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Transcript of International Cost Standard
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making the difference
International
construction
cost survey
2012
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making the difference 1
Introduction 2
Country profiles
Australia 8
Canada 10
China 12
Germany 14
India 16
Ireland 18
Japan 20
Malaysia 22
Russia 24
Singapore 26
South Africa 28
South Korea 30
UAE 32
UK 34
US 36
Vietnam 38
Contributors 40
In this survey, trade, labour and material prices and prices per square metre are indicative, and should
not be relied on. Costs are dependent on building design, inclusions, exclusions and site conditions. Cost
comparisons between countries are subject to different interpretations, building methods, and standards
for costing, measurement and construction. Costs may vary substantially between countries within regions.
Professional advice should always be sought.
Comparative values are based on average exchange rates for the calendar year 2011.
Turner & Townsend plc 2012
Contents
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International construction cost survey 2012
2 Turner & Townsend
All the cost data presented here has come
from our own professionals working in the
commercial construction sector across the
globe at the end of 2011. Our thanks go
to them for their invaluable input.
We welcome your feedback on ways we
can improve it in future. If you have any
comments on this survey or would like
any further information, please contact:
For further information on our services,
please visit www.turnerandtownsend.com
or contact your nearest office.
Whats happened since the last survey?
2011 was a tough year for construction
businesses in many countries. 2012 lookslike being a similar story but there are some
reasons to be optimistic.
At the beginning of 2012 most economies are still
feeling the fallout from the global financial crisis
(GFC) and recovery is still some years away.
But the US economy is showing signs of working
through its problems of spiralling budget deficits
and housing oversupply, even though there
is still much to be done. US unemployment is
showing signs of easing and was at 8.5 percent
in December 2011.
Introduction
Welcome to the 2012 edition of our International construction
cost survey. In this survey you can find and compare
construction, materials and labour costs and market
conditions across many of the countries in which we operate.
London Bridge Quarter, the Shard
The focal point for a major commercial development in the heart
of London, the Shard will be the tallest building in western Europe.
Construction costs in most
regions are expected to stay
moderate during 2012.
Barring natural disasters and
other surprises, 2012 offers
a window of opportunity to
build your project on time
and perhaps under budget.
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making the difference 3
In Europe the problems that started in Ireland
and Greece have spread to Portugal, Italy and
Spain. Falling asset values, high unemployment
and crippling government debt in several of
the Euro member countries are likely to result
in economic weakness in 2012.
In the US and Europe, governments are
running out of policy levers, be they monetary
stimulus or austerity measures such as higher
taxes and pay cuts. Politically difficult as
austerity measures are, they also prolong and
exacerbate the downturn, as demand and
consumption falls. This sets the retail, property
and construction sectors on a downwards spiral.
Those countries which introduced stimulus
measures to boost their economies and
construction sectors have mostly spent their
stimulus budgets and there are few remaining
policy levers or alternative stimuli to help their
economies achieve self-sustaining growth.
But with time businesses restructure, reduce
their cost base, recapitalise and prepare for
the future. The US seems to be at this stage
of recovery in many sectors including the
construction sector. The US went into the
GFC first and so logically it will emerge first.
In 2012 the US construction data should start
to improve.
The effects of the continuing difficulties
in the developed economies are being felt
everywhere, even in the growth economies
of Asia, South America and Africa, through
reduced international trade, tightening credit
markets, falling share markets, lower retirement
fund balances and lower house prices. Public
infrastructure budgets have been cut, public
works projects delayed and consumers are
saving more, paying off debt, consuming less,
and exercising caution. These are all good
virtues after years of credit-fuelled growth,
but demand is lower, and the construction
sector struggles to find projects.
However, worldwide there are many reasons to
be optimistic. The Chinese, Indian, Vietnamese
and African economies are on long-term
growth paths that will improve living standards,
creating jobs and opportunities for their
people and the economies which supply them.
There is still a long way to go so the demand
for resources and skills will grow.
The demand for energy and resources is driving
the growth of many new projects in natural
resources, gas, coal shale and renewable
energies in countries as diverse as Australia,
Kazakhstan, Mauritania, Brazil and the US,
creating jobs, driving construction and wealth.
South Africa is transforming its power sector
with major investments in power stations.
Australia has introduced a carbon tax that
will eventually force the replacement of coal
power stations with cleaner alternatives.
Communications networks are being built, or
upgraded as high-speed internet becomes global.
Siemens City, Vienna
World-class, energy-efficient construction, delivered to meticulously
engineered costs, certified to US Green Building Gold standard.
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International construction cost survey 2012
4 Turner & Townsend
Worldwide, these projects add up to a
substantial portfolio of long-term construction
work. It is a good time to build. Construction
costs are generally benign as shown by our
surveys. In most regions the markets are not
overheated like they were in the last decade.
That means projects are more likely to be
built on time and budget. Contractors have
retained their most skilled labour and many of
the casuals employed when work is plentiful
have left to pursue other opportunities.
In many countries the construction sector
is now very competitive and tendered prices
often come in below budget. The surveys
show that construction costs in half of the
countries surveyed are still below 2008
levels. Most of our respondents indicated
that labour rates were well under control.
Materials prices are also competitive. Commodity
prices increased alarmingly in early 2011 but
have now fallen. Steel prices fell in late 2011.
Lower coking coal and iron ore prices indicate
that steel could be cheaper in 2012. Copperprices have also fallen by 20 percent since March
2011 which should mean cheaper costs for some
electrical and plumbing materials in 2012.
All of this bodes well for construction costs in
2012 with forecast cost increases in line with
2011. In other words, construction costs in
most regions are expected to stay moderate
during 2012. Barring natural disasters and
other surprises, 2012 offers a window of
opportunity to build your project on time
and perhaps under budget.
Part of the reason why construction markets
are so competitive is that housing and
non-residential building construction is hardly
increasing in most developed economies,
because there is little, if any, price growth.
Eventually, this cyclical downturn will end as the
fundamentals of supply and demand reassert.
Housing markets will recover, consumers will
start to borrow and spend again. The cycle
will turn, and when it does costs will increase
again as building, resources and infrastructure
projects compete for resources and skills.
Alstom Hydro, China
Multiform energy-saving technologies are helping to make this
146,000 m2hydropower manufacturing facility fully carbon neutral.
King Edward VII Memorial Hospital, Bermuda
The first P3 (PPP) project in Bermuda is being delivered using
local contractors for stakeholders in the US, Europe and Bermuda.
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making the difference 5
Cost index high-rise apartments
Cost Index2008=100 2008 2009 2010 2011
Australia 100 96 94 96
Canada 100 95 94 100
China 100 78 80 81
Germany 100 101 101 104
India 100 100 117 150
Ireland 100 92 85 83
Malaysia 100 98 111 130
Russia 100 105 98 100
Singapore 100 74 79 79
South Africa 100 107 107 107
South Korea 100 99 99 99
UAE 100 94 89 72
UK 100 98 98 101
US 100 99 97 101
Vietnam 100 117 125 141
Cost index CBD offices
Cost Index2008=100 2008 2009 2010 2011
Australia 100 96 96 97
Canada 100 96 95 98
China 100 82 84 89
Germany 100 101 101 104
India 100 105 112 140
Ireland 100 78 72 71
Malaysia 100 97 101 117
Russia 100 105 99 100
Singapore 100 83 83 83
South Africa 100 121 121 121
South Korea 100 99 99 99
UAE 100 96 92 83
UK 100 91 91 94
US 100 97 94 97
Vietnam 100 117 125 141
The above two charts show construction costs indexed to 2008=100 for each region in the survey
(except Japan). The indices are based on nominal costs in $/m2in the currency of the country.
The indices show the increase or fall from year to year. The data indicates that in most regions
construction costs have recovered to 2008 levels although China, Ireland, Singapore and the UAE
are still substantially below. Between 2010 and 2011 India, Vietnam and Malaysia saw costs increase
strongly. Conversely, the UAE has experienced quite strong price falls between 2010 and 2011.
Moderate cost escalation is expected once again in 2012 following only moderate cost increases
in most regions during 2011. The exceptions are India and South Africa where higher escalation
is forecast by our teams on the ground. In Japan prices are forecast to fall slightly.
0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0%
Estimated cost escalation 2012
Canada
Australia
ChinaGermany
India
Ireland
Japan
Malaysia
Russia
Singapore
South Africa
South Korea
UAE
UK
US
Vietnam
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International construction cost survey 2012
6 Turner & Townsend
Key economic indicators
Ination
2011
GDP
2011
GDP forecast
2012
Unemployment
rate
Australia 2.6 2.1 3.3 5.2
Canada 2.5 2.1 1.9 7.6
China 4.0 9.5 9.0 4.0
Germany 2.5 2.7 1.3 6.0
India 10.6 7.8 7.5 9.5
Ireland 2.2 0.4 1.5 14.3
Japan 0.4 0.5 2.3 4.9
Malaysia 3.3 5.2 5.1 3.2
Russia 7.5 4.3 4.1 7.3
Singapore 5.5 5.3 4.3 2.3
South Africa 6.0 3.4 3.6 24.5
South Korea 4.3 3.9 4.4 3.3
UAE 2.5 3.3 3.8 4.3
UK 4.5 1.1 1.6 7.8
US 3.9 1.5 1.8 9.1
Vietnam 22.0 5.8 6.3 5.0
Cold Lukewarm Warm Hot Overheating
Ireland Australia Germany
South Korea Canada India
UK China South Africa
Japan
Malaysia
Russia
Singapore
UAE
US
Vietnam
Cooler Staying the same Warmer
Canada Australia Germany
China Ireland India
Vietnam Japan Russia
Malaysia
Singapore
South Africa
South Korea
UAE
UK
US
The information from which this
survey is compiled has been provided
by Turner & Townsend professionals
based in 16 countries and regions.
Our respondents have also provided
their views on current and anticipated
market conditions.
How would you describe current market
tendering conditions?
Is the construction market getting warmer,cooler or staying the same?
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making the difference 7
Typical preliminaries as a percentage of total costs
0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% 14.0% 16.0% 18.0% 20.0%
Canada
Australia
China
Germany
India
Ireland
Japan
Malaysia
Russia
SingaporeSouth Africa
South Korea
UAE
UK
US
Vietnam
Contractors margin has been squeezed in those countries where work volumes have fallen and
contractors have to compete more vigorously. With fewer jobs contractors will often submit
very competitive prices just to keep work flowing. Often sub-contractor prices may be equally
competitive allowing head contractors to claw back some lost margin during the job.
Preliminaries include job set-up costs, such as scaffolding, approvals, insurances, power and
water, cleaning and handover, and work supervision. Typically, higher cost countries have higher
preliminaries. In many countries costs of power and water are increasing. Also regulatory
compliance adds further preliminary costs.
Typical contractors margin on medium commercial job (5000m2GFA)
0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% 14.0% 16.0%
Canada
Australia
China
Germany
India
Ireland
Japan
Malaysia
Russia
Singapore
South Africa
South Korea
UAE
UK
US
Vietnam
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International construction cost survey 2012
8 Turner & Townsend
Australia
The Australian construction market is lukewarm at best with weak consumer confidence and
falling house prices deterring residential construction in most states. Commercial construction
is also weak with some oversupply from the previous boom. Tendering is competitive for thelimited number of new private construction projects coming to the market. However, construction
of an unprecedented pipeline of resources and energy projects is ramping up. Gradually, this is
expected to increase construction costs as shortages of trade skills, engineering and management
worsen. Further adding to costs, a carbon tax was recently legislated and a mining profits tax
is currently in the final stages of debate prior to passing into legislation.
Country profiles
Australia international building costs per m2of internal area
2008 2009 2010 2011 2011
AUD AUD AUD AUD USD
Residential
Detached house medium standard 1,518 1,445 1,445 1,474 1,517
Detached house prestige 2,250 2,150 2,100 2,142 2,205
Townhouse medium standard 1,715 1,640 1,650 1,683 1,732
Apartments private medium density 2,050 1,950 1,900 1,938 1,995
Apartments high rise 2,500 2,400 2,350 2,397 2,467
Aged care/affordable unit 2,400 2,300 2,260 2,305 2,373
Commercial
Offices business park 1,895 1,820 1,820 1,838 1,892
CBD offices up to 20 floors medium 3,000 2,880 2,880 2,909 2,994
CBD offices prestige 3,360 3,200 3,200 3,232 3,327
Warehouses
Warehouse/factory unit basic 830 750 760 768 790
Large warehouse distribution centre 640 590 600 606 624
High-tech factory/laboratory 1,540 1,500 1,500 1,515 1,559
Retail
Large shopping centre including mall 2,200 2,150 2,150 2,172 2,235
Neighbourhood including supermarket 1,810 1,750 1,750 1,768 1,819
Prestige car showroom 4,400 4,200 4,200 4,242 4,366
Hotels
Three-star travellers 2,840 2,800 3,247 3,279 3,376
Five-star luxury 3,850 3,750 3,750 3,788 3,899
Resort style 4,185 4,000 4,000 4,040 4,158
Hospitals
Day centre 2,900 2,900 2,900 2,929 3,015
Regional hospital 3,300 3,270 3,270 3,303 3,400
General hospital 5,500 5,300 5,134 5,185 5,337
Schools
Primary and secondary 1,985 1,900 1,900 1,919 1,975
University 3,130 3,050 3,050 3,081 3,171
Carparks
Multistorey above ground 850 832 800 808 832
Multistorey below ground 1,250 1,235 1,173 1,185 1,219
Airports
Airport terminal 8,000 7,000 6,500 6,565 6,757
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making the difference 9
Australia major projects
AUD
Chevron Gorgon 43bn
Chevron Wheatstone 30bn
APLNG Gladstone 16bn
BHP Olympic Dam 30bnSantos GLNG 16bn
Australia hourly cost of labour (including overheads)
2010 2011 2011
AUD AUD USD
Group 1 tradesman eg plumber, electrician 65 68 70
Group 2 tradesman eg carpenter, bricklayer 55 57 59Group 3 tradesman eg carpet layer, tiler, plasterer 53 55 57
General labourer 37 38 40
Site foreman 69 72 75
Australia costs of materials
Concrete 30 mpa (m3) (1,500m3job) 186 186 191
Reinforcement bar 16mm (tonne) (120 tonne job) 1,300 1,250 1,286
Concrete block (400 x 200) per 1,000 (>10,000 block job) 3,360 3,360 3,459
Standard brick per 1,000 541 541 557
Structural steel beams (tonne) (>100 tonne job) 2,955 2,955 3,042
Glass pane 6mm (m2) 47 47 48Softwood timber for framing 100mm x 50mm (m) 29 29 30
Plasterboard 13mm (m2) 39 39 40
Emulsion paint (litre) 15 15 15
Copper pipe 15mm (m) (>1,000m job) 12 12 12
Copper cable (m) (3C + E, 2.5mm PVC) (>100,000m job) 5 5 5
Australia key trades (excluding preliminaries and builders margins)
Excavate basement (m3) (1,800m3job) 29 29 30
Excavate footings (m) 71 71 73
Concrete in slab (m3) (1,500m3job) 256 256 264
Reinforcement in beams (tonne) 2,442 2,442 2,514Formwork to soffit of slab (m2) 120 120 124
Blockwork in wall (m2) (10,000 block job) 131 131 135
Structural steel beams (tonne) 6,298 6,298 6,483
Pre-cast concrete wall (m2) 299 299 308
Curtain wall glazing incl support system (m2) (1,000m2job) 1,051 1,051 1,082
Plasterboard 13mm thick to stud wall (m2) (3,000m2job) 30 30 31
Single solid core door incl frame and hardware (no) (50 door job) 765 765 787
Painting to walls primer + 2 coats (m2) 15 15 15
Ceramic tiling (m2) (1,000m2job) 109 109 112
Vinyl flooring to wet areas (m2) (500m2job) 71 71 73
Carpet medium tufted (m2) (4,500m2job) 80 80 82
Lighting installation (m2
) (>5,000m2
job) 81 81 83Copper pipe 15mm to wall (m) (>1,000m job) 60 60 62
Fire sprinklers (per m2) (5,000m2job) 46 46 47
Air conditioning incl main plant (m2) (>5,000m2job) 300 300 309
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International construction cost survey 2012
10 Turner & Townsend
Canada
At present the construction market in Canada is moderate to slow. Public investment in
infrastructure and rail projects is the dominant construction type, whereas private sector
development is quite weak. The housing construction market is slowing. Tendering is
competitive and wage increases have remained moderate on a weaker outlook and concerns
over Europe. Gradually, the economy will be boosted by strong mining investment helping to
stimulate ancillary businesses and the resumption of stronger building construction levels.
Canada international building costs per m2of internal area
2008 2009 2010 2011 2011
CAD CAD CAD CAD USD
Residential
Detached house medium standard 3,000 2,750 2,700 2,800 2,836
Detached house prestige 4,000 3,750 3,700 3,800 3,849
Townhouse medium standard 1,379 1,313 1,300 1,400 1,418
Apartments private medium density 1,909 1,818 1,800 1,900 1,925
Apartments high rise 1,697 1,616 1,600 1,700 1,722
Aged care/affordable units 2,057 1,959 1,940 2,000 2,026
Commercial
Offices business park 1,696 1,616 1,600 1,700 1,722
CBD offices up to 20 floors medium 2,047 1,970 1,950 2,000 2,026
CBD offices prestige 2,968 2,828 2,800 2,900 2,938
Warehouses
Warehouse/factory unit basic 912 869 860 900 912
Large warehouse distribution centre 1,007 960 950 1,000 1,013
High-tech factory/laboratory 1,378 1,313 1,300 1,400 1,418
Retail
Large shopping centre including mall 1,378 1,313 1,300 1,400 1,418
Neighbourhood including supermarket 1,166 1,111 1,100 1,200 1,216
Prestige car showroom 1,484 1,414 1,400 1,500 1,520
Hotels
Three-star travellers 1,378 1,313 1,300 1,400 1,418
Five-star luxury 2,862 2,727 2,700 2,800 2,836
Resort style 2,862 2,727 2,700 2,800 2,836
Hospitals
Day centre 3,710 3,535 3,500 3,700 3,748
Regional hospital 5,724 5,454 5,400 5,700 5,774General hospital 6,890 6,565 6,500 6,800 6,888
Schools
Primary and secondary 1,802 1,717 1,700 1,800 1,823
University 3,498 3,333 3,300 3,500 3,546
Carparks
Multistorey above ground 795 758 750 800 810
Multistorey below ground 1,060 1,010 1,000 1,100 1,114
Airports
Airport terminal 5,724 5,454 5,400 5,700 5,774
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making the difference 11
Canada major projects
CAD
Halton Region Hospital 1bn
Humber River Regional Hospital 1bn
Air Rail Link 310m
Union Station Revitalisation 640mToronto-York Spadina Subway Extension 2.6bn
Canada hourly cost of labour (including overheads)
2010 2011 2011
CAD CAD USD
Group 1 tradesman eg plumber, electrician 60 60 61
Group 2 tradesman eg carpenter, bricklayer 55 55 56Group 3 tradesman eg carpet layer, tiler, plasterer 50 50 51
General labourer 45 45 46
Site foreman 75 75 76
Canada costs of materials
Concrete 30 mpa (m3) (1,500m3job) 150 165 167
Reinforcement bar 16mm (tonne) (120 tonne job) 1,200 1,350 1,368
Concrete block (400 x 200) per 1,000 (>10,000 block job) 700 725 734
Standard brick per 1,000 900 900 912
Structural steel beams (tonne) (>100 tonne job) 2,000 2,100 2,127
Glass pane 6mm (m2) 165 165 167Softwood timber for framing 100mm x 50mm (m) 25 25 25
Plasterboard 13mm (m2) 10 10 10
Emulsion paint (litre) 10 10 10
Copper pipe 15mm (m) (>1,000m job) 6 10 10
Copper cable (m) (3C + E, 2.5mm PVC) (>100,000m job) 4 7 7
Canada key trades (excluding preliminaries and builders margins)
Excavate basement (m3) (1,800m3job) 15 15 15
Excavate footings (m) 20 20 20
Concrete in slab (m3) (1,500m3job) 190 190 192
Reinforcement in beams (tonne) 1,800 1,900 1,925Formwork to soffit of slab (m2) 140 140 142
Blockwork in wall (m2) (10,000 block job) 120 120 122
Structural steel beams (tonne) 3,000 3,250 3,292
Pre-cast concrete wall (m2) 300 325 329
Curtain wall glazing incl support system (m2) (1,000m2job) 900 925 937
Plasterboard 13mm thick to stud wall (m2) (3,000m2job) 25 25 25
Single solid core door incl frame and hardware (no) (50 door job) 1,500 1,600 1,621
Painting to walls primer + 2 coats (m2) 8 10 10
Ceramic tiling (m2) (1,000m2job) 85 85 86
Vinyl flooring to wet areas (m2) (500m2job) 60 65 66
Carpet medium tufted (m2) (4,500m2job) 55 55 56
Lighting installation (m2
) (>5,000m2
job) 50 50 51Copper pipe 15mm to wall (m) (>1,000m job) 65 65 66
Fire sprinklers (per m2) (5,000m2job) 35 35 35
Air conditioning incl main plant (m2) (>5,000m2job) 310 310 314
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International construction cost survey 2012
12 Turner & Townsend
China
Construction demand in China fell by as much as ten percent over the last six months because of
government measures introduced late last year to moderate growth to more sustainable levels, curb
the sharp spike in property prices and reduce inflationary pressures. These included restrictions on
pre-sales, restrictions on loans for purchases of third homes, higher minimum mortgage rates and
tighter financing for second-home purchases. Property transactions in the key cities of Beijing,
Shanghai and Shenzen have fallen strongly in response. Weaker demand for Chinese exports
threatens to slow manufacturing growth in 2012, however the Chinese Government has strong
reserves and policies to stimulate the economy if the global economy does deteriorate further.
China international building costs per m2of internal area
2008 2009 2010 2011 2011
CNY CNY CNY CNY USD
Residential
Detached house medium standard 5,800 4,400 4,480 4,540 699
Detached house prestige 6,500 5,100 5,170 5,240 806
Townhouse medium standard 4,800 4,000 4,050 4,110 632
Apartments private medium density 4,500 3,200 3,290 3,330 512
Apartments high rise 5,000 3,900 3,980 4,030 620
Aged care/affordable units 3,700 2,600 2,670 2,710 417
Commercial
Offices business park 5,500 4,400 4,500 4,690 722
CBD offices up to 20 floors medium 8,400 6,900 7,090 7,450 1,146
CBD offices prestige 10,500 8,900 9,140 9,300 1,431
Warehouses
Warehouse/factory unit basic 3,000 2,300 2,360 2,580 397
Large warehouse distribution centre 3,300 2,700 2,780 3,050 469
High-tech factory/laboratory 6,100 5,300 5,450 5,870 903
Retail
Large shopping centre including mall 7,500 5,900 6,080 6,180 951
Neighbourhood including supermarket 5,100 4,000 4,120 4,220 649
Prestige car showroom 3,900 3,400 3,500 3,650 562
Hotels
Three-star travellers 6,800 5,500 5,660 5,780 889
Five-star luxury 11,300 10,000 10,300 10,540 1,622
Resort style 9,100 8,300 8,550 8,750 1,346
Hospitals
Day centre 4,500 4,200 4,320 4,410 679
Regional hospital 5,500 5,100 5,250 5,350 823
General hospital 6,100 5,700 5,870 5,980 920
Schools
Primary and secondary 3,800 3,500 3,610 3,640 560
University 5,700 5,200 5,350 5,390 829
Carparks
Multistorey above ground 2,200 2,000 2,080 2,140 329
Multistorey below ground 5,300 4,500 4,640 4,780 736
Airports
Airport terminal 11,500 10,300 10,600 10,900 1,677
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making the difference 13
China major projects
CNY
National Trunk Road Network 900bn
SouthNorth Water Transfer 500bn
Silk Road Renaissance 330bn
Tianjin Binhai New Area 1tnChinas Renewable Energy Development Plan 2tn
China hourly cost of labour (including overheads)
2010 2011 2011
CNY CNY USD
Group 1 tradesman eg plumber, electrician 19 22 3
Group 2 tradesman eg carpenter, bricklayer 18 21 3Group 3 tradesman eg carpet layer, tiler, plasterer 17 19 3
General labourer 11 13 2
Site foreman 31 36 6
China costs of materials
Concrete 30 mpa (m3) (1,500m3job) 370 430 66
Reinforcement bar 16mm (tonne) (120 tonne job) 3,400 4,500 692
Concrete block (400 x 200) per 1,000 (>10,000 block job) 18 32 5
Standard brick per 1,000 365 450 69
Structural steel beams (tonne) (>100 tonne job) 7,400 8,600 1,323
Glass pane 6mm (m2) 460 530 82Softwood timber for framing 100mm x 50mm (m) 53 62 10
Plasterboard 13mm (m2) 32 38 6
Emulsion paint (litre) 60 65 10
Copper pipe 15mm (m) (>1,000m job) 64 53 8
Copper cable (m) (3C + E, 2.5mm PVC) (>100,000m job) 15 18 3
China key trades (excluding preliminaries and builders margins)
Excavate basement (m3) (1,800m3job) 20 34 5
Excavate footings (m) 34 54 8
Concrete in slab (m3) (1,500m3job) 420 560 86
Reinforcement in beams (tonne) 5,200 6,500 1,000Formwork to soffit of slab (m2) 90 90 14
Blockwork in wall (m2) (10,000 block job) 150 155 24
Structural steel beams (tonne) 9,000 9,800 1,508
Pre-cast concrete wall (m2) 155 210 32
Curtain wall glazing incl support system (m2) (1,000m2job) 1,600 1,600 246
Plasterboard 13mm thick to stud wall (m2) (3,000m2job) 130 180 28
Single solid core door incl frame and hardware (no) (50 door job) 2,200 2,670 411
Painting to walls primer + 2 coats (m2) 42 48 7
Ceramic tiling (m2) (1,000m2job) 180 210 32
Vinyl flooring to wet areas (m2) (500m2job) 385 385 59
Carpet medium tufted (m2) (4,500m2job) 390 390 60
Lighting installation (m2
) (>5,000m2
job) 660 320 49Copper pipe 15mm to wall (m) (>1,000m job) 82 85 13
Fire sprinklers (per m2) (5,000m2job) 210 280 43
Air conditioning incl main plant (m2) (>5,000m2job) 490 490 75
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Germany
Construction orders grew at a moderate two percent year-on-year according to The German
Construction Industry Federation. However, housing grew at a more robust 6.6 percent higher
than 2010, based on positive income expectations and low interest rates. Maintenance and
expansion projects have also injected some further positivity into the construction market with
an increase in turnover of seven percent year-on-year. However, this year has seen demand
for public construction decline with a decrease in orders of two percent. Despite the continuing
European sovereign debt woes and the weakness in neighbouring trading partners, the German
economy has shown considerable resilience. Construction levels in 2012 should remain positive,
tendering competitive and escalation moderate.
Germany international building costs per m2of internal area
2008 2009 2010 2011 2011
EUR EUR EUR EUR USD
Residential
Detached house medium standard 820 830 833 857 1,192
Detached house prestige 1,160 1,170 1,174 1,208 1,680
Townhouse medium standard 1,740 1,760 1,766 1,817 2,528
Apartments private medium density 1,071 1,068 1,085 1,105 1,536
Apartments high rise 1,020 1,017 1,033 1,052 1,463
Aged care/affordable units 780 778 790 804 1,119
Commercial
Offices business park 1,130 1,140 1,144 1,177 1,637
CBD offices up to 20 floors medium 1,130 1,140 1,144 1,177 1,637
CBD offices prestige 1,620 1,640 1,646 1,693 2,354
Warehouses
Warehouse/factory unit basic 860 861 872 900 1,252
Large warehouse distribution centre 1,073 1,074 1,088 1,123 1,563
High-tech factory/laboratory 1,560 1,575 1,575 1,626 2,262
Retail
Large shopping centre including mall 895 900 903 929 1,292
Neighbourhood including supermarket 895 900 903 929 1,292
Prestige car showroom 870 880 883 908 1,263
Hotels
Three-star travellers 1,210 1,220 1,224 1,259 1,751
Five-star luxury 2,652 2,662 2,666 2,742 3,814
Resort style 1,718 1,728 1,732 1,782 2,478
Hospitals
Day centre 1,350 1,365 1,370 1,409 1,960
Regional hospital 2,160 2,180 2,188 2,250 3,130
General hospital 2,350 2,375 2,383 2,452 3,410
Schools
Primary and secondary 1,170 1,180 1,184 1,218 1,694
University 1,370 1,385 1,390 1,430 1,988
Carparks
Multistorey above ground 524 526 533 548 762
Multistorey below ground 597 599 607 624 868
Airports
Airport terminal 1,080 1,090 1,094 1,125 1,565
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making the difference 15
Germany major projects
USD
Trans Europa Naturgas Pipeline (TENP) Upgrade 120m
Frankfurt Chlor-Alkali Plant Expansion 140m
Stuttgart 21 5.2bn
Germany hourly cost of labour (including overheads)
2010 2011 2011
EUR EUR USD
Group 1 tradesman eg plumber, electrician 39 35 49
Group 2 tradesman eg carpenter, bricklayer 36 36 50Group 3 tradesman eg carpet layer, tiler, plasterer 35 36 50
General labourer 24 33 46
Site foreman 40 40 56
Germany costs of materials
Concrete 30 mpa (m3) (1,500m3job) 118 122 170
Reinforcement bar 16mm (tonne) (120 tonne job) 760 786 1,094
Concrete block (400 x 200) per 1,000 (>10,000 block job) 4,400 4,553 6,333
Standard brick per 1,000 550 569 792
Structural steel beams (tonne) (>100 tonne job) 2,850 2,949 4,102
Glass pane 6mm (m2) 53 55 76Softwood timber for framing 100mm x 50mm (m) 3 3 4
Plasterboard 13mm (m2) 4 4 5
Emulsion paint (litre) 5 5 6
Copper pipe 15mm (m) (>1,000m job) 9 9 13
Copper cable (m) (3C + E, 2.5mm PVC) (>100,000m job) 4 4 6
Germany key trades (excluding preliminaries and builders margins)
Excavate basement (m3) (1,800m3job) 13 13 19
Excavate footings (m) 25 26 36
Concrete in slab (m3) (1,500m3job) 133 137 190
Reinforcement in beams (tonne) 1,800 1,852 2,575Formwork to soffit of slab (m2) 35 36 50
Blockwork in wall (m2) (10,000 block job) 63 65 90
Structural steel beams (tonne) 3,020 3,106 4,320
Pre-cast concrete wall (m2) 90 93 129
Curtain wall glazing incl support system (m2) (1,000m2job) 435 447 622
Plasterboard 13mm thick to stud wall (m2) (3,000m2job) 50 51 72
Single solid core door incl frame and hardware (no) (50 door job) 820 843 1,173
Painting to walls primer + 2 coats (m2) 5 5 7
Ceramic tiling (m2) (1,000m2job) 50 51 72
Vinyl flooring to wet areas (m2) (500m2job) 33 34 47
Carpet medium tufted (m2) (4,500m2job) 25 26 36
Lighting installation (m2
) (>5,000m2
job) 53 55 76Copper pipe 15mm to wall (m) (>1,000m job) 28 29 40
Fire sprinklers (per m2) (5,000m2job) 75 77 107
Air conditioning incl main plant (m2) (>5,000m2job) 30 31 43
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India
Construction growth is expected to accelerate during 2012. The government is focusing on
infrastructure creation and this is having an impact on the industrial and infrastructure construction
segments. This sector is forecast to grow by 21.5 percent in 2012. The high-rise construction
sector is also strong with numerous mixed-use, high-rise buildings under construction and strong
escalation experienced. The expanded presence of overseas contractors in this segment has
increased costs by as much as 30 percent for high-rise construction in the past 1218 months.
During 2012 construction costs are expected to grow by up to seven percent, one of the highest
escalation rates globally.
India international building costs per m2of internal area
2008 2009 2010 2011 2011
INR INR INR INR USD
Residential
Detached house medium standard 14,850 16,500 28,000 30,000 655
Detached house prestige 19,350 21,500 35,000 37,500 818
Townhouse medium standard 18,000 20,000 22,000 25,000 546
Apartments private medium density 17,100 19,000 18,000 20,000 436
Apartments high rise 30,000 32,500 35,000 45,000 982
Aged care/affordable units 12,600 14,000 16,000 18,000 393
Commercial
Offices business park 21,600 27,000 25,000 30,000 655
CBD offices up to 20 floors medium 25,000 26,250 28,000 35,000 764
CBD offices prestige 30,000 32,500 35,000 38,000 829
Warehouses
Warehouse/factory unit basic 27,000 30,000 35,000 26,500 578
Large warehouse distribution centre 31,500 35,000 37,000 33,500 731
High-tech factory/laboratory 33,300 37,000 38,000 40,000 873
Retail
Large shopping centre including mall 24,300 27,000 35,000 38,000 829
Neighbourhood including supermarket 20,700 23,000 26,000 26,000 567
Prestige car showroom 13,500 15,000 16,000 17,500 382
Hotels
Three-star travellers 32,130 35,700 35,000 38,000 829
Five-star luxury 75,735 84,150 70,000 75,000 1,637
Resort style 29,835 33,150 38,000 48,000 1,048
Hospitals
Day centre 16,200 18,000 20,000 21,000 458
Regional hospital 27,000 30,000 35,000 37,000 808
General hospital 24,300 27,000 25,000 29,000 633
Schools
Primary and secondary 9,000 10,000 15,000 18,000 393
University 22,500 25,000 35,000 38,000 829
Carparks
Multistorey above ground 40,500 45,000 40,000 38,000 829
Multistorey below ground 16,200 18,000 25,000 24,000 524
Airports
Airport terminal 40,500 45,000 55,000 65,000 1,419
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making the difference 17
India major projects
USD
Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) 100bn
Information Technology Investment Region (ITIR Bangalore) 50bn
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) 75bn
National Highways Development Programme 75bnLavasa Hill City 31bn
India hourly cost of labour (including overheads)
2010 2011 2011
INR INR USD
Group 1 tradesman eg plumber, electrician 45 56 1.2
Group 2 tradesman eg carpenter, bricklayer 45 50 1.1Group 3 tradesman eg carpet layer, tiler, plasterer 40 38 0.8
General labourer 18 20 0.4
Site foreman 80 80 1.7
India costs of materials
Concrete 30 mpa (m3) (1,500m3job) 3,500 5,000 109
Reinforcement bar 16mm (tonne) (120 tonne job) 35,000 40,500 884
Concrete block (400 x 200) per 1,000 (>10,000 block job) 20,000 35,000 764
Standard brick per 1,000 7,000 6,250 136
Structural steel beams (tonne) (>100 tonne job) 65,000 50,000 1,091
Glass pane 6mm (m2) 500 500 11Softwood timber for framing 100mm x 50mm (m) 150 275 6
Plasterboard 13mm (m2) 250 280 6
Emulsion paint (litre) 300 340 7
Copper pipe 15mm (m) (>1,000m job) 1,400 1,300 28
Copper cable (m) (3C + E, 2.5mm PVC) (>100,000m job) 2,200 2,450 53
India key trades (excluding preliminaries and builders margins)
Excavate basement (m3) (1,800m3job) 900 750 16
Excavate footings (m) 400 475 10
Concrete in slab (m3) (1,500m3job) 5,500 6,500 142
Reinforcement in beams (tonne) 55,000 56,000 1,222Formwork to soffit of slab (m2) 500 525 11
Blockwork in wall (m2) (10,000 block job) 1,000 1,075 23
Structural steel beams (tonne) 65,000 82,500 1,801
Pre-cast concrete wall (m2) 6,000 8,250 180
Curtain wall glazing incl support system (m2) (1,000m2job) 7,000 9,250 202
Plasterboard 13mm thick to stud wall (m2) (3,000m2job) 3,500 2,250 49
Single solid core door incl frame and hardware (no) (50 door job) 30,000 27,500 600
Painting to walls primer + 2 coats (m2) 200 200 4
Ceramic tiling (m2) (1,000m2job) 2,800 2,800 61
Vinyl flooring to wet areas (m2) (500m2job) 1,800 2,100 46
Carpet medium tufted (m2) (4,500m2job) 1,500 2,350 51
Lighting installation (m2
) (>5,000m2
job) 2,800 2,900 63Copper pipe 15mm to wall (m) (>1,000m job) 1,500 1,775 39
Fire sprinklers (per m2) (5,000m2job) 1,200 825 18
Air conditioning incl main plant (m2) (>5,000m2job) 5,000 3,625 79
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Ireland
Tender prices stabilised for the first time in four years by mid 2011. However, severe shortages of work
in all sectors will cause tender prices to remain very competitive in 2012. A recent survey highlighted
the dangerous situation where nearly half of all tenders are below realistic levels. Construction labour
rates have not increased during 2011. Some material prices have risen slightly due to smaller levels
of production volumes and less economies of scale. The pharmaceutical and hi-tech sectors continue
to attract high levels of construction investment encouraged by the activities of the Irish Development
Authority and the attractive corporate tax environment. Public sector investment is being concentrated
in previously neglected education and health sectors. Further cuts in public-funded capital
expenditure are likely to satisfy the requirements of the IMF/ECB/ESFS bail-out conditions.
Ireland international building costs per m2of internal area
2008 2009 2010 2011 2011
EUR EUR EUR EUR USD
Residential
Detached house medium standard 1,500 1,100 1,000 1,000 1,391
Detached house prestige 2,200 1,800 1,700 1,600 2,225
Townhouse medium standard 1,400 1,080 1,000 1,000 1,391
Apartments private medium density 1,750 1,500 1,375 1,350 1,878
Apartments high rise 1,800 1,650 1,525 1,500 2,086
Aged care/affordable units 2,500 2,000 1,850 1,825 2,538
Commercial
Offices business park 1,750 1,300 1,200 1,175 1,634
CBD offices up to 20 floors medium 2,500 1,950 1,800 1,775 2,469
CBD offices prestige 3,750 2,950 2,725 2,675 3,720
WarehousesWarehouse/factory unit basic 650 550 500 500 695
Large warehouse distribution centre 1,100 975 900 875 1,217
High-tech factory/laboratory 1,800 1,650 1,550 1,525 2,121
Retail
Large shopping centre including mall 2,950 2,500 2,300 2,250 3,129
Neighbourhood including supermarket 2,950 2,200 2,025 2,000 2,782
Prestige car showroom 3,250 2,900 2,675 2,650 3,686
Hotels
Three-star travellers 2,000 1,700 1,575 1,550 2,156
Five-star luxury 3,300 3,000 2,775 2,750 3,825
Resort style 2,450 2,200 2,025 2,000 2,782
Hospitals
Day centre 3,000 2,400 2,200 2,150 2,990
Regional hospital 4,500 3,500 3,225 3,175 4,416
General hospital 4,500 3,500 3,225 3,175 4,416
Schools
Primary and secondary 1,230 1,230 1,125 1,050 1,460
University 2,500 2,200 2,035 1,975 2,747
Carparks
Multistorey above ground 570 570 525 500 695
Multistorey below ground 960 960 875 875 1,217
Airports
Airport terminal 4,300 3,900 3,600 3,500 4,868
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making the difference 19
Ireland major projects
EUR
INTEL 200m+
Rapid Schools Bundle 2 (Lots 14 Primary/Post Primary Schools) 100m+
National Paediatric Hospital at Mater Hospital 400m+
Pfizer 100200mGoogle Data Centre 50100m
Ireland hourly cost of labour (including overheads)
2010 2011 2011
EUR EUR USD
Group 1 tradesman eg plumber, electrician 29 29 40
Group 2 tradesman eg carpenter, bricklayer 29 29 40Group 3 tradesman eg carpet layer, tiler, plasterer 29 29 40
General labourer 24 24 33
Site foreman 29 29 40
Ireland costs of materials
Concrete 30 mpa (m3) (1,500m3job) 54 60 83
Reinforcement bar 16mm (tonne) (120 tonne job) 650 700 974
Concrete block (400 x 200) per 1,000 (>10,000 block job) 420 400 556
Standard brick per 1,000 410 420 584
Structural steel beams (tonne) (>100 tonne job) 990 1,020 1,419
Glass pane 6mm (m2) 41 42 58Softwood timber for framing 100mm x 50mm (m) 1 1 1
Plasterboard 13mm (m2) 3 3 4
Emulsion paint (litre) 4 4 6
Copper pipe 15mm (m) (>1,000m job) 2 3 4
Copper cable (m) (3C + E, 2.5mm PVC) (>100,000m job) 1 1 1
Ireland key trades (excluding preliminaries and builders margins)
Excavate basement (m3) (1,800m3job) 11 9 13
Excavate footings (m) 18 18 25
Concrete in slab (m3) (1,500m3job) 67 72 100
Reinforcement in beams (tonne) 825 900 1,252Formwork to soffit of slab (m2) 30 28 39
Blockwork in wall (m2) (10,000 block job) 22 22 31
Structural steel beams (tonne) 1,875 1,900 2,642
Pre-cast concrete wall (m2) 50 48 67
Curtain wall glazing incl support system (m2) (1,000m2job) 470 420 584
Plasterboard 13mm thick to stud wall (m2) (3,000m2job) 55 50 70
Single solid core door incl frame and hardware (no) (50 door job) 750 720 1,001
Painting to walls primer + 2 coats (m2) 4 5 7
Ceramic tiling (m2) (1,000m2job) 58 55 76
Vinyl flooring to wet areas (m2) (500m2job) 35 32 45
Carpet medium tufted (m2) (4,500m2job) 25 25 35
Lighting installation (m2
) (>5,000m2
job) 14 14 19Copper pipe 15mm to wall (m) (>1,000m job) 28 28 39
Fire sprinklers (per m2) (5,000m2job) 70 70 97
Air conditioning incl main plant (m2) (>5,000m2job) 300 300 417
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Japan
After nearly two decades of economic stagnation the construction industry displayed signs
of recovery during late 2010 and 2011. However, the devastating earthquake and tsunami in
March 2011 temporarily halted this improvement. More than 300,000 houses were destroyed
in the disaster along with roads, ports and energy facilities. In April 2011 the government
announced an aid package to assist with the reconstruction. Construction demand is forecast
to grow by 2.6 percent in 2012 to 45.3tn Japanese yen, assisted substantially by the reconstruction
package. The restoration projects are likely to cover infrastructure, residential construction and the
restoration of various production facilities damaged in the disaster.
Japan international building costs per m2of internal area
2011 2011
Yen USD
Residential
Detached house medium standard 201,500 2,506
Detached house prestige 235,800 2,933
Townhouse medium standard 186,700 2,322
Apartments private medium density 189,300 2,355
Apartments high rise 284,000 3,533
Aged care/affordable units 164,800 2,050
Commercial
Offices business park 230,500 2,867
CBD offices up to 20 floors medium 266,500 3,315
CBD offices prestige 303,800 3,779
Warehouses
Warehouse/factory unit basic 154,500 1,922
Large warehouse distribution centre 207,900 2,586
High-tech factory/laboratory 455,000 5,660
Retail
Large shopping centre including mall 304,000 3,781
Neighbourhood including supermarket 368,400 4,582
Prestige car showroom 485,000 6,033
Hotels
Three-star travellers 349,000 4,341
Five-star luxury 523,400 6,510
Resort style 289,500 3,601
Hospitals
Day centre 164,000 2,040
Regional hospital 164,000 2,040
General hospital 247,800 3,082
Schools
Primary and secondary 202,400 2,518
University 186,300 2,317
Carparks
Multistorey above ground 205,300 2,554
Multistorey below ground 444,800 5,533
Airports
Airport terminal 370,000 4,602
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Japan hourly cost of labour (including overheads)
2011 2011
Yen USD
Group 1 tradesman eg plumber, electrician 2,400 30
Group 2 tradesman eg carpenter, bricklayer 2,210 27Group 3 tradesman eg carpet layer, tiler, plasterer 2,140 27
General labourer 1,700 21
Site foreman 2,440 30
Japan costs of materials
Concrete 30 mpa (m3) (1,500m3job) 11,900 148
Reinforcement bar 16mm (tonne) (120 tonne job) 66,000 821
Concrete block (400 x 200) per 1,000 (>10,000 block job) 110,000 1,368
Standard brick per 1,000 97,500 1,213
Structural steel beams (tonne) (>100 tonne job) 80,000 995
Glass pane 6mm (m2) 1,730 22Softwood timber for framing 100mm x 50mm (m) 12,100 151
Plasterboard 13mm (m2) 230 3
Emulsion paint (litre) 270 3
Copper pipe 15mm (m) (>1,000m job) 661 8
Copper cable (m) (3C + E, 2.5mm PVC) (>100,000m job) 181 2
Japan key trades (excluding preliminaries and builders margins)
Excavate basement (m3) (1,800m3job) 450 6
Excavate footings (m) 500 6
Concrete in slab (m3) (1,500m3job) 13,710 171
Reinforcement in beams (tonne) 97,000 1,207Formwork to soffit of slab (m2) 2,680 33
Blockwork in wall (m2) (10,000 block job) 4,410 55
Structural steel beams (tonne) 114,960 1,430
Pre-cast concrete wall (m2) 15,140 188
Curtain wall glazing incl support system (m2) (1,000m2job) 100,000 1,244
Plasterboard 13mm thick to stud wall (m2) (3,000m2job) 3,050 38
Single solid core door incl frame and hardware (no) (50 door job) 73,600 915
Painting to walls primer + 2 coats (m2) 860 11
Ceramic tiling (m2) (1,000m2job) 5,820 72
Vinyl flooring to wet areas (m2) (500m2job) 3,380 42
Carpet medium tufted (m2) (4,500m2job) 4,300 53
Lighting installation (m2
) (>5,000m2
job) 4,500 56Copper pipe 15mm to wall (m) (>1,000m job) 2,290 28
Fire sprinklers (per m2) (5,000m2job) 4,000 50
Air conditioning incl main plant (m2) (>5,000m2job) 28,900 359
Japan major projects
Yen
Tokyo Sky Tree 65bn
Japan Post Tower 88bn
Loop Road (Kanjo) No. 2 NA
Redevelopment in Shinjuku 8-Chome NATokyo Waterfront Redevelopment in Aomi R-District NA
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Malaysia
The public sector construction market in Malaysia is expected to moderate with reduced
government spending. However, several mega projects are announced including the Mass Rapid
Transport programme, the Marina Island Pangkor 2nd International Resort and Entertainment
Island, and various energy sector developments. There is increasing demand for space from
SMEs in the industrial sector mainly in the automotive, energy, electrical and logistics sectors.
The new 1Malaysia housing programme, an affordable housing development aimed at the
middle-income group, should boost the residential market. Commercial office and retail
construction should also benefit as a result of this activity.
Malaysia international building costs per m2of internal area
2008 2009 2010 2011 2011
MYR MYR MYR MYR USD
Residential
Detached house medium standard 1,436 1,400 1,500 1,800 589
Detached house prestige 1,897 1,850 1,980 2,300 753
Townhouse medium standard 974 950 1,000 1,200 393
Apartments private medium density 1,169 1,140 1,200 1,400 458
Apartments high rise 1,538 1,500 1,700 2,000 655
Aged care/affordable units 1,250 1,220 1,310 1,500 491
Commercial
Offices business park 1,957 1,900 2,000 2,300 753
CBD offices up to 20 floors medium 2,575 2,500 2,600 3,000 982
CBD offices prestige 3,605 3,500 3,700 4,200 1,375
Warehouses
Warehouse/factory unit basic 1,228 1,200 1,250 1,400 458
Large warehouse distribution centre 1,536 1,500 1,600 1,800 589
High-tech factory/laboratory 2,560 2,500 2,600 3,000 982
Retail
Large shopping centre including mall 3,021 3,000 3,200 3,400 1,113
Neighbourhood including supermarket 2,517 2,500 2,700 2,900 949
Prestige car showroom 3,323 3,300 3,500 3,700 1,211
Hotels
Three-star travellers 3,525 3,500 3,600 3,800 1,244
Five-star luxury 6,042 6,000 6,200 6,600 2,160
Resort style 6,300 6,250 6,450 6,900 2,259
Hospitals
Day centre 1,611 1,600 1,700 1,800 589
Regional hospital 2,115 2,100 2,200 2,400 786
General hospital 2,366 2,350 2,500 2,700 884
Schools
Primary and secondary 805 800 850 900 295
University 3,021 3,000 3,200 3,400 1,113
Carparks
Multistorey above ground 1,008 1,000 1,150 1,200 393
Multistorey below ground 1,511 1,500 1,600 1,700 556
Airports
Airport terminal 4,600 4,500 4,700 5,000 1,637
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Malaysia major projects
MYR
Greater KL Mass Rapid Transit 40bn
Warisan Merdeka 100-Storey Tower 5bn
Support for Corridors 853bn
Development of 1,084 hectare
Malaysian Rubber Board Land, Sungai Buloh 10bn
Kuala Lumpur International Financial District (KLIFD) 26bn
Malaysia hourly cost of labour (including overheads)
2010 2011 2011
MYR MYR USD
Group 1 tradesman eg plumber, electrician 19 20 7
Group 2 tradesman eg carpenter, bricklayer 15 15 5Group 3 tradesman eg carpet layer, tiler, plasterer 19 20 7
General labourer 10 10 3
Site foreman 50 55 18
Malaysia costs of materials
Concrete 30 mpa (m3) (1,500m3job) 230 230 75
Reinforcement bar 16mm (tonne) (120 tonne job) 2,900 3,220 1,054
Concrete block (400 x 200) per 1,000 (>10,000 block job) 3,600 3,980 1,303
Standard brick per 1,000 360 400 131
Structural steel beams (tonne) (>100 tonne job) 4,000 4,420 1,447
Glass pane 6mm (m2) 188 189 62Softwood timber for framing 100mm x 50mm (m) 25 34 11
Plasterboard 13mm (m2) 25 26 9
Emulsion paint (litre) 38 39 13
Copper pipe 15mm (m) (>1,000m job) 24 27 9
Copper cable (m) (3C + E, 2.5mm PVC) (>100,000m job) 15 16 5
Malaysia key trades (excluding preliminaries and builders margins)
Excavate basement (m3) (1,800m3job) 27 28 9
Excavate footings (m) 32 33 11
Concrete in slab (m3) (1,500m3job) 332 339 111
Reinforcement in beams (tonne) 3,507 3,578 1,171Formwork to soffit of slab (m2) 50 51 17
Blockwork in wall (m2) (10,000 block job) 67 68 22
Structural steel beams (tonne) 6,500 6,632 2,171
Pre-cast concrete wall (m2)
Curtain wall glazing incl support system (m2) (1,000m2job) 400 408 134
Plasterboard 13mm thick to stud wall (m2) (3,000m2job) 90 92 30
Single solid core door incl frame and hardware (no) (50 door job) 800 816 267
Painting to walls primer + 2 coats (m2) 8 8 3
Ceramic tiling (m2) (1,000m2job) 110 112 37
Vinyl flooring to wet areas (m2) (500m2job) 98 100 33
Carpet medium tufted (m2) (4,500m2job) 90 92 30
Lighting installation (m2
) (>5,000m2
job) 150 153 50Copper pipe 15mm to wall (m) (>1,000m job) 78 80 26
Fire sprinklers (per m2) (5,000m2job) 100 102 33
Air conditioning incl main plant (m2) (>5,000m2job) 300 306 100
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Russia
Russia has had a positive year in 2011 with overall GDP rising by 5.1 percent year-on-year by the
third quarter 2011. The main reason for the increase is due to the continuing strong commodity prices
in the oil and gas, and mining sectors. However, the construction market remains quite depressed
relative to the years before the GFC. The main sectors showing renewed growth include industrial and
infrastructure and the commercial retail and logistics sectors. These are predicted to grow significantly
throughout 2012. Construction prices generally remain depressed and provide good value for
money in the market. While some sectors in construction are growing, the overall spare capacity
in the supply chain is projected to keep construction inflation below five percent in 2012.
Russia international building costs per m2of internal area
2008 2009 2010 2011 2011
RUB RUB RUB RUB USD
Residential
Detached house medium standard 28,500 30,000 31,000 32,000 1,091
Detached house prestige 57,000 60,000 62,000 57,000 1,943
Townhouse medium standard 23,750 25,000 27,900 35,000 1,193
Apartments private medium density 47,500 50,000 43,400 45,000 1,534
Apartments high rise 57,000 60,000 55,800 57,000 1,943
Aged care/affordable units 47,500 50,000 43,400 43,000 1,466
Commercial
Offices business park 37,620 39,600 43,400 44,000 1,500
CBD offices up to 20 floors medium 50,160 52,800 49,600 50,000 1,705
CBD offices prestige 62,700 66,000 55,800 57,000 1,943
Warehouses
Warehouse/factory unit basic 20,425 21,500 23,250 25,000 852
Large warehouse distribution centre 24,510 25,800 26,350 26,000 886
High-tech factory/laboratory 56,700 57,000 58,250 60,000 2,045
Retail
Large shopping centre including mall 40,641 42,780 46,500 47,000 1,602
Neighbourhood including supermarket 29,803 31,372 34,100 30,000 1,023
Prestige car showroom 28,500 30,000 37,200 38,000 1,295
Hotels
Three-star travellers 56,430 59,400 62,000 63,000 2,148
Five-star luxury 70,538 74,250 77,500 75,000 2,557
Resort style 64,645 69,100 73,000 70,000 2,386
Hospitals
Day centre 37,500 40,000 42,500 51,000 1,739
Regional hospital 50,000 53,000 51,000 75,000 2,557
General hospital 65,000 68,000 70,000 60,000 2,045
Schools
Primary and secondary 45,000 48,000 49,000 50,000 1,705
University 50,000 54,000 57,000 63,000 2,148
Carparks
Multistorey above ground 21,300 22,355 23,250 23,000 784
Multistorey below ground 17,000 18,000 26,350 31,000 1,057
Airports
Airport terminal 90,000 96,000 100,000 105,000 3,580
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Russia major projects
USD
Russian Sustainable Tourism in North Caucasus Mountains 30bn
South Stream Gas Pipeline 15.5bn
2014 Winter Olympics Infrastructure 11bn
2018 FIFA World Cup Infrastructure NA
Kaliningrad Nuclear Power Plant 9bn
Russia hourly cost of labour (including overheads)
2010 2011 2011
RUB RUB USD
Group 1 tradesman eg plumber, electrician 310 500 17
Group 2 tradesman eg carpenter, bricklayer 310 500 17Group 3 tradesman eg carpet layer, tiler, plasterer 310 500 17
General labourer 248 400 14
Site foreman 496 600 20
Russia costs of materials
Concrete 30 mpa (m3) (1,500m3job) 3,000 4,500 153
Reinforcement bar 16mm (tonne) (120 tonne job) 24,500 27,000 920
Concrete block (400 x 200) per 1,000 (>10,000 block job) 1,000 1,500 51
Standard brick per 1,000 9,000 10,000 341
Structural steel beams (tonne) (>100 tonne job) 35,000 35,000 1,193
Glass pane 6mm (m2) 900 950 32Softwood timber for framing 100mm x 50mm (m) 170 175 6
Plasterboard 13mm (m2) 125 140 5
Emulsion paint (litre) 40 44 2
Copper pipe 15mm (m) (>1,000m job) 300 320 11
Copper cable (m) (3C + E, 2.5mm PVC) (>100,000m job) 31 33 1
Russia key trades (excluding preliminaries and builders margins)
Excavate basement (m3) (1,800m3job) 465 470 16
Excavate footings (m) 400 410 14
Concrete in slab (m3) (1,500m3job) 4,000 5,000 170
Reinforcement in beams (tonne) 30,000 46,000 1,568Formwork to soffit of slab (m2) 900 900 31
Blockwork in wall (m2) (10,000 block job) 1,200 1,300 44
Structural steel beams (tonne) 75,000 85,000 2,898
Pre-cast concrete wall (m2) 5,000 6,000 205
Curtain wall glazing incl support system (m2) (1,000m2job) 23,250 25,000 852
Plasterboard 13mm thick to stud wall (m2) (3,000m2job) 2,100 2,300 78
Single solid core door incl frame and hardware (no) (50 door job) 24,000 25,000 852
Painting to walls primer + 2 coats (m2) 250 290 10
Ceramic tiling (m2) (1,000m2job) 1,650 1,800 61
Vinyl flooring to wet areas (m2) (500m2job) 1,500 1,500 51
Carpet medium tufted (m2) (4,500m2job) 1,850 1,800 61
Lighting installation (m2
) (>5,000m2
job) 3,100 3,500 119Copper pipe 15mm to wall (m) (>1,000m job) 800 500 17
Fire sprinklers (per m2) (5,000m2job) 900 950 32
Air conditioning incl main plant (m2) (>5,000m2job) 6,000 6,000 205
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Singapore
The Singapore market has been quite moderate in 2011 and escalation has been minimal for
most building types. Singapores internationally connected economy is experiencing both the
opportunities of trading with East Asia and the general slowdown in the rest of the world. The
economy is growing at below the trend of recent years, recording 4.9 percent growth in 2011.
Housing and apartment construction is quite resilient based on low unemployment rates, confidence
and wage growth, but the office, retail and hotel sectors appear to be easing. Singapores expertise
in shipping and fabrication will benefit from the strong growth in energy and resources projects
in Malaysia and Australia. In 2012 cost escalation of five percent is expected for construction
projects, which is broadly in line with general inflation. Wage increases are moderate, but some
building material prices (steel and concrete) have fluctuated.
Singapore international building costs per m2of internal area
2008 2009 2010 2011 2011
SGD SGD SGD SGD USD
Residential
Detached house medium standard 4,000 3,500 3,850 4,000 3,178
Detached house prestige 4,900 4,400 4,400 4,600 3,655
Townhouse medium standard 3,400 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,225
Apartments private medium density 3,000 2,000 2,000 2,100 1,669
Apartments high rise 3,400 2,500 2,700 2,700 2,145
Aged care/affordable units 1,500 1,350 1,450 1,500 1,192
Commercial
Offices business park 2,300 2,000 2,000 2,000 1,589
CBD offices up to 20 floors medium 3,000 2,500 2,500 2,500 1,986
CBD offices prestige 3,200 2,800 2,800 2,900 2,304
Warehouses
Warehouse/factory unit basic 1,400 1,200 1,200 1,200 953
Large warehouse distribution centre 1,600 1,500 1,700 1,800 1,430
High-tech factory/laboratory 3,000 2,800 2,800 3,000 2,384
Retail
Large shopping centre including mall 3,000 2,500 3,000 3,200 2,542
Neighbourhood including supermarket 2,400 2,000 2,000 2,100 1,669
Prestige car showroom 3,500 3,300 3,300 3,300 2,622
Hotels
Three-star travellers 3,300 2,700 3,100 3,200 2,542
Five-star luxury 4,800 4,000 4,150 4,200 3,337
Resort style 3,200 2,600 3,000 3,000 2,384
Hospitals
Day centre 2,000 1,800 1,750 1,800 1,430
Regional hospital 3,500 3,000 3,000 3,100 2,463
General hospital 3,500 3,000 3,000 3,100 2,463
Schools
Primary and secondary 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,192
University 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,700 2,145
Carparks
Multistorey above ground 1,200 900 1,200 1,200 953
Multistorey below ground 2,000 1,600 1,600 1,700 1,351
Airports
Airport terminal
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Singapore major projects
USD
Mass Rapid Transit Extensions 6.7bn
Marina Bay 2bn
Marina South 500m
Singapore hourly cost of labour (including overheads)
2010 2011 2011
SGD SGD USD
Group 1 tradesman eg plumber, electrician 25 25 20
Group 2 tradesman eg carpenter, bricklayer 20 20 16Group 3 tradesman eg carpet layer, tiler, plasterer 20 21 17
General labourer 12 15 12
Site foreman 30 30 24
Singapore costs of materials
Concrete 30 mpa (m3) (1,500m3job) 126 152 121
Reinforcement bar 16mm (tonne) (120 tonne job) 1,580 1,770 1,406
Concrete block (400 x 200) per 1,000 (>10,000 block job) 800 808 642
Standard brick per 1,000 250 253 201
Structural steel beams (tonne) (>100 tonne job) 5,200 5,200 4,132
Glass pane 6mm (m2) 55 56 44Softwood timber for framing 100mm x 50mm (m) 13 13 10
Plasterboard 13mm (m2) 21 22 17
Emulsion paint (litre) 20 20 16
Copper pipe 15mm (m) (>1,000m job) 12 13 10
Copper cable (m) (3C + E, 2.5mm PVC) (>100,000m job) 2 2 2
Singapore key trades (excluding preliminaries and builders margins)
Excavate basement (m3) (1,800m3job) 21 21 17
Excavate footings (m) 50 50 40
Concrete in slab (m3) (1,500m3job) 200 242 192
Reinforcement in beams (tonne) 1,580 1,770 1,406Formwork to soffit of slab (m2) 30 31 25
Blockwork in wall (m2) (10,000 block job) 35 35 28
Structural steel beams (tonne) 5,200 5,200 4,132
Pre-cast concrete wall (m2) 110 110 87
Curtain wall glazing incl support system (m2) (1,000m2job) 500 500 397
Plasterboard 13mm thick to stud wall (m2) (3,000m2job) 21 25 20
Single solid core door incl frame and hardware (no) (50 door job) 800 824 655
Painting to walls primer + 2 coats (m2) 8 8 6
Ceramic tiling (m2) (1,000m2job) 70 70 56
Vinyl flooring to wet areas (m2) (500m2job) 150 150 119
Carpet medium tufted (m2) (4,500m2job) 70 70 56
Lighting installation (m2
) (>5,000m2
job) 200 200 159Copper pipe 15mm to wall (m) (>1,000m job) 27 27 21
Fire sprinklers (per m2) (5,000m2job) 80 80 64
Air conditioning incl main plant (m2) (>5,000m2job) 260 260 207
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South Africa
The deteriorating situation in Europe has had flow-on effects to South Africa, including weakening
confidence, and depressing the Rand exchange rate, which has caused the cost of imported materials
to increase. This together with strong wage increases (coming off a low base) is pushing construction
costs ahead at up to eight percent per annum. Construction growth is moderate with the major
local contractors forced to look abroad for much of their work. Civil construction, including mining
project investments, is still the dominant sector in terms of value of work in progress (accounting
for almost 62 percent of the total construction activity). The housing sectors are in a cyclical low,
but the resources sectors show promising growth which will flow on to the rest of the economy.
South Africa international building costs per m2of internal area
2008 2009 2010 2011 2011
ZAR ZAR ZAR ZAR USD
Residential
Detached house medium standard 4,500 5,000 5,000 5,300 746
Detached house prestige 8,000 9,000 9 000 9,500 1,338
Townhouse medium standard 5,000 6,000 6,000 5,800 817
Apartments private medium density 4,800 6,000 6,300 6,200 873
Apartments high rise 7,000 7,500 7,500 7,500 1,056
Aged care/affordable units 5,000 5,500 5,500 5,500 775
Commercial
Offices business park 4,500 5,000 5,300 6,500 915
CBD offices up to 20 floors medium 7,000 8,500 8,500 8,500 1,197
CBD offices prestige 7,500 10,000 10,000 11,500 1,619
Warehouses
Warehouse/factory unit basic 3,700 3,700 3,700 3,800 535
Large warehouse distribution centre 3,900 3,900 3,900 4,000 563
High-tech factory/laboratory 4,500 6,000 6,300 6,000 845
Retail
Large shopping centre including mall 5,500 7,800 7,800 8,000 1,127
Neighbourhood including supermarket 6,000 6,800 6,800 7,000 986
Prestige car showroom 6,200 7,000 7,000 7,500 1,056
Hotels
Three-star travellers 5,500 8,000 8,400 8,600 1,211
Five-star luxury 7,000 10,000 10,500 10,500 1,479
Resort style 6,900 9,700 10,185 10,000 1,408
Hospitals
Day centre 4,500 5,500 5,500 6,000 845
Regional hospital 6,000 7,000 7,000 7,500 1,056
General hospital 7,500 8,500 8,500 9,000 1,267
Schools
Primary and secondary 4,500 5,000 5,000 7,000 986
University 5,000 6,000 6,000 9,000 1,267
Carparks
Multistorey above ground 3,200 3,500 4,000 3,800 535
Multistorey below ground 3,500 4,000 4,800 4,500 634
Airports
Airport terminal 20,000 20,900 20,900 20,900 2,943
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South Africa major projects
ZAR
Medupi Power Station 125bn
Kusile Power Station 141bn
RMI Integrated Titanium and Zirconium Beneficiation Complex 15bn
Xstrata Tweefontein Optimisation Project 8bnXstrata Atcom East 3.8bn
Pascoulama 5bn
South Africa hourly cost of labour (including overheads)
2010 2011 2011
ZAR ZAR USD
Group 1 tradesman eg plumber, electrician 50 52 7
Group 2 tradesman eg carpenter, bricklayer 45 48 7Group 3 tradesman eg carpet layer, tiler, plasterer 35 40 6
General labourer 15 18 3
Site foreman 200 200 28
South Africa costs of materials
Concrete 30 mpa (m3) (1,500m3job) 940 834 117
Reinforcement bar 16mm (tonne) (120 tonne job) 7,727 8,100 1,141
Concrete block (400 x 200) per 1,000 (>10,000 block job) 1,450 2,000 282
Standard brick per 1,000 1,500 1,600 225
Structural steel beams (tonne) (>100 tonne job) 15,000 20,000 2,816
Glass pane 6mm (m2) 400 400 56Softwood timber for framing 100mm x 50mm (m) 70 70 10
Plasterboard 13mm (m2) 46 46 6
Emulsion paint (litre) 40 37 5
Copper pipe 15mm (m) (>1,000m job) 30 35 5
Copper cable (m) (3C + E, 2.5mm PVC) (>100,000m job)
South Africa key trades (excluding preliminaries and builders margins)
Excavate basement (m3) (1,800m3job) 50 60 8
Excavate footings (m) 60 78 11
Concrete in slab (m3) (1,500m3job) 1,085 917 129
Reinforcement in beams (tonne) 7,727 8,910 1,255Formwork to soffit of slab (m2) 135 126 18
Blockwork in wall (m2) (10,000 block job) 210 210 30
Structural steel beams (tonne) 24,000 24,500 3,450
Pre-cast concrete wall (m2) 450 460 65
Curtain wall glazing incl support system (m2) (1,000m2job) 1,600 2,100 296
Plasterboard 13mm thick to stud wall (m2) (3,000m2job) 200 540 76
Single solid core door incl frame and hardware (no) (50 door job) 1,683 1,600 225
Painting to walls primer + 2 coats (m2) 27 27 4
Ceramic tiling (m2) (1,000m2job) 200 200 28
Vinyl flooring to wet areas (m2) (500m2job) 154 160 23
Carpet medium tufted (m2) (4,500m2job) 220 220 31
Lighting installation (m2
) (>5,000m2
job) 85 12Copper pipe 15mm to wall (m) (>1,000m job) 55 40 6
Fire sprinklers (per m2) (5,000m2job) 165 260 37
Air conditioning incl main plant (m2) (>5,000m2job) 1,300 1,300 183
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South Korea
South Korea is experiencing improvements in the private domestic construction sector as the economy
experiences quite healthy growth and gradual cyclical recovery. However, the country has recently
felt the impact of international economic conditions including tighter financing, higher input costs
including oil, and interrupted trade with Japan since the earthquake. The private development sector
has undergone a period of deregulation with less involvement by public institutions. This has increased
demand for private development and should assist the private sector construction markets in
2012. Public sector construction continues to remain subdued with public works and large-scale
project construction in a slowdown. Public sector construction is unlikely to be higher in 2012
than in 2011. The engineering, fabrication and shipbuilding sectors have healthy order books with
Asian and Australian energy projects. Construction cost escalation should be modest in 2012.
South Korea international building costs per m2of internal area
2008 2009 2010 2011 2011
KRW KRW KRW KRW USD
Residential
Detached house medium standard 1,167,307 1,155,750 1,150,000 1,150,000 1,038
Detached house prestige 1,725,585 1,708,500 1,700,000 1,700,000 1,535
Townhouse medium standard 1,380,468 1,366,800 1,360,000 1,360,000 1,228
Apartments private medium density 1,116,555 1,105,500 1,100,000 1,100,000 993
Apartments high rise 1,421,070 1,407,000 1,400,000 1,400,000 1,264
Aged care/affordable units 1,220,000 1,200,000 1,180,000 1,200,000 1,083
Commercial
Offices business park 1,116,555 1,105,500 1,100,000 1,100,000 993
CBD offices up to 20 floors medium 1,370,317 1,356,750 1,350,000 1,350,000 1,219
CBD offices prestige 1,725,585 1,708,500 1,700,000 1,700,000 1,535
Warehouses
Warehouse/factory unit basic 954,450 945,000 900,000 900,000 813
Large warehouse distribution centre 761,287 753,750 750,000 700,000 632
High-tech factory/laboratory 2,639,130 2,613,000 2,600,000 2,600,000 2,348
Retail
Large shopping centre including mall 1,725,585 1,708,500 1,700,000 1,700,000 1,535
Neighbourhood including supermarket 954,450 945,000 900,000 950,000 858
Prestige car showroom 1,898,144 1,879,350 1,870,000 1,870,000 1,688
Hotels
Three-star travellers 1,522,575 1,507,500 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,354
Five-star luxury 3,045,150 3,015,000 3,000,000 3,200,000 2,889
Resort style 1,827,090 1,809,000 1,800,000 2,050,000 1,851
Hospitals
Day centre 1,116,555 1,105,500 1,100,000 1,100,000 993
Regional hospital 1,624,080 1,608,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,445
General hospital 1,725,585 1,708,500 1,700,000 1,700,000 1,535
Schools
Primary and secondary 1,015,050 1,005,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 903
University 1,370,317 1,356,750 1,350,000 1,360,000 1,228
Carparks
Multistorey above ground 558,277 552,750 550,000 550,000 497
Multistorey below ground 812,040 804,000 800,000 800,000 722
Airports
Airport terminal 2,500,000 2,600,000 2,550,000 2,550,000 2,302
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UAE
The economies of Abu Dhabi and Dubai are strengthening, driven by high levels of investment in
Abu Dhabi, strong tourism growth and the gradual emergence of the UAE as the financial hub for
the region. However, oversupply in residential and commercial markets will continue to constrain
construction growth in the UAE, with Dubai worse affected after growing strongest during 20068.
It may take several years until healthy sales rates resume and price growth occurs. Construction
costs have fallen substantially with prices in steady decline since 2008 and now up to 25 percent
lower. Abu Dhabi has much less of an oversupply problem, a healthy backlog of projects and
prospects for construction growth are better in 2012.
UAE international building costs per m2of internal area
2008 2009 2010 2011 2011
AED AED AED AED USD
Residential
Detached house medium standard 7,500 7,000 6,500 6,000 1,634
Detached house prestige 9,500 9,250 9,000 9,750 2,654
Townhouse medium standard 7,500 6,525 5,550 5,250 1,429
Apartments private medium density 7,000 6,500 6,000 5,500 1,497
Apartments high rise 9,000 8,500 8,000 6,500 1,770
Aged care/affordable units 5,720 5,340 4,960 4,750 1,293
Commercial
Offices business park 5,300 4,800 4,550 4,000 1,089
CBD offices up to 20 floors medium 6,000 5,750 5,500 5,000 1,361
CBD offices prestige 8,000 7,500 7,000 6,750 1,838
Warehouses
Warehouse/factory unit basic 6,000 5,250 4,500 4,250 1,157
Large warehouse distribution centre 5,500 4,750 4,000 4,000 1,089
High-tech factory/laboratory 7,625 6,875 6,125 6,000 1,634
Retail
Large shopping centre including mall 8,000 7,500 7,000 6,500 1,770
Neighbourhood including supermarket 8,500 8,000 7,500 7,000 1,906
Prestige car showroom
Hotels
Three-star travellers 10,000 9,750 9,500 9,000 2,450
Five-star luxury 13,000 12,750 12,500 12,000 3,267
Resort style 15,000 15,000 15,000 14,500 3,948
Hospitals
Day centre 7,000 6,500 6,000 5,750 1,565
Regional hospital 8,500 8,000 7,500 7,250 1,974
General hospital 9,000 8,500 8,000 8,750 2,382
Schools
Primary and secondary 7,000 6,500 6,000 5,750 1,565
University 7,800 7,300 6,800 6,500 1,770
Carparks
Multistorey above ground 3,500 3,500 3,500 3,500 953
Multistorey below ground 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,250 1,157
Airports
Airport terminal
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UAE major projects
AED
Etihad Rail 40bn
Louvre Abu Dhabi 2m
Khalifa Port and Industrial Zone (KPIZ) 26.5bn
Presidential Palace 6mYas Mall 2m
UAE hourly cost of labour (including overheads)
2010 2011 2011
AED AED USD
Group 1 tradesman eg plumber, electrician 30 30 8
Group 2 tradesman eg carpenter, bricklayer 30 30 8Group 3 tradesman eg carpet layer, tiler, plasterer 28 28 8
General labourer 15 15 4
Site foreman 75 75 20
UAE costs of materials
Concrete 30 mpa (m3) (1,500m3job) 350 250 68
Reinforcement bar 16mm (tonne) (120 tonne job) 3,000 2,900 790
Concrete block (400 x 200) per 1,000 (>10,000 block job) 3,500 3,500 953
Standard brick per 1,000
Structural steel beams (tonne) (>100 tonne job) 5,500 5,500 1,497
Glass pane 6mm (m2) Softwood timber for framing 100mm x 50mm (m) 90 90 25
Plasterboard 13mm (m2) 10 10 3
Emulsion paint (litre) 170 46
Copper pipe 15mm (m) (>1,000m job)
Copper cable (m) (3C + E, 2.5mm PVC) (>100,000m job)
UAE key trades (excluding preliminaries and builders margins)
Excavate basement (m3) (1,800m3job) 35 30 8
Excavate footings (m) 35 30 8
Concrete in slab (m3) (1,500m3job) 500 460 125
Reinforcement in beams (tonne) 3,750 4,000 1,089Formwork to soffit of slab (m2) 100 100 27
Blockwork in wall (m2) (10,000 block job) 125 100 27
Structural steel beams (tonne) 13,000 10,000 2,723
Pre-cast concrete wall (m2) 650 650 177
Curtain wall glazing incl support system (m2) (1,000m2job) 1,800 1,400 381
Plasterboard 13mm thick to stud wall (m2) (3,000m2job) 150 120 33
Single solid core door incl frame and hardware (no) (50 door job) 4,000 3,650 994
Painting to walls primer + 2 coats (m2) 15 11 3
Ceramic tiling (m2) (1,000m2job) 225 100 27
Vinyl flooring to wet areas (m2) (500m2job) 125 105 29
Carpet medium tufted (m2) (4,500m2job) 300 300 82
Lighting installation (m2
) (>5,000m2
job) 150 150 41Copper pipe 15mm to wall (m) (>1,000m job) 55 55 15
Fire sprinklers (per m2) (5,000m2job) 100 95 26
Air conditioning incl main plant (m2) (>5,000m2job) 650 690 188
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UK
The UK market continues to be directly affected by economic uncertainties within Europe, as the
eurozone represents the UKs largest trading partner. Consumer confidence within the UK is on
the decline, and this economic ambiguity is having a negative effect on private sector activities
in the face of dwindling public sector investment due to government austerity measures. This
is making the industry increasingly dependent on long-term infrastructure projects and a rise
in private sector investment to fill the void. Unemployment is rising as employers attempt to
maintain current staffing levels leading to lower than inflation level wage increases. However,
falling inflation rates should ease the pressure on wages throughout 2012.
UK international building costs per m2of internal area
2008 2009 2010 2011 2011
GBP GBP GBP GBP USD
Residential
Detached house medium standard 1,050 1,050 1,020 1,058 1,696
Detached house prestige 1,465 1,465 1,465 1,519 2,436
Townhouse medium standard 1,008 1,200 1,200 1,244 1,995
Apartments private medium density 1,624 1,800 1,800 1,867 2,994
Apartments high rise 2,170 2,300 2,300 2,385 3,824
Aged care/affordable units 1,800 1,820 1,820 1,887 3,026
Commercial
Offices business park 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,556 2,495
CBD offices up to 20 floors medium 2,972 2,700 2,700 2,800 4,489
CBD offices prestige 1,833 3,800 3,800 3,941 6,319
Warehouses
Warehouse/factory unit basic 691 800 800 830 1,331
Large warehouse distribution centre 867 900 900 933 1,496
High-tech factory/laboratory 1,365 1,500 1,500 1,556 2,495
Retail
Large shopping centre including mall 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,281 3,657
Neighbourhood including supermarket 1,835 1,835 1,835 1,903 3,051
Prestige car showroom 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,074 3,325
Hotels
Three-star travellers 1,300 1,200 1,200 1,244 1,995
Five-star luxury 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,593 4,158
Resort style 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,593 4,158
Hospitals
Day centre 1,295 1,531 1,531 1,588 2,546
Regional hospital 2,639 2,514 2,514 2,607 4,180
General hospital 1,740 1,733 1,733 1,797 2,881
Schools
Primary and secondary 1,553 1,590 1,350 1,400 2,245
University 2,240 2,200 2,180 2,261 3,625
Carparks
Multistorey above ground 437 450 450 467 749
Multistorey below ground 870 850 850 881 1,413
Airports
Airport terminal 3,150 3,050 3,050 3,163 5,072
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UK major projects
GBP
Crossrail 14.5bn
High Speed Railway 2 32.7bn
London 2012 Olympics 2bn
London Tideway Improvements 4bnForth Replacement Crossing 1bn
UK hourly cost of labour (including overheads)
2010 2011 2011
GBP GBP USD
Group 1 tradesman eg plumber, electrician 30 30 48
Group 2 tradesman eg carpenter, bricklayer 30 30 48Group 3 tradesman eg carpet layer, tiler, plasterer 30 30 48
General labourer 18 18 29
Site foreman 45 46 74
UK costs of materials
Concrete 30 mpa (m3) (1,500m3job) 85 83 133
Reinforcement bar 16mm (tonne) (120 tonne job) 700 744 1,193
Concrete block (400 x 200) per 1,000 (>10,000 block job) 1,050 1,071 1,717
Standard brick per 1,000 450 454 728
Structural steel beams (tonne) (>100 tonne job) 1,600 1,786 2,864
Glass pane 6mm (m2) 30 31 50Softwood timber for framing 100mm x 50mm (m) 2 2 3
Plasterboard 13mm (m2) 5 5 8
Emulsion paint (litre) 2 2 3
Copper pipe 15mm (m) (>1,000m job) 1 1 2
Copper cable (m) (3C + E, 2.5mm PVC) (>100,000m job) 0.15 0.15 0.24
UK key trades (excluding preliminaries and builders margins)
Excavate basement (m3) (1,800m3job) 45 43 69
Excavate footings (m) 12 12 19
Concrete in slab (m3) (1,500m3job) 110 107 172
Reinforcement in beams (tonne) 950 1,010 1,619Formwork to soffit of slab (m2) 42 36 58
Blockwork in wall (m2) (10,000 block job) 35 36 58
Structural steel beams (tonne) 1,900 2,120 3,399
Pre-cast concrete wall (m2) 50 63 101
Curtain wall glazing incl support system (m2) (1,000m2job) 550 570 914
Plasterboard 13mm thick to stud wall (m2) (3,000m2job) 18 19 30
Single solid core door incl frame and hardware (no) (50 door job) 750 720 1,154
Painting to walls primer + 2 coats (m2) 5 5 8
Ceramic tiling (m2) (1,000m2job) 40 41 66
Vinyl flooring to wet areas (m2) (500m2job) 25 24 38
Carpet medium tufted (m2) (4,500m2job) 25 24 38
Lighting installation (m2
) (>5,000m2
job) 65 67 107Copper pipe 15mm to wall (m) (>1,000m job) 10 10 16
Fire sprinklers (per m2) (5,000m2job) 30 31 50
Air conditioning incl main plant (m2) (>5,000m2job) 160 166 266
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International construction cost survey 2012
36 Turner & Townsend
US
The outlook for 201213 is for continued slow to moderate growth and a likely return to
pre-recession economic activity by 2014, subject to the European financial system not causing
further setbacks. New York, Texas and Massachusetts are experiencing stronger construction
growth, while Arizona, Nevada and Florida are much weaker. Construction costs should
increase moderately in 2012 with labour up by two to four percent and materials up by four
to eight percent. Gypsum-based products such as plasterboard are set to spike upwards in
2012. Residential is unlikely to recover in 2012 with the market still somewhat oversupplied,
but markets and companies are consolidating, rightsizing, and setting up for a resumption
of growth. Multi-unit residential, education, health and energy projects should lead the way.
US international building costs per m2of internal area
2008 2009 2010 2011
USD USD USD USD
Residential
Detached house medium standard 1,570 1,475 1,435 1,495
Detached house prestige 1,925 1,750 1,710 1,800
Townhouse medium standard 1,475 1,330 1,300 1,350
Apartments private medium density 1,420 1,590 1,520 1,600
Apartments high rise 2,075 2,045 2,020 2,100
Aged care/affordable units 1,300 1,400 1,420 1,550
Commercial
Offices business park 1,600 1,905 1,850 1,885
CBD offices up to 20 floors medium 2,215 2,150 2,085 2,140
CBD offices prestige 2,610 2,505 2,440 2,520
WarehousesWarehouse/factory unit basic 750 850 840 860
Large warehouse distribution centre 915 990 1,100 1,140
High-tech factory/laboratory 1,520 1,615 1,700 1,785
Retail
Large shopping centre including mall 1,580 1,600 1,500 1,560
Neighbourhood including supermarket 860 900 840 910
Prestige car showroom 1,425 1,390 1,325 1,380
Hotels
Three-star travellers 1,485 1,580 1,525 1,575
Five-star luxury 2,680 2,720 2,550 2,600
Resort style 2,420 2,630 2,250 2,300
Hospitals
Day centre 1,645 1,765 2,045 2,055
Regional hospital 3,100 3,210 3,290 3,340
General hospital 3,000 3,110 3,260 3,300
Schools
Primary and secondary 1,450 1,510 1,495 1,570
University 2,160 2,240 2,150 2,200
Carparks
Multistorey above ground 700 730 690 700
Multistorey below ground 1,325 1,395 1,295 1,315
Airports
Airport terminal 3,650 3,525 3,425 3,550
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making the difference 37
US major projects
USD
California High-Speed Rail 99bn
Bay Bridge East Span Replacement 6.3bn
Fab 42 5bn
The Ohio River Bridges 4.1bnInterstate 69 Extension SIU #3 1.8bn
US cost variations
National average % 100
Charlotte, NC 83
Houston, TX 92
Seattle, WA 111
Chicago, IL 115
Los Angeles, CA 115
San Francisco, CA 125
New York Metro 132
Source: ENR
NB: Construction costs vary widely across the US:
US hourly cost of labour (including overheads)
2010 2011
USD USD
Group 1 tradesman eg plumber, electrician 73 75
Group 2 tradesman eg carpenter, bricklayer 64 65Group 3 tradesman eg carpet layer, tiler, plasterer 54 57
General labourer 51 53
Site foreman 75 77
US costs of materials