International finance 120181-1165 The financial crisis 2007-2009.
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Transcript of International finance 120181-1165 The financial crisis 2007-2009.
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International finance 120181-1165
The financial crisis 2007-2009
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International finance 120181-1165
Lecture outline
Definitions
The origins of the crisis
Possible explanations of the crisis- empirical evidence
Preventing financial crises
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International finance 120181-1165
Financial crisis- definition
Powerful shocks within the financial
system which trigger a decrease or a
deepening of the already ongoing
production decrease
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International finance 120181-1165
Stock market crunches
Rational expectations
Growing productivity- assumptions
Behavioral finance
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International finance 120181-1165
Stock market crunches
The source of speculative purchases Loans- payback constraints Influence on domestic demand
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International finance 120181-1165
Speculative bubbles
Growing deviation of the present values
of prices/ER from their theoretical values
till the moment of price collapse
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International finance 120181-1165
Banking crises
The willingness of banks to grant loans Information concerning the situation of
enterprises Moral hazard Negative selection of the borrowers
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International finance 120181-1165
Banking crises
„Toxic debt”
The solvency of the banks
Financial accelerator Credit amount expansion
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International finance 120181-1165
Currency crises
Will the CB be able to maintain the ER? 3 generations of currency crises 1 generation- Krugman 2 generation- Obstfeld 3 generation- eclectic model
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International finance 120181-1165
Currency crises
Banking supervision Official foreign reserves shifts The development of financial markets
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International finance 120181-1165
Speculative attacks
Speculation against fixed ER
The mechanism of the attack
The consequences of the attack
Example: speculative attack on GBP in
1992
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International finance 120181-1165
The origins of the crisis 2007-2009
Excessive CA deficit in the USA
Twin deficits in the USA
Issuance of governement bonds- main
purchaser- China
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International finance 120181-1165
The origins of the crisis 2007-2009
Expansionary monetary policy of the FED
Law level of i%
Low credit costs
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International finance 120181-1165
Expansionary monetary policy of the FED
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International finance 120181-1165
The origins of the crisis 2007-2009
Petrodollars as a source of global liquidity Supply shocks on the oil market Inflationary impulses i% increase
difficulties to pay back loans
Decrease of real estate prices
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International finance 120181-1165
The origins of the crisis 2007-2009
Speculative bubble
on the US housing
market
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International finance 120181-1165
The origins of the crisis 2007-2009
International banking deregulation
Non- banking institutions- no regulation
Subprime loans
Adjustable rate mortgages
Mortgage backed securities
CDO
Credit risk swap
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International finance 120181-1165
The origins of the crisis 2007-2009
Financial innovations
Leverages
New risk management techniques
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International finance 120181-1165
The origins of the crisis 2007-2009
The collapse of the bubble immediate
real estate prices decrease
Large losses in the financial sector
Housing market crunch banking crisis
economic crisis
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International finance 120181-1165
The origins of the crisis 2007-2009
Credibility crisis on the banking market
Liquidity crisis
Insolvency menace of numerous
institutions
FED rescue plans
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International finance 120181-1165
The origins of the crisis 2007-2009
Global unequilibrium
Financing US investments from foreign
savings global financial crisis
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International finance 120181-1165
The effects of the crises
Decrease of i% by many CB
CB actions coordination- market signaling
Expansion of the crisis into the real economy
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International finance 120181-1165
The effects of the crises
The spread between LIBOR and the FED
reference i%
Paulson plan
Rescue plans in Europe
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International finance 120181-1165
From stock market crunch to debt crisis
Reinhart, Rogoff 2010
Debt as a signal of banking crises
Governements fuelling credit booms
Banking crises as a signal of debt crises
Hidden debt as accelerator
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International finance 120181-1165
The governement’s and CB’s actions
Taylor 2009
The expansionary monetary policy of the FED as the main reason
for the crisis
Global saving glut ???
What prolonged the crisis?
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International finance 120181-1165
„No boom no bust”
• Source: Taylor, op. cit
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International finance 120181-1165
Global saving glut???
Source: Taylor, op. cit
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International finance 120181-1165
What prolonged the crisis?
Lack of liquidity?
Credibility crisis?
Risk premium explaning the spread between
LIBOR and the reference i%
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International finance 120181-1165
The excessive/insufficient regulation paradox
Aizenman 2009
Regulation thresholds
Dependence of the regulation strictness
on the length of the period without a crisis
Regulatory behaviour
2 paradoxes
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International finance 120181-1165
The excessive/insufficient regulation paradox
Possible solutions
Information disclosure
Independence of regulatory authorities
Regulation centralization
Global standards
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International finance 120181-1165
Early warning indicators
Frankel ,Saravelos (2010)
Explainig the crises with several
economic values fluctuations
Past ER developments
The level of foreign reserves
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International finance 120181-1165
Behavioral finance
Szyszka (2009)
An alternative approach to financial markets analysis
Mistakes of market participants
Psychological aspect
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International finance 120181-1165
Behavioral finance
Gready investors
Risk underestimation
Herding
Limited rationality
Mistakes of rating agencies
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International finance 120181-1165
Preventing financial crises
Preventing the occurence of bubbles
Preventing banking crises
Preventing currency crises
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International finance 120181-1165
Summing up
The definitions and elements of the financial
crisis
The origins of the fiancial crisis 2007-2009
The role of the governements, CB and
regulatory authorities
Changes in financial supervision
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International finance 120181-1165
Summing up
Behavioral approach to the crisis
Financial market psychology
Preventing crises
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International finance 120181-1165
References
A. Sławiński, Rynki finansowe, PWE, Warszawa 2006 P. Krugman, M.Obstfeld, International economics: theory and policy, Pearson,
Addison Wesley, Boston 2009,
J. A. Frankel, G. Saravelos, Are Leading Indicators of Financial Crises Useful for Assessing Country Vulnerability? Evidence
from the 2008-09 Global Crisis, NBER Working Paper No. 16047, Cambridge 2010,
J. Aizenman, Financial Crisis and the Paradox of Under- and Over-Regulation, NBER Working Paper No. 15018, Cambridge 2009,
J. B. Taylor, The Financial Crisis and the Policy Responses: An Empirical Analysis of What Went Wrong, NBER Working Paper No. 14631, Cambridge 2009,
C. M. Reinhart, K. S. Rogoff, From Financial Crash to Debt Crisis, NBER Working Paper No. 15795, Cambridge 2010
A. Szyszka, Behawioralne aspekty kryzysu finansowego, Bank i Kredyt 40 (4), Warszawa 2009