International Health Organizations
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Transcript of International Health Organizations
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International Health
Organizations
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A large number of organizations of various sizesprovide international health aid:
A. Organizations Providing Long-term Health Care
multilateral agencies (UN agencies) Bilateral agencies
Non-governmental organizations
B. Refugee and Disaster Relief Organizations
multilateral agencies (UN agencies) Bilateral agencies
Non-governmental organizations
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A. Organizations Providing Long-term
Health Care
Multilateral Agencies
Multilateral : funding comes from multiple
governments (and non-governmental sources)
and is distributed to many different countries.
The major multilateral organizations are all
part of the United Nations
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A. Organizations Providing Long-term
Health Care
World Health Organization (WHO) Directing and coordinating international health
activities
Supplying technical assistance to countries.
Developing norms and standards
Disseminating health information
Promoting research
Providing training in international health
collecting and analyzing epidemiologic data
Developing systems for monitoring and evaluatinghealth programmes
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A. Organizations Providing Long-term
Health Care
The World Bank
Intergovernmental agency related to the UN
heavily involved in international health.
The World Bank loans money to poor
countries on advantageous terms not
available in commercial markets.
Focus on human resources development
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A. Organizations Providing Long-term
Health Care
The United Nation Childrens Fund (UNICEF)
spends the majority of its programme budget
on health care.
It devotes most of its resources to the poorest
countries and to children younger than 5
(HEALTH AND EDUCATION)
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A. Organizations Providing Long-term
Health Care
The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
Focus on Reproductive health including family
planning
Priority is based on rate of population growth
and poverty
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A. Organizations Providing Long-term
Health Care
The United Nation Development Programme(UNDP)
Focus on Health , education, employment.
Its major health concerns are AIDS, maternaland child nutrition, and excessive maternalmortality.
In conjunction with WHO and the WB itsponsors the Special Programme for Researchand Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR).
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A. Organizations Providing Long-term
Health Care
Bilateral Agencies
Bilateral agencies are governmental agencies
in a single country which provide aid to
developing countries
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A. Organizations Providing Long-term
Health Care
Political and historical reasons often
determine which countries receive donations
from bilateral agencies and how much they
receive:
The largest of these is the United states agency for
International Development (USAID)
Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Department for International Development (DFID)
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A. Organizations Providing Long-term
Health Care
Non-governmental Organizations
Private voluntary organizations (PVOs),
provide approximately 20% of all external
health aid to developing countries.
Most of these organizations are quite small;
many are church-affiliated.
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A. Organizations Providing Long-term
Health Care
Project Hope (USA)
Oxfam International (UK)
GOAL (Ireland )
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B. Refugee and Disaster Relief
Organizations
In most natural disasters, the majority of deaths occurin the first few hours or days
Most of the lives that are saved are saved early on andsaved by local efforts at disaster relief.
A major disaster can overwhelm the resources of apoor country and, by destruction of economic andsocial infrastructure, set the stage for famine andepidemics.
The aid provided by international relief organizations inthe days immediately following the disaster can play amajor role in averting health crises and re-establishinga functioning society.
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B. Refugee and Disaster Relief
Organizations
Famines and refugee crises tend to develop
slowly, often preceded by warning signs of the
impending emergency
International agencies can coordinate relief
efforts with national agencies in a timely fashion.
Organizations working in refugee and disaster
relief are: The United Nations agencies
NGOs
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B. Refugee and Disaster Relief
OrganizationsUN agencies:
The World Food Programme (WFP):
supplies food relief in disasters
coordinates the activities of NGOs involved in food relief, as well asassisting them with transportation and logistics.
The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR): Provides international protection to refugees
Attempts to find long-lasting solutions to their problems
Coordinates the work of NGOs involved in refugee relief.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO):
It helps developing countries prepare for famine through its GlobalInformation and Early Warning System and its Food Security AssistanceScheme
helps developing countries set up national food reserves.
In disasters its principal role is to assist in the re-establishment ofagricultural production.
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B. Refugee and Disaster Relief
Organizations
Bilateral Agencies
As is the case with long-term health care,
most of the developed countries have a
governmental agency dedicated to providing
disaster relief.
USAID
The US Armed Forces also assist in disaster relief
on occasion
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B. Refugee and Disaster Relief
Organizations
Non-Governmental Organizations
The International Red Cross and Red CrescentMovement:
is the largest and most prestigious of the world's
humanitarian NGOs. It has three components:
the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC);
the International Federation of Red Cross Society;
the International Federation of Red Crescent Society;
The seven fundamental principles of the Movementare: humanity; impartiality; neutrality; independence, i.e.
autonomy; voluntary service; unity,
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B. Refugee and Disaster Relief
Organizations
Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF):
Provides health aid to victims of war and
natural disasters.
Unlike the Red Cross, MSF is willing to enter
war-torn areas without the permission of
authorities.
MSF, considers one of its functions to be
speaking out on human rights abuses
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International Health Regulations
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194 countries across the globe have agreed to
implement the International Health
Regulations (2005) (IHR) In response to:
The exponential increase in international travel
and trade
Emergence and reemergence of international
disease threats and other health risks This binding instrument of international law
entered into force on 15 June 2007.
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The stated purpose and scope of the IHR are:
"to prevent, protect against, control and provide a publichealth response to the international spread of disease inways which avoid unnecessary interference withinternational traffic and trade."
The IHR require States to strengthen core surveillance andresponse capacities at: The primary, intermediate and national level
Designated international ports, airports and ground crossings.
They introduce a series of health documents: ship sanitation certificates
International certificate of vaccination or prophylaxis fortravelers
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What to notify?
In 1969, States Parties were required to notifycases of cholera, plague and yellow fever toWHO
Notification is now based on the identificationof an "event that may constitute a publichealth emergency of international concern
IHR are not limited to specific diseases, butare applicable to health risks (industrial andatomic plants accidents )
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What to notify?
Two groups of diseases which raise particularconcerns:
Group 1: A single case of smallpox, poliomyelitisdue to wild type poliovirus, human influenzacaused by a new subtype and severe acuterespiratory syndrome (SARS)
Group 2: Events involving epidemic-pronediseases of special national or regional concern
which "have demonstrated the ability to causeserious public health impact and to spreadrapidly internationally
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When to notify?
Assessment and notification of events accordingto decision instrument criteria
At the national level, States Parties are requiredto assess all reports of urgent events within theirterritories within 48 hours by applying a specificalgorithm
The algorithm provides the parameters used todecide whether or not a specific event needs tobe notified to WHO
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When to notify?
(1) the seriousness of the event's public healthimpact;
(2) the unusual or unexpected nature of theevent;
(3) the risk of international disease spread;
(4) the risk that travel or trade restrictions will be
imposed by other countries. The events which must be notified are those that
meet at least any two of the criteria therein.
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When to notify?
Notifiable event must be notified to WHO
immediately(within 24 hours after assessment
Notification will include:
Details of any health measure employed in
response to the event
Accurate and sufficiently detailed public health
information available(case definitions, laboratoryresults and number of cases and deaths)
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Other reporting requirements
States Parties are required to inform WHO within
24 hours of receipt of evidence of public health
risks occurring outside their territory that maycause international disease spread.
The evidence may be manifest by imported or
exported human cases, or the identification ofinfected or contaminated vectors or
contaminated goods.
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Sudan Public Health Act
Issued in 2008:
Establishment of the National Public HealthCoordination council
Communicable diseases, declaring epidemics andnotification:
Mother and child health (immunization)
Rights of Health services users
Health research council Blood transfusion, abortion prohibition and grave
digging