAmericanStatesreleasedastudy,FromNormstoGoodPractices:TheChallengeofPoliticalFinancinginLatinAmerica,inanattempttoincreasefinancialtransparency.InMadrid,IDEAandtheSpanishgovernmentaddressedthethemeInternationalCooperationandPoliticalPartiesinLatinAmericaataworkshoptolaythegroundworkforimprovedcoordinationbetweendonorsandothersinthefield.

“Democracy building is still a challenge and it constitutes a responsible commitment in the creation of a more humane world.”

Lourdes Flores Nano, IDEA Board member, President of the Alianza Electoral Unidad Nacional and candidate in the 2001 and 2006 Peruvian presidential elections


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ApollingofficialinBoliviaduringthe2005generalelections.

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IDEAassistedPeruvianpoliticalpartiesindevelopingagenderpolicy.InJuly,�1partiesinPerusignedanagreementtopromotewomen’sparticipationandgenderequalityinpolitics,toincludeagenderperspectiveinpartyplatformsforthe�006elections,andtoworkforelectoralreformandagenderlawinthenextCongress.TheprocesswasorganizedbyIDEAandthreePeruvianpartnerorganizations.

3. Arab World

ThereisnodiscernibleregionalmovementtowarddemocratizationandpoliticalopennessintheArabworld.Majorchallengesfordemocracyintheregionremaintoimprovehumanrights,establishtransparentandcredibleelectoralsystems,increasewomen’sparticipation,developpoliticalparties,andreformexistingconstitutionalandpoliticalinstitutionsthathinderdemocratization.IDEA’sprioritiesareto:•Buildnationalandregionalcapabilityintheareaofelectionsbydevising

relevantmaterialandtrainingresources;•Addtothedebateonwomen’spoliticalparticipationandtheroleof

politicalparties;and•Reformpoliticalinstitutionsandhelpconstitutionaldevelopment.

�005sawthecompletionandpublicationofthreereportsaspartoftheprojectDemocracyintheArabWorld:Egypt,JordanandYemen.Thereportscontainrecommendationsfordemocraticreformineachcountry,whicharealsovalidforthedemocratictransitioninotherArabcountries.AvailableinArabicandEnglish,theyprovideaguidefortheinternationalcommunityonhowtosupportthereformprocessintheregion.IDEA’sparticipationintheInternationalColloquiumonPoliticalPluralismandElectoralProcessesheldinRabat,MoroccoinOctober�005generatedconsiderableinterestintheInstitute’sworkamongthe400participantsrepresentinggovernments,parliaments,politicalparties,non-governmentalorganizations,mediaandacademicsfromtheMiddleEast,NorthAfrica,andG8countries(Canada,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,theRussianFederation,theUnitedKingdom,andtheUnitedStatesofAmerica).

“[IDEA believes] that there are distinct opportunities for democratization in the region, but recognizes that each country needs sufficient space and time to develop its own reform agenda and democratization strategy and to craft its own democratic institutions according to its particular cultural, political and historical circumstances.”

From the Preface to:

Building Democracy in Yemen: Women’s Political Participation, Political Party Life and Democratic Elections

17

4. Asia

�005provedtobeadifficultyearforSoutheastandSouthAsia,startingwiththeoverwhelminghumanitariancrisiscausedbythetsunamithathittheregioninDecember�004.ThedisasteropenedupthepossibilityforanimprovedrelationshipbetweenpeopleinAcehProvinceandtheIndonesiancentralgovernment.Unfortunately,inSriLanka,conflictontheislandresumedonlytooquickly.

ApartfromIndia,theworld’slargestdemocracy,democracyinSouthAsiaiseitherinretreatorunderpressurefromtheriseoffundamentalism,communalpolitics,religiousandsocialconflicts,armedstruggle,povertyandexclusion.

SriLankahasnotyetdevelopedthepoliticalorinstitutionalframeworktodealwithitsmulti-ethnicsocialstructure.PoliticalactivitywasbannedinNepalafterKingGyanendra’simposeddirectpalaceruleinJanuary,andtheMaoistinsurgencycontinued.Pakistanfacedexcessivemilitaryinterventioninpoliticsandgrowingreligiousfundamentalism.Bangladeshtriedtoovercomeitspartisanpoliticalculturethatwasobstructinglongertermpoliticalreform.Afghanistanheldsuccessfulparliamentaryandlocalelections(thefirstin30years)andwastherecipientofamajorinternationalefforttohelpittostabilizeandrebuilditssociety.

IDEA’sworkinSouthAsiafocuseson:•Reconciliationasameansofstrengtheningpeaceandconsolidatingdemocracy;•Improvingthecredibilityandefficiencyofpoliticalparties;•Advancingknowledgeofelectoralsystemdesign;and•Supportingthenotionthatstabilityanddemocracywillbenefitfromconstitutional

processesthatreformulatethedistributionofpower.IDEAheldasymposium,ReconciliationinSouthAsia:ExploringtheTerrain,whichgeneratedinterestintheformationofaregionalnetworkofreconciliationexperts.InSriLankainApril,IDEA,togetherwiththeSriLankanInter-ReligiousPeaceFoundationheldaninter-faithsymposiumtitledHelporHindrance?TheRoleofReligionsintheSriLankanConflict.Representativesofthefourmajornationalreligions–Hinduism,Buddhism,IslamicandChristianity–identifiedpossiblefaith-basedapproachesthatcouldbemobilizedtoengenderhealingandimprovecommunityrelations.

InNepal,IDEAsupportedaninitiativebetweenpartiesandcivilsocietyorganizationstodiscussstrategiesforrestoringdemocracy.Networkshavealsobeencreatedtosupportconstitutionaldevelopmentasawaytoaddressthecurrentconflict.MeetingswereheldinSriLanka,NepalandIndiatodiscusshowtoreformpoliticalparties.AgroupofpoliticalfiguresandactivistsinvitedIDEAtoPakistantomakeapresentationonInternationalStandardsforFreeandFairElections.


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HowtoimprovehumanrightsandpromotepoliticalreformandreconciliationinMyanmarremainsavexedquestionfortheinternationalcommunity.AungSanSuuKyi–anhonoraryIDEABoardmember–isstillunderhousearrest,andmilitaryruleshowsnosignsofgivingwaytodemocraticprocesses.IDEAsupportscivilsocietyinMyanmarthroughassistancetotheBurmaFund.CivilsocietyorganizationsandleadersfromtheBurmesedemocracymovementattendedaworkshopinThailandonChallengestoReconciliation–BuildingHumanRelationshipsandCommunityProcesses,followingthelaunchoftheBurmesetranslationofthesummaryofIDEA’sReconciliationHandbook.

InIndonesia,balancingtheinterestsofnationalunitywiththoseoftheregionsisasensitivepoliticalissue.Anyinstabilityormovestowardseparatismresultinthegovernment’suseofmilitaryforce.TheneedtocounterfortheregionsinthepoliticalsystemwasoneofthereasonswhyaparliamentaryRegionalRepresentativeCouncil(DPD)wasestablished.IDEAsupportstheDPD–andtargetsitswomenmembers–tohelpstrengthendemocracy.TwostudyvisitswereorganizedforDPDmembers:toSouthAfrica,toexperiencetheworkoftheNationalCouncilofProvinces(ananalogouslegislativebody);andtoAustralia,whereparticipantsexaminedtheSenate.

5. South Caucasus

In�005,IDEAhandedoveritsGeorgiaprogramme–focusedondemocracyassessmentandcapacitybuildingonelectoraladministration–tolocalpartnersinthecountry.RecommendationsemergingfromtheGeorgiapublicdialoguesheldin�005wereconveyedtoboththegovernmentandtheinternationaldonorcommunity.ABRIDGEprogrammetocreateapoolofqualifiedtrainersonelectoraladministrationwasheldfortheCentralElectoralCommission(CEC)ofGeorgia.TheCECnowhas�8fullyaccreditedBRIDGEprofessionals.IDEAalsoarrangedforresearchontheinternalandexternalchallengesforpoliticalpartiesinArmeniaandinGeorgia.

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C.IDEACelebrates10YearsofDemocracyAssistance

TheendoftheColdWarinthelate1980ssawmanycountriesestablishorre-establishthemselvesasfunctioningdemocracies.Manyhadundergoneperiodsofinternalconflict,repressionandhumanrightsviolations.Theywereemergingwithoutatraditionofopenpoliticalinvolvementandtheirfragilestructuresprovidedlittlecertaintyofsustainingandnurturingthedemocraticprocessestowhichtheirpeopleaspired.Freeelectionswerebeingorganizedforthefirsttime.

Againstthisbackgroundacoalitionof14democraciesfoundedIDEAin1995.

IDEA’s10thanniversaryin�005providedtheopportunitytostandbackandreflectonwhattheorganizationhadachieved.

“International IDEA broke new ground. First of all, it was global in its reach and it was not just about elections and developing countries. It was about the fundamentals of democracy worldwide. We were as concerned about the funding of political parties in established demo-cracies as about the interface between democracy and under-development. Our mission remains as valid now as when we began.”

Sir Shridath Ramphal, former IDEA Board Chairman (1995-2001) and former Secretary-General of the Commonwealth

1 0 y e a R s o f d e m o c R a c y a s s i s t a n c e

IDEAJune2005conferencespeakers,fromleft:AllanWagner(Secretary-General,AndeanCommunityofNations),MargotWallström(VicePresident,EuropeanCommission),moderatorDavidSteel(formerPresidingOfficer,ScottishParliament),BienceGawanas(Commissioner,AfricanUnion),DeepaGopalanWadhwa(IndianAmbassadortoSwedenandLatvia).

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InFebruaryIDEAconvenedaseminarforsome60governmentrepresentativesinStockholmwiththetitleDemocracyBuilding:PastLessonsandFutureTrends.InJuneIDEAhostedaconferencewiththethemeBuildingDemocracyAcrossBordersfeaturingkeynotespeakersMargotWallström,EuropeanCommissionVicePresident;BienceGawanas,AfricanUnionCommissioner;DeepaGopalanWadhwa,IndianAmbassadortoSwedenandLatvia;andAllanWagner,SecretaryGeneraloftheAndeanCommunityofNations.

TheStockholmeventsalsodiscussedthelinksbetweendemocracyanddevelopment,andhowdemocracycouldbeusedtomanageconflictdespitetheviolencethatoftenoccursintheprocess.AnniversaryeventswerealsoforIDEA’sfriendsandpartnersheldinIndonesia,Ghana,SouthAfrica,BotswanaandPeru.IDEAalsocompiledthecollectiveknowledgeondemocracyassistanceoftheInstitute,expertsandpractitionersfromaroundtheworldinitsanniversarypublication,TenYearsofSupportingDemocracyWorldwide.

IDEA’sachievementsInitsfirstdecadeIDEA:•Facilitatedin-depthdemocracyassessment,dialogueandcapacity-buildingprogram-

mesinNepal,Romania,Bosnia,BurkinaFaso,Guatemala,Slovakia,Nigeria,Indonesia,PeruandGeorgia,aswellasregionallyintheArabworldandinsoutheasternEurope.

•Developedamethodologysothatlocalcitizenscanassesshowwelldemocracyfunctionsintheirowncountry,identifyshortcomingsandareasforreform.

•Conductedprofessionaltrainingcoursesthroughouttheworldforelectionadministratorsandofficialsfromdevelopingdemocracies.

•Producedover100publicationsin10languagesfordemocracypractitioners.Theseincludethepublicationofanumberofhandbooks,whichhavebecomestandardtextsontheirsubjectareasforuseaspracticaltoolsandguidelinesonelectoralsystems,conflictmanagement,quotas,andotherissuesrelatedtodemocracy.

•Publishedmorethan100casestudiesfromAsia,LatinAmerica,Africa,Europe,andtheArabworldontheuseofquotastoincreasetherepresentationandparticipationofwomeninpolitics.

•Developedextensivedatabasesonvoterturnout,electionsadministrationandcosts,andpoliticalparties.

•Sponsoredactivitiesinmorethan�8countriesforlocal,national,andregionalaudiencesinterestedindemocracyandelectoralissues.

•Providedtechnicalassistancetoindividualcountriesandlegislatures.•Fosteredprofessionalnetworksacrosstheglobeinthefieldsofelectoralmanagement

anddemocracyassistance.

“Gorbachev – Glasnost and Perestroika – presented us with the stellar moment when everything seemed possible. The Cold War was over. The Wall was torn down and democratization took off. The need for help and advice became obvious and with that the creation of ground rules for democracy.”

Thorvald Stoltenberg, former IDEA Board Chairman (2001-2003), former Foreign Minister of Norway and UN Special Representative in the Former Yugoslavia

“Democratization is a long-term process, and it must be built from within societies. It can neither be imported nor exported, but it surely can be supported.”

Andrés Rozental, IDEA Board Vice Chairperson

�1

D.PublicationsReleasedin�005

ElectoralProcesses

ElectoralSystemDesign:TheNewInternationalIDEAHandbookIn1997,IDEApublisheditsfirstHandbookonElectoralSystemDesign.TheHandbookprovedtobeoneofIDEA’smostusedtools.In�005,anewHandbookcoveredtheprocessofelectoralsystemchangeandthepoliticalandinstitutionalcontextinwhichelectoralsystemswork.Thiseasy-to-useguideincludesnewcasestudiesthatdescribefactorstoconsiderwhenmodifyingordesigninganelectoralsystem.

AvailableinEnglish(www.idea.int/publications/eds/index.cfm).AnoverviewoftheHandbookisalsoavailableinEnglishandPortuguese.

ASpanishtranslationoftheHandbookwillbepublishedbyIDEAandtheInstitutoFederalElectoralofMexicoinSeptember�006.

TheEnablingStateProgramme,Nepal,producedanunofficialtranslationoftheHandbookintoNepali(www.idea.int/publications/esd/np.cfm#toc).

Democracy Building and Conflict Management

Verdad,justiciayreparacion–Desaffiosparalademocraciaylaconvivenciasocial(Truth,justiceandreparations–Challengesfordemocracyandsocialcoexistence)Withfivecasestudies(Argentina,Chile,ElSalvador,GuatemalaandPeru)asastartingpoint,thispublicationrelaunchesthedebateonreconciliationanddemocratizationintheLatinAmericanregion.ThefocusoftheanalysisistherelationshipbetweenreconciliationprocessesanddemocratizationagendasinLatinAmerica.

AvailableinSpanish(www.idea.int/publications/vjr/index.cfm).

Inthisproduction,IDEA,incooperationwiththeInter-AmericanInstituteofHumanRights,istakingforwardtheanalysiscontainedintheReconciliationAfterViolentConflictHandbookpublishedin�003(www.idea.int/publications/reconciliation/index.cfm).

p u b l i c a t i o n s

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DemocracyandUNPeace-BuildingattheLocalLevel:LessonsLearnedThispolicypapersummarizesthefindingsofathree-yearprojectcarriedoutbyIDEAthathasfocusedontheUnitedNations’roleinthedemocratizationofKosovo,Liberia,SierraLeoneandTimorLeste–eachofwhichhasbeenunderUNtransitionaladministrationfollowingarmedconflict.Theprojectconcentratedon:

•TheUnitedNationsMissioninKosovoandtheOrganizationforSecurityandCo-operationinEuropemunicipaladministrationinthedisputedterritory;

•OptionsfornewlocaldemocracystructuresanddecentralizationinTimorLestefollowingindependenceinMay�00�;and

•Opportunitiesforlocalgovernanceinpost-warSierraLeone,whichin�004heldelectionsfornewlycreatedlocal-leveldemocraticinstitutions.

AvailableinEnglish(www.idea.int/publications/democracy_un/index.cfm).

Makingreconciliationwork:theroleofparliamentsAneffectiveparliamentisvitaltothesuccessofanytransitionfromconflicttopeace.Yetinmanypost-conflictsituations,parliamentnolongerexistsorhasonlyrecentlybeenrestored.Inthelattercase,itscapacitytorespondtothedauntingchallengesofreconciliationisoftenlimited.

PublishedbyIDEAinpartnershipwiththeInter-ParliamentaryUnion,thisconciseguideprovidesinsightsintotheroleplayedbyparliamentsincountrieswhichhaveexperiencedoraregoingthroughtransitionfromconflict,andhighlightsthepitfallstobeavoidedontheroadtoreconciliation.

AvailableinEnglish,Arabic,FrenchandSpanish(www.idea.int/publications/mrw/index.cfm).

Also published by IDEA on democracy building and conflict management:

•ReconciliationAfterViolentConflict:PolicySummary(Burmese)(www.idea.int/publications/reconciliation/index.cfm)

•DevelopingLocalDemocracyinKosovoPublishedbyIDEAincooperationwiththeAdvocacyTrainingandResourceCenter(ATRC),Kosovo.AvailableinEnglish,AlbanianandSerbian(www.idea.int/publications/dem_kosovo/index.cfm)

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Political Parties

PoliticalParties’Finance–CD-ROMThisCD-ROMcontainsallIDEApublicationsonpoliticalpartyfinancetodate,includingthefulltextoffourbooks:•HandbookonFundingofPoliticalPartiesandElectionCampaigns(globalstudy)•FromNormstoBestPractices(LatinAmerica)•TheDelicateBalancebetweenPoliticalEquityandFreedomofExpression(Canada

andtheUS)•FromtheGrassrootstotheAirwaves(Caribbean)

Manycountrieshavedecidedtointroduceasystemofregulationofpoliticalpartyfunding.ThisCD-ROMcontainsanextensivematrixonpoliticalfinancelawsandregulationsin111countries.

Gender and Political Participation

WomeninParliamentHandbook:BeyondNumbersARevisedEditionThisnewandupdatededitionofWomeninParliament:BeyondNumbersHandbookexaminesthreekeystagesinvolvedinwomenaccessinglegislatures.Itlooksattheobstacleswomenconfrontwhenenteringparliament–betheyinstitutional,political,socioeconomicorideological.Itpresentsoptionsforovercomingtheseobstacles,suchasreformingelectoralsystemsandintroducingmeasureslikequotas.Italsodetailsstrategiesforwomentoinfluencepoliticsoncetheyareelectedtoparliament.

TheHandbookincludescasestudiesfromArgentina,BurkinaFaso,Ecuador,France,Indonesia,Rwanda,SouthAfricaandSweden,aswellasregionaloverviewsfromtheArabworld,LatinAmerica,SouthAsiaandacasestudyontheInter-ParliamentaryUnion.

AvailableinEnglish(www.idea.int/publications/wip�/index.cfm).

ThefirstWomeninParliament:BeyondNumbersHandbookwasproducedin1998.IDEAhasproducedSpanish,FrenchandIndonesianlanguageversionsandaRussianoverviewoftheHandbookduring�00�-�003.

TheImplementationofQuotas:EuropeanExperiencesThisreport,thefourthofaseriesofglobalreportsontheuseofgenderquotas,examineswomen’spoliticalrepresentationinEurope.AlthoughtheoverallrepresentationofwomeninEuropeanparliaments(includingtheCommonwealthofIndependentStates’nations)standsatapproximately18percent,thedifferencesamongthemanycountriesarestaggering:fromalowof3percentinKyrgyzstantoahighof45percentinSweden.Genderquotasareincreasinglyviewedasanimportantpolicymeasureforboostingwomen’saccesstodecision-makingbodiesthroughouttheworld.


�4


TheproponentsofquotasinmanyEuropeancountriesfaceanunusualdilemmacomparedtootherregions–rejectionandscepticismbasedonpreviousexperiencewithquotas.Inmanycommuniststatesofthe�0thcentury,quotaswereemployedasawayofpayinglipservicetoequalitydeclarationsmadebystate-sponsoredsocialism.Thus,inseveralEuropeandemocraciesofthe�1stcentury,quotasarenotregardedaspositivemeasuresbutrathernegativeremindersofnon-democraticpractices.

Thereportexaminesthisparticularimpedimentandcomparesstrategiesandwaysofovercomingthestereotypes.Thereare11countrycasestudiesincludedinthereport:Belgium,BosniaandHerzegovina,Croatia,Estonia,Hungary,Lithuania,Macedonia,Norway,Poland,SerbiaandMontenegro,andSlovenia.

AvailableinEnglish(www.idea.int/publications/quotas_europe/index.cfm).

Arab World

CountryReportsonDemocracyBuildinginEgypt,JordanandYemenThecriticalchallengesfacingdemocratizationintheArabworldreflectthemesthatarecentraltoIDEA’sworkingeneral:theconductoffreeandfairelections,thepoliticalinclusionofwomen,andthefunctioningofpoliticalparties.

ThesethreecountryreportsarethemostimportantoutcomesofaprojectcarriedoutbyIDEAin�003-�004,incooperationwiththeArabNGONetworkforDevelopment,aimedatdiscussingdemocraticreformsinEgypt,JordanandYemen.

Thechallenges,opportunitiesandrecommendationsidentifiedinthereportsareresultsoftheworkofin-countryresearchteamstogetherwiththecontributionsmadeduringtheregionalmeetingsorganizedbytheproject.

AvailableinEnglishandArabic(www.idea.int/publications/browse/arab_world.cfm).

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Also published by IDEA on the Arab world:

•DemocracyintheMaking:KeyOptionsinIraq’sDemocratizationProcessApolicypaper

•DemocracyandPoverty:theCaseoftheArabWorldApolicypaper

•IslamistsandElectionsintheArabWorldApolicypaper

•Post-WarLebanon:TheLostOpportunitiesApolicypaper

(AlloftheabovepolicypapersareinArabicandEnglishandareavailableatwww.idea.int/arab_world/publications.cfm)

Latin America

Laconcepcióndelpoderdesdelasmujeres(Theconceptofpower:women’sperspectives)Co-publishedbyIDEAandtheHannahArendtInstitute,thisbookdrawsontheNovember�004ForumofLatinAmericanWomenPoliticalLeaders.Itcoverstheconceptofpower,politicalpartyfinancingandthemedia’sroleandimpactonpolitics.

AvailableinSpanish(www.idea.int/publications/concept_of_power/index.cfm).

AChallengetoDemocracy:PoliticalPartiesinCentralAmerica,PanamaandDominicanRepublicThispublicationassessesthecurrentstateofandprospectsforpoliticalpartiesinCentralAmericaandtheDominicanRepublic.ThereportwaspublishedjointlybyIDEA,theInter-AmericanDevelopmentBank,theGeneralSecretariatoftheOrganizationofAmericanStates(OAS),andtheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.

AvailableinEnglishandSpanish(www.idea.int/publications/pp_americas/index.cfm)

FromGrassrootstotheAirwaves–PayingforPoliticalPartiesandCampaignsintheCaribbeanThisstudyprovidescomparativeanalysisofthe34memberstatesoftheOAS,assessingnotonlythenormativeframeworkofpoliticalpartyandcampaignfinancing,butalsohowlegislationisactuallyputintopractice.Thespecificthemesaddressedincludeddisclosure,enforcement,publicandprivatefinancing,accesstothemediaandgender.


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ThispublicationistheresultofajointeffortbytheOfficeforthePromotionofDemocracyoftheOASandbyIDEA,undertheframeworkoftheInter-AmericanForumonPoliticalParties.

ThestudywasreleasedwithaCD-ROM,whichincludesnationalcasestudies,comparativetables,legislationandotherdocuments.

AvailableinEnglish(www.idea.int/publications/pp_caribbean/index.cfm).

NationalVisionsMatter:LessonsofSuccessThisreportresultsfroma�004meetingbetweenIDEA,theWorldBankandtheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(UNECLAC)whereseniorpublicsectorofficialsandprivatesectorrepresentativesfrom14countriesgatheredtoanalyseeachcountry’sdevelopmentexperience.

NationalVisionsMatterencapsulatesasetofcentralelementscommontosuccessfuldevelopmentexperiences.Successfulcountrieshaveinvestedindevelopinglong-termvisions,andhavecreatedtheinstitutionstotranslatelong-termvisionsintoreality.

PublishedwiththeWorldBankandtheUNECLAC.

AvailableinEnglishandSpanish(www.idea.int/publications/nvm/index.cfm).

Also published by IDEA on Latin America:

PublishedinSpanishonly:•Argentina:unasociedadanomica

(Argentina:asocietywithoutnorms)PublishedwithUniversidadNacionalAutonomadeMexicoyAsociacionArgentinadeDerechoConstitucionalwww.idea.int/publications/ausa/index.cfm

•NuevasReglasparaElegirMejor,Seminariosobrelareformaelectoral(NewRulesforChoosingBetter:ASeminaronElectoralReform)PublishedwithAsociaciónCivilTransparenciawww.idea.int/publications/new_rules/index.cfm

•DemocraciaenlaRegiónAndina,lostelonesdefondo(DemocracyintheAndeanRegion)PublishedwithAsociaciónCivilTransparenciawww.idea.int/publications/democracy_andina/democracy_andina.cfm

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South Caucasus

Constitutional/PoliticalReformProcessinGeorgia,ArmeniaandAzerbaijan:PoliticalEliteandVoicesofthePeoplePublishedwiththeCaucasusInstituteforPeace,DemocracyandDevelopmentAvailableinEnglish,GeorgianandRussian(www.idea.int/publications/cprp_georgia/en.cfm).

Special publication

TheInternationalInstituteforDemocracyandElectoralAssistance:TenYearsofSupportingDemocracyWorldwideThisanniversarybookillustrateshowIDEAcontributestodemocracybuildinginthepracticalandtheoreticalsense,anditsexperienceofhowtomakeadifferenceinthefieldofdemocracybuilding.Thebookisdividedintotwoparts,thefirstlookingattheexternalworldaroundIDEAfrom1995to�005.ThesecondpartofthebookdescribessomeofIDEA’sactivitiesindemocracybuilding.IthighlightstheInstitute’sworkinasamplecountry(Peru)toshowtheinterplaybetweenbroadinstitutionalplanningandregionalactivity.

AvailableinEnglish(www.idea.int/publications/anniversary/index.cfm).


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E.IDEA’sDatabases

ACE(AdministrationandCostofElections)

www.aceproject.orgTheelectronicversionofACEisthefirst-everattempttoprovideagloballyaccessibleinformationresourceonelectionadministration.Itprovidesuser-friendly,operationallyorientedinformationonoptions,detailedprocedures,alternativesolutionsandtheadmin-istrativeandcostimplicationsassociatedwithorganizingelections.BuildingonthesuccessofACE,anewproductACEElectoralKnowledgeNetworkwillbelaunchedin�006.ItisacollaborationbetweenIDEA,EISA,ElectionsCanada,theFederalElectoralInstituteofMexico,IFES,UNDESAandUNDP.PoliticalFinanceLawsandRegulationswww.idea.int/matrixIDEA’sdatabaseonpoliticalfinancelawsandregulationscontainsinformationfrommorethan100countries.Itisthelargestcollectionofsuchinformationavailableintheworld.QuotasforWomenwww.quotaproject.orgIDEAandStockholmUniversityhavecompiledcomparativeinformationontheuseandimpactofquotasforwomeninpolitics,includingthedifferentquotasystemsinexistencetoday,thepercentageofwomenrepresentedandrepresentationtargetsincountrieswheretheseexist.VoterTurnoutwww.idea.int/vtIDEA’svoterturnoutdatabaseisthemostcomprehensiveglobalcollectionofpoliticalparticipationstatisticsavailableandcontainsvoterturnoutfiguresonacountrybasisfornationalpresidentialandparliamentaryelectionssince1945.Theinformationincludesboththenumberofregisteredvotersandvotingagepopulationasindicators.Whereavailable,thespoiledballotrateforeachelectionisstated.Includedalsoarethemostrecentindicatorsofliteracyandhumandevelopment,alongwiththetypeofelectoralsystemcurrentlyusedandwhethervotingiscompulsory.ElectoralProcessesInformationCollection(EPIC)Projectwww.epicproject.orgTheEPICprojectisasystematiccollectionofhowcountriesactuallymanagetheirelections.Bypresentinginformationaboutelectoralsystems,electoralmanagement,legislativeframework,voterregistration,votereducationandotherrelatedtopicsinawiderangeofcountries,usersareabletocompareandidentifycommonpracticewithinelectoraladministration.EPICpartnersincludeUNDP,IFESandmanyregionalbodies.ElectoralSystemDesignwww.idea.int/esdThismaterialisacompilationofIDEA’sknowledgeonelectoralsystemdesign.Thechoiceofelectoralsystemisoneofthemostimportantinstitutionaldecisionsforanydemocracy:electoralsystemsdefineandstructuretherulesofthepoliticalgame;theyhelpdeterminewhoiselected,howacampaigniswaged,theroleofpoliticalparties,andmostimportant,whogoverns.

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about idea

IDEAbringstogetherthosewhoanalyseandmonitortrendsindemocracyandthosewhoparticipateinpoliticalreform.IDEAstrengthenstheinstitutionsandcultureofdemocracyinbothnewandlong-establisheddemocraticstates.

Asanintergovernmentalorganization,IDEA’smemberstatesarebothitsownersandkeypartners.TheInstitutealsoworkswithorganizationsatthenationalandinternationallevel,including:

•Intergovernmentalorganizations,suchastheAfricanUnion,theOrganizationofAmericanStates,theOrganizationforSecurityandCo-operationinEurope,theEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedNations.IDEAholdsObserverStatusattheUN,whichgivesitaccesstopolicydiscussionsondemocracy-relatedissues.

•DevelopmentagenciesandorganizationssuchastheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme,theWorldBankandtheInter-AmericanDevelopmentBank,aswellasbilateraldevelopmentagencies.

•Democracypractitionersandinstitutions,suchaspoliticalparties,parliamentsandelectionmanagementcommissions.

•Non-governmentalorganizations,tradeunions,religiousbodies,universities,thinktanksandacademicnetworks.

HeadquarteredinStockholm,Sweden,IDEAin�005hadregionalofficesinCostaRicaandSouthAfricaandprogrammeofficesinPeru,Mexico,Ghana,IndonesiaandArmenia.Its50employeesrepresented�6differentnationalities.

MemberStates2005Australia,Barbados,Belgium,Botswana,Canada,CapeVerde,Chile,CostaRica,Denmark,Finland,Germany,India,Mauritius,Mexico,Namibia,TheNetherlands,Norway,Peru,Portugal,SouthAfrica,Spain,Sweden,andUruguay

Japan(Observer)Switzerland(joinedJanuary�006)

AssociateMembersasof2005InternationalPressInstituteParliamentariansforGlobalActionTransparencyInternationalInter-AmericanInstituteforHumanRights

a b o u t i d e a

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2005 board of directors

•MsLena Hjelm-Wallén,Chairperson(Sweden),formerDeputyPrimeMinisterandformerMinisterforForeignAffairs

• Ambassador Andrés Rozental,ViceChairperson(Mexico),PresidentoftheMexicanCouncilonInternationalAffairs

•Dr Brigalia Bam(SouthAfrica),ChairpersonoftheIndependentElectoralCommissionandformerGeneralSecretaryoftheSouthAfricanCouncilofChurches

• Mr Jermyn Brooks (UnitedKingdom),memberoftheBoardofDirectorsofTransparencyInternationalandformerGlobalManagingPartneratPriceWaterhouseCoopers

•Dr Ricardo Díez-Hochleitner(Spain),HonoraryPresidentoftheClubofRome

•MsKaci Kullmann Five (Norway),formerCabinetMinisterandChairpersonoftheConservativePartyofNorway

•SenatorJos van Gennip(TheNetherlands),memberoftheUpperHouseoftheParliament

•MrHarri Holkeri(Finland),formerPrimeMinisterandformerHeadoftheUnitedNationsInterimAdministrationMissioninKosovo

•Dr Subhash Kashyap(India),formerSecretary-GeneraloftheLowerHouseofParliamentandConstitutionalAdvisortotheIndianGovernment

•Dr Kuniko Inoguchi(Japan),MinisterofStateforGenderEqualityandSocialAffairs,formerPermanentRepresentativeandAmbassadorofJapantotheConferenceonDisarmamentinGeneva

•MsLourdes Flores Nano(Peru),PresidentoftheAlianzaUnidadNacional,formercongresswomanandpresidentialcandidate

• Dr Henning Scherf (Germany),formerPresidentoftheSenateandMayoroftheFreeHanseaticCityofBremen(resignedDecember�005)

•MrCassam Uteem(Mauritius),formerPresidentoftheRepublicofMauritius

honorary board member:

Aung San Suu Kyi(Burma),GeneralSecretaryoftheNationalLeagueforDemocracyinBurmaandNobelPeacePrizeLaureate

secretary-general:

Karen Fogg,UnitedKingdom(�00�–�005)VidarHelgesen,Norway(asofJanuary�006)

31

statement of Revenue and expenditure

Budget Euro 2005 2005 2004

REVENUECoreContributions(Members) 8405714 8009851 795�900ProjectContributions 1500000 1414371 77668�Otherincome 406103 536051 376136InterestIncome 40000 100096 36�07Total Revenue 10 351 817 10 060 369 9 141 925

EXPENDITUREOperating ExpenditureCoreProgrammeDemocracyandConflictManagement 1060765 984184 996040ElectionProcesses 1131399 1�364�6 1150�99PoliticalParties 9�7805 776�16 790658Cross-Thematic 1�7337� 1160743 777�08RegionalProgrammes 19�6��8 1868�07 1969�19ProgrammeDevelopmentandFollow-Up �50000 164154 109078TotalCoreProgramme 6569569 6189930 579�50�AdditionalProjectExpenditure 1500000 1414371 77668�Total Operations 8 069 569 7 604 301 6 569 184

Administration ExpenditureGoverningBodies 183000 �7��46 189809PersonnelCosts 1�013�1 1149194 1�9�456Management �36000 14�901 114359HumanResources 314000 �941�� 336434AuditandAccounting 144000 1390�0 14�790OfficeExpenditures 96703� 847985 89�098Total Administration 3 045 353 2 845 468 2 967 946

Financing costsExchange(gains)andlosses (155�77) (300758) �1��59OverheadRecovered (69113) (3�579)Total Financing (155 277) (369 871) 179 680

Total Expenditure 10 959 645 10 079 898 9 716 810

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