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International Conference

Social Entrepreneurship: Opportunity Identification and Value creation for

emerging economies (ICSE 2016)

Colombo School of Business Management

Conference Proceedings

Editor Prof. Ranjith Banadra PhD (Qld.,) Head of Colombo School of Business and Management

www.csbm.edu.lk

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Colombo School of Business Management

Conference Proceedings 2016 Edited by Prof. Ranjith Bandara

The conference took place on 1st and 2nd December 2016 at CINEC Campus, Millenium Drive,

Malabe

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Published by

Colombo School of Business Management

SBN 978-3-96043-060-5

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ICSE 2016 Conference

Conference Chair: Dr. Faiz shah, (Head, Development Management & Director, Yunus Center, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand) Conference Co-Chair: Dr. Wanninayake Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies of the University of Kelaniya Dr.Nayana Dehigama, Chairman EPIC Technology Pvt Ltd Prof. Ranjith Bandara, Head of the Business School, Colombo School of Business & Management Dr.Nishreena Nisham, Director Research and Business Support, Colombo School of Business & Management Academic Keynote Speaker: Prof. Ranjith Bandara, Head of the Business School, Colombo School of Business and Management Conference Special Guest Speaker: Prof. Nalaka Jayakody, Vice Chancellor, Colombo International Nautical and Engineering College (CINEC) Distinguished Speakers: Dr.Nayana Dehigama, Chairman EPIC Technology Pvt Ltd Prof. Ranjith Bandara, Head of the Business School, Colombo School of Business & Management Ms. Tharuka Dissanaike, Policy Specialist UNDP, Environment Sustainability and Disaster Risk Unit Mr. Samantha Kumarasinghe, Chairman, Nature’s secret Mr.Eranda Ginige, Co-Founder,Social Enterprise Lanka Dr. Janaki Kuruppu, Founder, Mother Sri Lanka Trust Mr. Dulith Herath , CEO and Founder, Kapruka.com Prof Faiz Shah, Director Yunus Center, AIT Prof. Ranjith Dissanayake, Vice President, Green building Council Mr. Dian Gomes, Chairman, Hela Clothing Ms. Selyna Peiris, Managing Director, Selyn Handlooms Mr.Chandula Abeywickrama, Chairman, Lanka Impact Investing network Mr. Isura Silva, General Manager, Sarvodaya Fusion Mr. Lalith Edirisinghe , Head, Faculty of Management and Social Sciences, CINEC Maritime campus Conference Manager: Ms.Seroshi Nandasiri, Director Marketing and Business Development, Colombo School of Business & Management

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Distinguished Speaker profiles at the Conference ICSE 2016

The conference was conducted in the form of parallel thematic sessions by high profile

speakers of both the private and public sector. The twelve conference streams were broken

down into six parallel thematic sessions conducted within two consecutive days. Profiles of the

distinguished speakers and the conference streams related to their respected fields addressed

by them have been included.

Dr.Nayana Dehigama, Chairman EPIC Technology Pvt Ltd conducted; Session one on Social value creation, social entrepreneurship and social business, with insights into how technology has impact on social value creation. Prof. Ranjith Bandara, Head of the Business School, Colombo School of Business & Management conducted; Session two on identifying opportunities in social enterprise with remarkable insights into economic aspects of entrepreneurship. Mr. Samantha Kumarasinghe, Chairman, Nature’s secret conducted; Session three on social enterprise as the next generation of CSR bringing insights into CSR aspects of Nature’s Secret in cultivating remedial plants for medical usage for future generations. Mr.Eranda Ginige, Co-Founder, Social Enterprise Lanka conducted; Session four on effective strategies for sustainable business through social enterprise. Dr. Janaki Kuruppu, Founder, Mother Sri Lanka Trust conducted; Session five on the role of educational institutions in fostering social entrepreneurship among youth, relating to the importance of youth education in preventing global crisis. Mr. Dulith Herath , CEO and Founder, Kapruka.com conducted; Session six on innovation and technological drive towards social entrepreneurship giving the audience insights on the ‘Kapruka grass hopper’, the socially innovative business model. Prof. Faiz Shah, Director Yunus Center, AIT conducted; Session seven on opportunities for governments in channelling social enterprise into GDP contribution taking a broader perspective relating to the micro finance social entrepreneurship ventures and contributions made by the Yunus centre to eliminate regional disparities. Prof. Ranjith Dissanayake, Vice President, Green Building Council, faculty member of the University of Peradeniya conducted; Session eight on Green entrepreneurship and its impact on engineering. Mr. Dian Gomes, Chairman, Hela Clothing conducted; Session nine on sports education and its impact in fostering a national brand. Ms. Selyna Peiris, Managing Director, Selyn Handlooms conducted; Session ten on women in social enterprises and the development of a business model for Handlooms by destitute women.

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Mr.Chandula Abeywickrama, Chairman, Lanka Impact Investing network conducted; Session eleven on emerging innovations on new social enterprise business development. Mr. Isura Silva, General Manager, Sarvodaya Fusion conducted; Session twelve as a story telling and experience sharing session on the journey ventured by Sarvodaya Foundation.

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Conference strategic Partners

Research Partners

Contributing Partners

Print Media Partners

Electronic Media Partners

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Message from the Editor The main theme of the conference is "Social Entrepreneurship: Opportunity identification & value creation for emerging economies”. The Colombo School of Business and Management (CSBM) has been established with the patronage of prominent corporate leaders and institutions in Sri Lanka to promote new leadership culture both in the private and public sector. CSBM provides extensive and relevant business knowledge along with practical skills that stipulate the ability to progress within the current business environment and to make informed choices. CSBM’s portfolio offers unique solutions with academic and professional programmes in business, management, professional learning and career development while providing a platform for workforce training, research, discussion and debate on a wide range of business issues to support Sri Lanka’s socio-economic development. CSBM offers several academic and professional programmes from foundation to academically rigorous and highly crafted programmes for undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral studies. Affiliated and partnered with global institutions of academic repute, CSBM facilitates programmes with international accreditation. ICSE 2016 Conference Goals This conference is to provide a global platform for facilitating the exchange of ideas and discussions of concepts for effective advancement of knowledge in the fields of business management and social entrepreneurship. Multi-disciplinary presentations, expert discussions and open exchanges of current and future business goals and alternative capitalistic models are infused. Conference Streams This conference is a kaleidoscope of ideas centred along the core theme of Social Entrepreneurship and will discuss the following; 1. Social Value Creation, Social Entrepreneurship and Social Business

2. Identification of opportunities in Social Enterprises

3. Emerging Policy Space for sustainable and regional development

4. Social Enterprise as next generation of CSR (Next-Gen CSR)

5. Effective strategies for sustainable businesses through Social Enterprise

6. The role of educational institutions in fostering Social Entrepreneurship among youth

7. Innovation and technological drive towards Social Entrepreneurship

8. Channelling Social Enterprise into GDP contributions

9. Green Entrepreneurship

10. Social entrepreneurship as a mechanism to overcome cultural diversity

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11. Women in Social Enterprise

12. Emerging Innovations of new Social Enterprise Business development CSBM would like to express its appreciation and gratitude to Dr. Faiz Shah, (Head, Development Management & Director, Yunus Center, Asian Institute of Technology) as the chair of the conference. CSBM also extends its heartfelt thanks to AGBA- Sri lankan chapter, Dr. Wanninayaka of the Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies of the University of Kelaniya, Dr. Dehigama of Epic Technologies Pvt Ltd, Prof. Nalaka Jayakody of Colombo International Nautical and Engineering College (CINEC) And The British Council Colombo for assisting us in organising a pronounced conference. We place on record our sincere thanks for your participation and support, and look forward in having you with us this year at CSBM’s 2nd International Conference 2017. Prof. Ranjith Bandara Editor

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Table of Contents

Patterns of Operation of corporate social entrepreneurship in Sri Lanka………………………….11-20

-Randima Krishnaratne

The use of Traditional Biomass fuels for running a glass furnace to create a micro enterprise

for low income rural communities in Sri Lanka…………………………………………………………………21-29

-Julie Ross

Developing a generation of champions………………………………………………….............................30-36

-Haris Omar

Upcycling as a means of social enterprise for women in Sri Lanka…………………………………...37-48

-K.G.C Kiriella and S.V. Gunawardena

Social Entrepreneurship nurturing true human spirit and values………………………………………49-55

-Vikrant Gharat

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Patterns of Operation of Corporate Social Entrepreneurship In Sri Lanka

Randima Krishnaratne

ABSTRACT

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a widely adopted business practice in Sri Lanka with

corporates investing nearly 5% of their turnover without any anticipated return on investment.

Corporate Social Entrepreneurship (CSE) is viewed as a process aimed at enabling business to

develop more advanced and powerful forms of CSR. The fundamental purpose of CSE is to

accelerate companies’ organizational transformation into more powerful generators of

societal betterment (Austin, Reficco 2009). However CSE in Sri Lanka remains unheard with no

published reports as at November 2016.

CSE challenges employees to be entrepreneurial and forward-thinking, by creating a bridge

between today’s core business and new meaningful products and services, which enables new

sustainable growth. The objective of this research is to understand patterns of Operation of

CSE in Sri Lanka and to ascertain if a sustainable business model in Sri Lanka through Case

studies.

Keywords: Corporate Social Entrepreneurship, Social Business, Social Entrepreneurship,

Corporate Social Responsibility

INTRODUCTION

Corporate Social Entrepreneurship (CSE) does it instantly lead upon to a known signal in our

conscience? Would it be an alienated concept or a hybrid of known concepts?

CSE emerges from and builds on three other conceptual frameworks: entrepreneurship,

corporate entrepreneurship, and social entrepreneurship. (Austin, Reficco 2009) Taken in its

separate elements both social entrepreneurship and corporate social responsibility are

celebrated and recognized concepts in the commercial world. Then why is CSE which

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essentially would bring upon a fusion of these concepts has not yet come to the forefront of

research or the business world? Social Entrepreneurship has become an inclusive topic which

has been gathering momentum in the last two decades. Within the last twenty years with the

grown interest on Social Entrepreneurship and the recognition of Social Entrepreneurs globally

there has been diversified areas of interest.

Given the emphasis present day businesses lay on the concept of transforming to socially

responsible entities while driving profitability, building bridges with the communities. CSE can

be seen as a mode of achieving the community outreach of the concept while adding profit to

the business. Actions of firms that contribute to social welfare, beyond what is required for

profit maximization, are classified as Corporate Social Responsibility. Where CSE will differ from

a CSR perspective is that CSR projects do not look at a profit generating mechanism and

thereby many CSR programmes do not have a sustainability of being consistently and

continuously conducted. CSE is a combination of driving social responsibility through

entrepreneurship having a combination of social entrepreneurship and corporate

entrepreneurship. Corporate entrepreneurship is envisioned as a process that can facilitate

firms’ efforts to innovate constantly and cope effectively with the competitive realities that

companies encounter when competing in world markets. Entrepreneurial attitudes and

behaviors are necessary for firms of all sizes to prosper and flourish in competitive

environments.

Social Entrepreneurship

Social entrepreneurship is still emerging as an area for academic inquiry (Verma, Vohra). In

evaluating CSE it is initially essential to understand on the elements of social entrepreneurship

as this would enable to identify if the corporates can operate the same models.

There are several models currently know in which social entrepreneurship exists in

Leveraged non-profit ventures - non-profit organization to drive the adoption of an innovation

that addresses a market or government failure.

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Hybrid non-profit ventures -The entrepreneur sets up a non-profit organization but the model

includes some degree of cost-recovery through the sale of goods and services to a cross section

of institutions, public and private, as well as to target population groups.

Social business ventures -The entrepreneur sets up a for-profit entity or business to provide a

social or ecological product or service.

Corporate Entrepreneurship

“The presence of innovation with the objective of rejuvenating or redefining organizations,

markets or industries in order to create or sustain competitive superiority “ (Covin & Miles,

1999) Employees of an organization involved in entrepreneurial activity are known as

intrapreneurs and realistically entrepreneurship would also bring corporate innovation. This is

witnessed though idea incubator programmes in certain Sri Lankan apparel manufacturers.

One such programme will be studied in detail during this research

CSE

CSE is essentially a merger, while not much of an east meet west this is an amalgamation of

Value generation through Value Creation. This is the small scale local efforts having a large

scale global relevance.

For companies to move from their old approach to CSR to the CSE approach they must adopt

an entrepreneurial mind-set and cultivate an entrepreneurial environment that enables

fundamental organizational transformation.

Entrepreneurship is all about finding innovative ways to create value. CSE aims to ensure that

the very purpose of these corporations migrates from one of maximizing returns to investors

to optimizing returns to stakeholders, with those being defined as groups who are significantly

affected by company actions and who can in turn impact the company (Tiwari, 2015).

Do companies have a comparative institutional advantage for generating social value? While

companies’ basic operations of producing desired goods and services and providing

employment and wealth creation are, of course, socially valuable, businesses have not been

seen as key generators of social value beyond these basics. However, there are reasons to hold

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that companies may actually possess capabilities and resources that enable them to be highly

productive generators of social value (Austin, 2000; Porter and Kramer, 2002).

With the underlying premise of CSE being a profit generating venture as with a positive social

impact as opposed to CSR, there is a lack of acceptance towards CSE in companies. This can be

witnessed even in companies which essentially have a CSE programme which they identify as

a CSR programme.

Firms can also undertake strategic CSR activities that increase profits, and a social entrepreneur

carries strategic CSR beyond profit maximization and market value maximization (Baron, 2007).

SIGNIFICANCE

The study on CSE is significant in a Sri Lankan context as Access to finance is a major constraint

in both urban and rural for corporate as well as small & Medium Enterprises (SME) (World Bank

Report, October 2015). Further as per the World Bank report Microfinance institutions can play

a major role in broadening access to development financing. This is empirically evident through

the corporate partnership between Grameen bank and Danone foods.

The company’s mission is to “reduce poverty by a unique proximity business model which

brings daily healthy nutrition to the poor” (GRAMEEN GROUP & DANONE ASIA PTE LTD. 2006a:

3).

In Sri Lanka the rural community accounts for 81.6% of the population and the private sector

contributes to 62.4% of the GDP. This provides a perfect launching pad for a merge between

the rural population and the private sector providing the possibility for a profit maximizing

company to do social business.

Entrepreneurship has been the engine propelling much of the growth of the business sector

as well as a driving force behind the rapid expansion of the social sector (Verma, Vohra 2014).

In the past decades we have seen the emergence of two global phenomena. The First

phenomena is an evolution from the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility to the Creating

Shared Value approach proposed by Porter and Kramer (2006). (Micehelini, 2012)

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Corporate Social Responsibility programmes have been functioning in Sri Lanka’s corporate

sector, however it is interesting to see the immersion of a Social Entrepreneurship model in

this outreach programs which would also be a value generation also for the corporate involved.

Using societal challenges as a starting point provides new perspectives and allows for more

transformational innovation, which is relevant to society, but creates new business

opportunities and markets at the same time.

CSE is also vital to be used as an entrant to the bottom of the pyramid customers providing

both economic and social value.

THEORATICAL GAP

Multiple theoretical explanations have been specified in the areas of entrepreneurship and

social entrepreneurship, in working on CSE these theories can be utilized for explanation and

further enhancement.

Joseph Schumpeter’s innovation theory of entrepreneurship (1949) holds an entrepreneur as

one having three major characteristics: innovation, foresight, and creativity. In the

Schumpeterian theory, the entrepreneur moves the economy out of the static equilibrium. In

the case of CSE it is a new way of doing business in an organization and this the research can

be probed based on this theory.

Drucker understood entrepreneurship as a tool to be implemented by managers and

organizational leaders as a mean of growing a business. More than just increasing national

income by creating new jobs, entrepreneurship acts as a positive force in economic growth by

serving as the bridge between innovation and the marketplace (Drucker 1994). Drucker also

noted that entrepreneurship can occur in any sphere including public service. In addition he

further noted that it does not require entrepreneurs to cause change, but sees them as

exploiting the opportunities that change. This provides an explanation to what CSE can do, yet

the question remains despite the theoretical evidence the difference in the Sri Lankan context.

Stevenson noted that entrepreneurs not only see and pursue opportunities that elude

administrative managers; entrepreneurs do not allow their own initial resource endowments

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to limit their options. This is clearly promoting entrepreneurship culture in organizations which

however is not practically evident.

Milton Friedman argued that the social responsibility of firms is to maximize profits, this is not

an argument favoured by corporates.

There are further theoretical explanations which allows to explain the effectiveness of CSE

It is also quite difficult to design an organization that provides a clear, measurable benefit to

society or to a significant segment of society (Yunus, 2007). Firms can also undertake strategic

CSR activities that increase profits, and a social entrepreneur carries strategic CSR beyond

profit maximization and market value maximization (Baron, 2007). Social needs creates

business opportunities (Norris, 1981 and 1983; Worthy 1987). These go on to prove the

paradoxical statements that profit seeking business can indeed generated social business

value.

PERFORMANCE GAP

In comparison to CSR, CSE is a proactive approach adding transformational value to business

and regenerating value to the business and thus ensuring sustainability. It should also be noted

that sustainable business would have three components of environmental, economic and

social value creation. CSE simulates entrepreneurial behaviour and innovation thus promoting

value generation for a business and further CSE can operate as part of the core business.

Corporate today are facing more innovation challenges in a volatile, uncertain, complex and

ambiguous business environment. However despite all these factors favouring the

implementation of CSE the level of operation in Sri Lanka is low with no company operating

any programme specifically under CSE.

RESEARCH AIMS & QUESTIONS

In defining the purpose of this research it is important to also understand what is noted as

Social Entrepreneurship and Corporate Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility

in empirical literature. Through this research I would also like to analyse the operating models

of current social entrepreneurship programmes in Sri Lanka with Private Sector and

understand if there is an optimal model of operation for CSE.

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The corporates for the purpose of this research would be a firm that meets certain legal

requirements to be recognized as having a legal entity. The size of the business would be

immaterial in identifying the operating patterns in this study.

How can social value creation generate business value and vice versa? One essential dimension

of this new configuration is the integration of social and business value. CSE aims to capture

the synergies between these two. Understanding conceptually and empirically the nature of

these linkages, is very important (Grayson and Hodges, 2004).

The research questions arising are what is the level of awareness of Sri Lankan companies on

CSE? Do they identify CSE as both a profit generating and sustainable model? Is CSE a successful

business model for Sri Lankan businesses? Further, through this I would seek to assess the

operating patterns of SCE in Sri Lanka?

METHODOLOGY

The initial data collection will be secondary data collection through literature review and then

the movement in to analysing empirical data. This research is aimed to be both a combination

of primary and secondary data. The research would primarily be qualitative with in depth

interviews with 10 selected social entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka and conducting a case study on

four local companies and one multinational. The case study will include questionnaire from

employees handling CSR and entrepreneurship programmes and in depth interviews from the

founder/ Chairman.

In assessing the operating patterns of operation of CSE in Sri Lanka the Ostewalder Business

model will be used replacing the customers with beneficiary and customer relationship to

relationship with beneficiary. The rest of the parameters used in the model key partners, key

activities, value propositions, cost structure and revenue streams will be used as it is.

Another model which has been developed using the Ostewalder Business Model framework

and work of Mohamed Yunus is the social business model framework which will be utilized in

this study to evaluate the operating patterns of CSE in Sri Lanka. This model will enable to

identify the economic profit equation and the social value equation of CSE. The former will be

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assessed through the cost structure and revenue model relationship and the latter with the

risk and benefit relationship. The eco system is to be analyzed using the value proposition,

competencies and Partner network which would also point out towards risks in the process.

Value chain refers to the chain of activities for a firm operating in a specific industry and the

competencies outline the specific range of proficiency of a company and the partner network

refers to the network of cooperative agreements with other entities that are necessary to

efficiently offer and distribute value. There are several other components in this model. Offer

which is characterized by the value proposition. Market which includes market segment,

relationship which describes communication and connection strategy established with

customers and the methods of distribution (Michelini, 2012).

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REFERENCES

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6. Dacin, Peter A., M. Tina Dacin, and Margaret Matear. "Social entrepreneurship: Why

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8. Drucker, Peter. Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge, 2014.

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12. Hemingway, Christine A. Corporate Social Entrepreneurship. Springer Berlin Heidelberg,

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Verlag, 2012.

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Stanford social innovation review 5, no. 2 (2007): 28-39.

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Social Innovation and New Business Models, pp. 19-35. Springer Berlin Heidelberg,

2012.

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change across theory and practice." In Social entrepreneurship, pp. 57-85. Palgrave

Macmillan UK, 2006.

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Christoph Birkholz (2015): 153.

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social-entrepreneur

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Study. International Research Journal of Management and Commerce, 1(1), pp. 35-48.

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A multidimensional model." Journal of world business 41, no. 1 (2006): 21-35.

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entrepreneurship." Journal of Management Studies (2015).

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“The Use Of Traditional Biomass Fuels For Running A Glass Furnace, To Create A Micro

Enterprise For Low Income Rural Communities In Sri Lanka”.

Julie Ross

Abstract

This paper is part of a practice led PhD at Edinburgh College of Art. Edinburgh University. The

high cost of electricity and the economic needs for micro enterprises underpinned a research

project on the utilization of biomass fuels for running a small scale glass furnace using recycled

glass. With effective micro-financing, this project has the potential to facilitate a sustainable

cottage industry, within rural areas of Sri Lanka.

Key words: Biomass Fuels, Glass Furnaces, Micro Enterprises

Introduction

This paper is presented as a contextual study for the investigation of viable micro-industries in

rural parts of Sri Lanka, where the research is based on the use of Biomass fuels (elephant

dung/ cow dung/coconut husks/coconut oil) to create micro businesses in the rural

communities of Sri Lanka. Production using locally sourced materials to create a range of glass

products using recycled bottles, damaged car windshields or window glass and this, in turn, is

designed to underpin the creation of small cottage industries.

Results of the research project indicate that the use of Biomass materials is present, but that

there may be significant operational aspects that may compromise the viability and

sustainability of any business proposition. These aspects include the availability of initial

funding for the project, micro enterprise set up, management of fuel collection, managing the

materials to create a sufficiently standard fuel product for consistent use, quality of the glass

product output in terms of marketability.

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The research outcomes provide areas of optimism when considering the project proposal in

Sri Lanka. Intuitively, the availability of coconut related materials in Sri Lanka would be more

stable as might dung from known elephant reserves, but this must be robustly investigated

first and then tested. Critically, once the outcome of this research is available, further studies

must be conducted to establish the kind of glass furnace that needs to be designed and built

in Sri Lanka, sourced from local materials and the availability of raw inputs such as waste glass.

From a business perspective, the marketability of, and demand for the products must also be

analysed.

The terms ‘Sustainable Design, Eco Design or Green Design’ have become common

terminologies used globally in the 21st Century. Whether referring to products, buildings or

cars, phrases such as ‘renewable energy technologies, carbon footprints, material selection,

greenhouse gases, production methods, consumerism, climate change, fair/ethical trade and

the ‘3R’s’ have all become synonymous in our day to day lives as consumers. Although in

developing countries, frugality is practiced not out of choice but as a necessity. The

development of rural communities, particularly in terms of sustainable economic growth is a

major challenge for all developing countries and Sri Lanka is no different as it continues to

recover from the war years and the Tsunami of 2004. Economic growth appears to be steady,

but uneven, across the country with rural communities struggling to keep up with the urban

engines of economic development. As a country, Sri Lanka faces a raft of problems unique to

its socio-cultural, geographic and natural resource realities, but solutions to critical, generic

challenges identified and tried in other jurisdictions may have value in terms of adoption,

adaptation or rejection based upon these realities. This paper focuses on the development of

organic growth of communities sustained by small - scale economic development.

This paper presents details of this project to assess their viability for lower income, rural

communities in Sri Lanka. Critical questions for the local context must be:

• What are the priorities for local communities in terms of new skill development and income

generation?

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• With appropriate processes in place and effective micro-financing, does this project have the

potential to facilitate a sustainable small scale cottage industry for low income, rural

communities in Sri Lanka? In order to address these questions the overall research context of

the paper is outlined in

There are four critical areas that require particular focus in terms of the design and operation

of the furnace both of which create contextual issues that impact its viability as an economic

growth reality:

1. Issues surrounding the inputs:

a. Recycled glass

b. Biomass fuels

2. The design and operation of the furnace

3. Testing Biomass fuel types

4. The quality, demand and marketability of the outputs

The selection of Biomass fuels to run the furnace is of key importance in terms of local

availability in order to make this project viable in the first instance, and then in terms of

consistency of supply and quality, whether the project is sustainable in the longer term.

Additionally, the availability or access of the materials must be considered if the project is to

have an impact on personal or local economic development. With regard to glass input, issues

linked to access, quality control, availability, costs and resource management need to be

researched in more detail. The recycled glass will predominantly comprise waste

Literature Review

The development of small - scale furnaces The Studio Glass Movement peaked in the 1960’s in

the USA where individual glassmakers realized that they could set up their own studios and

build their own furnaces for hot glass blowing. “The introduction of ‘small furnace’ technology

provided a stimulus for the phenomenal growth of glass as a new and unusual medium with

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an increasingly vital role in contemporary art”. Pioneering glass artists during this period

include Harvey K. Littleton, Dominick Labino, Marvin Lipofsky, Sam Herman, Fritz Dreisbach

and Dale Chihuly. (Layton, 1996 pp. 26-30)

History of Glassmaking

Extant literature surrounding the history of glassmaking is abundant, with the earliest examples

of ancient glass techniques initially emerging in Mesopotamia, where glass beads were highly

regarded as being very precious and were traded frequently by the Phoenicians.

Examples of these date back as early as 2500 BC. The emergence of glass objects appeared

circa 1500 BC, with the discovery of three glass vessels from the tomb of Tuthmosis III. (Layton,

P. 1996, Glass Art, A & C Black (Publishers) Limited, London, U.K) Development in glassmaking

techniques continued to progress and it was not until around 50 BC when glassblowing was

developed in the areas around Syria and Lebanon. This was revolutionary in terms of progress,

as the invention of blowing glass using a metal pipe opened up vast areas of new opportunities

in design and scope of glass objects produced. Objects were not only functional but also

decorative.

Contemporary Glassmaking

Literature relating to the building of small scale furnaces is more widely available. Charles Bray,

Ed Burke, Ray Flavell and also Frank Kulasiewicz. These texts all introduce furnaces that are

fired using gas or electricity which are standard fuels for running glass furnaces. There is limited

formal literature available, on the building of a sustainable glass furnace using Biomass fuels

and recycled glass. However, examples of contemporary glassmakers, pioneering more

sustainable designs in small glass furnaces, in terms of fuel efficiency, include Ian Hankey and

also Matt Durran, who are both based in the UK. This therefore indicates that the ‘fuel efficient’

element of the technical research is very relevant in small scale glass furnace design, which

provides an optimistic platform for further development in this technical area of research.

The use of Biomass Fuels

25

The earliest known use of Biomass fuels to fire a kiln is from Anna Ihr

(http://heritagedaily.com/2014/10/archaeological-glass-artifacts-shed-new-light-onswedish-

glass-history/105293) an Archaeologist whose PhD research discovered that dried fish was

once used to fuel kilns in Oman. Historically, it is known that biomass fuels have been used to

create high temperature atmospheres, for example the use of seaweed to fire ovens etc. “From

reed to all parts and all kinds of trees, peat, dung, charcoal, straw and even bones from fish

and different animals”. (Ihr, 2014 p.p 33). It is therefore clear that cow or elephant dung,

coconut husks, and waste coconut oil are all possible Biomass fuels for running a small scale

glass furnace.

Cow dung, dried, is also a popular source of Biomass fuel, traditionally used in India, Sri Lanka

and parts of Africa for cooking. Biomass fuels which have seen broad use in local communities

within Sri Lanka include Coconut oil, Coconut husks, Elephant dung and Cow dung and the

literature is rich with information about the uses of these resources for cooking. Traditionally,

developing countries have used Biomass technology for cooking and heating as Biomass fuels

from organic waste is relatively cheap in comparison to other renewable fuel sources.

Poverty in Sri Lanka

In a survey conducted in 2006/07, results indicate that ‘Sectoral poverty’ remains the highest

segment of the population. “According to the survey results, it is revealed that the poverty in

terms of HCI in urban sector is the lowest (6.7 percent) and estate sector is the highest (32.0

percent) while in rural sector it records 15.7 percent. This means 7 people out of 100 in urban

sector are below the OPL while 32 people out of 100 in estate sector are below the OPL. This

reflects poverty incidence in estate sector more than 4 times that of urban sector. While

comparing with rural sector, poverty incidence in estate sector is more than double that of

rural sector and poverty incidence in urban sector is less than half that of rural sector. In Sri

Lanka the biggest contribution (82 percent) comes from rural sector, reflecting its highest

population share.

Thus the highest number of poor persons is recorded from rural sector (2303 thousands).

Although poverty in estate sector is the highest among all three sectors in Sri Lanka, out of a

26

total of 2805 thousands poor persons in Sri Lanka only 318 thousand persons (11.3 percent)

are recorded as poor in the estate sector”. (Poverty in Sri Lanka based on Household Income

and Expenditure Survey – 2006/2007. Extracted 26.11.2016).

Although these statistics were determined in a survey which was undertaken in 2006/2007,

the need for support in reducing poverty in rural areas within Sri Lanka, is still evident.

According to a survey conducted in 2012/13 (‘Poverty Indicators 2012/13. Department of

Census and Statistics. Ministry of Policy Planning Economic Affairs, Child Youth and Cultural

Affairs Sri Lanka. Extracted 27.11.2016) rural communities in Sri Lanka still remain higher than

those within the Urban Sector, especially in the Northern province.

Micro Enterprises

Micro Enterprises play an important economic role in many developing countries around the

world and Sri Lanka is no exception to this. “Micro-finance institutions offer a promising

alternative for expanding the reach of financial services to the non-bankable poor. Access to

financial services to very poor may have an empowering effect on households, helping avoid

aid dependency and helping to gender equalization through the participation of women in

productive activities. The sector has developed a variety of innovative techniques to overcome

the hindrances in the provision of financial services to the poor. The approach of providing

micro-finance with 'Credit Plus' service is one of the key aspects of this development tool which

delivered better results”.(Aheeyar, M.M.M. (2007) Impact of Micro-Finance on Micro-

Enterprises: A Comparative Analysis of Samurdhi and Seeds Micro-Entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka.

Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute. Sri Lanka. Extracted

27.11.2016)

Conclusion

The selection of Biomass fuels to run the furnace is of key importance in terms of local

availability in order to make this project viable in the first instance, and then in terms of

consistency of supply and quality, whether the project is sustainable in the longer term.

Additionally, the availability or access of the materials must be considered if the project is to

have an impact on personal or local economic development. With regard to glass input, issues

27

linked to access, quality control, availability, costs, sustainability and resource management

will be researched further. The recycled glass will be predominantly comprised of waste

material in the form of wine bottles or broken glass panels from construction glass waste or

car windshields. With the growth of tourism in Sri Lanka, the construction industry relating to

this sector, is rapidly growing. With more construction of buildings, there is evidence of

increased waste, including glass as a waste material. This is therefore potentially a source for

supply.

Ongoing research, relating to the selection of Biomass fuels and the critical testing phase to

see how successful cow dung, elephant dung, coconut husks and coconut oil burn as Biomass

fuels, for running a small scale furnace will be the next phase for progressing in the overall

development of this project.

A trip to the UK is planned for March/April 2017 to complete the ‘testing’ phase within these

keys areas, to determine the efficiency of burning at high temperatures, to melt recycled glass.

Biomass Fuels:

• Waste coconut oil

• Coconut shells/husks

• Elephant Dung

• Cow Dung

Recycled Glass:

• Window glass waste

• Car windscreen waste panels

• Wine bottles

• Beer bottles

Linked questions arise in terms of potential economic support for a micro enterprise in rural

28

areas of Sri Lanka as follows:

• How might investment help rural communities?

• Will this micro enterprise be sustainable on a long term basis?

• What are the priorities for these communities in terms of new skills and income

generation?

• How can funding be sourced? Within Sri Lanka? International funding?

Potential outcomes for economic support for a micro enterprise in rural areas of Sri Lanka

might include:

• Higher levels of employment for rural communities in Sri Lanka

• Increased use of local waste materials for biomass fuels

• Glassmaking skills and knowledge sharing

• Reduction in costs of fuel by using biomass fuels

• Glass waste management through recycling

• The establishment of a culture of sustainability

With appropriate processes in place and effective micro-financing, this project has the

potential to facilitate a sustainable small scale micro industry for low income, rural

communities in Sri Lanka.

29

References:

1. Lucas, D. (2011), Green design, Braun Publishing AG.

2. Chick, A. & Micklethwaite, P. (2000), Design for sustainable change, AVA Publishing SA.

3. Fuad-Luke, A. (2002), The eco-design handbook: a complete sourcebook for the home

and office, Thames & Hudson, London.

4. Papanek, V.J. (1995), The green imperative: ecology and ethics in design and

architecture, Thames & Hudson, London.

5. McDonough, W. (2002), Cradle to cradle:remaking the way we make things, North Point

Press, New York.

6. Wijayadasa, K.H.J. (1994), Towards sustainable growth: the Sri Lanka experience,

Central Environmental Authority, Sri Lanka.

7. Aheeyar, M.M.M. (2007) Impact of Micro-Finance on Micro-Enterprises: A Comparative

Analysis of Samurdhi and Seeds Micro-Entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka.

8. Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute. Sri Lanka.

30

Developing a Generation of Champions

Haris Omar

Abstract

Humanity needs not “Slaves” but “Champions”. Champions that forge through the mysterious

forces to strive towards their personal legend. Explore the deepest oceans to the thick and thin

of harsh terrains of life. Does this individual exist? Yes this individual does exist. This individual

is YOU.

A Lifetimes effort in 20,000 words is a glimpse in the horizon. Thoughts and experiences across

many facets of life inspired this dissertation. The title “Developing a Generation of Champions”.

An innate determination and the aspiration for continuous and continual improvements,

battling entropy whilst crafting all resources to optimise the value of life by minimising the

inherent constraints and waste. The determination to optimise value by aspiring to minimise

waste is Lean in its holistic perspective defined in the context of the research. With

understanding and practice, Lean in its true nature has the threshold to ignite the Champion

in everyone, especially you, to Live like a Champion of Life. It begins with your own thoughts :-

Cogito Ergo Sum “I think therefore I am”. Rene Descartes!

Lean Life - Champion Framework

Figure 1.9 : “Lean Life - Champion Framework”

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“Human Consciousness - “The Business Paradigm” cover a step by step build up to the Research

Framework that depicts as above referred as “Lean Life - Champion Framework”. The scope of

the Research covers the domain upto the “Work and Home” as stated along the description.

Beyond the “Work and Home” domain is considered as out of scope. As the research unfolds

the coverage of “A” denotes the profile “Champion of Life”.

The area defined as “B” represents a Profile of an individual who as an individual as well as

performing his/her Role does not have “Lean Philosophy, Lean Tools, Lean Knowledge &

Awareness”. “C” denotes an Individual who has embraced “Lean as a Holistic Value

Proposition” not as a role but as an Individual as a primary motivation. “”D” is a profile of an

individual that engages with Lean Tools and Practices limited to the individuals “Role” that

defines the need to use Lean Tools and Practices but not necessarily has embraced as an

“Individual”.

Path dependent for Profiles of Individuals residing in the domains of “D”, “B” and “C” in relation

to achieving the ideal state of the profile “A”.

Path of a Profile residing in “B” - D - C - A

Path of a Profile residing in “D” - C - A

Path of a Profile residing in “C” - A

Path of a Profile residing in “A” - Redefine “A”

Research Title

Developing a Generation of Champions

Research Statement

“Lean is a holistic value proposition for life when “Understood and Practiced” it impacts an

individual to live like a Champion of Life”

Hypothesis

H0 - Lean is NOT a holistic formula for life for individuals to live as a champion of life.

H1 - Lean is a holistic formula for life for individuals to live as a champion of life.

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Core Research Variables under analysis

Champion of Life & Holistic Lean

Research Objectives

1. Ensure a mutually agreed engagement platform is structured to define the roles and

responsibilities of the research and its purpose.

2. Establish operational standards, protocols and procedures covering daily management and

strategic alignment by articulating and engaging with research participants when assistance is

required.

3. Develop capabilities of individuals to invest in building understanding and practices infer the

possibility to view lean as a holistic value proposition for life to live like a champion of life.

Key Words the Research Defines

Champion & Lean

The Nature of the Variables

Independent Variable - Lean

Dependent Variable - Champion of Life

Research Attracted a Sample Participation of 194 Research Participants after personally

addressing 276 candidates

Research Timelines - 10th June 2015 to 04th December 2015

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Authors Contribution to the Future Domain of Lean Systems Thinking Reflections of the Research

Journey

Key Learnings of the Journey

1. Encouraging to understand the gravity of the statement “I like home to be home”

2. Encouraging to probe the domain of “Holistic Lean” knowledge as it brings many great

insights of individual lives and their passion to live life in harmony and congruence

3. The ability to define the Organisational value proposition to create a strategic statement

“Exceptionally engaged and Happy” People as a Corporate Strategy

Key Business contributions along the journey

1. The potential of Organisations investing in the Life Cycle of the individuals Life at Work was

seen its reality. Mapping of the “Individuals Value Stream at Work”.

2. Corporate Social Responsibility has been viewed in much greater depth where Research on

Lean Implementation on Education, Sports have transpired as a result of this Research in my

country as an initiative of me. In Sports a Project “Living an Olympic Dream Every Day” and

“Education Beyond Institutional Life” are key contributions to Business.

3. Further Development of Social Projects influencing the concept of Child Care and

Institutionalised Care to see Lean Systems being incorporated to develop an “Individual Life

Hoshin and A3 for Each Development”

Key reflections and special projects endeavoured during the journey

1. Development of a Life Style Mobile App to support a Lean Life

2. Development of the “Lean Life Analytical Tool” to attract insight of Developing Champions of

Life

3. Development and Launch of a dedicated Lean Education Platform “Champion Pathway”

Invitation to Research Participants

1. The Research Team launched a You Tube Invitation as the Launch of the Program You Tube

Link https://youtu.be/lzzicI3EU2s.

2. The Research Team Developed a Dedicated Invitation for each Individual (Notes 1)

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3. The preservation of the individual commitment to provide confidentiality posed importance

in the authenticity of the data generated for the Research

Change of Strategy

1. Data Collection strategies were constantly challenged as the 1st Strategy to have a complete

Randomised Sample strategy was changed by September 05th as we realised the data

generation was not sufficient

2. The Research team probed to connect with the personal references to obtain opportunities

to carry out structured avenues of Data Collection

3. Initial sample size for the research was deemed at 30 Research Participants. The first group

of participants inspired the author and the research team to reach a group of overall 276

participants from which 194 participants voluntarily stayed to continue providing data.

Conducting the Questioner

1. The Research team was constantly challenged by the interpretation and relational aspect of

Lean to the Home. Creative and life experiences were shared generated from previous

participants and our own experiences to project connectivity.

2. The scheduled and allocated time provided by the Organisations always extended as the

enthusiasm of the participants to wonder life was a domain that was a key learning

3. The challenges and the interpretation of individuals with Lean connectivity and individuals

that are not posed challenges where translation was absorbed with varying perspectives.

Process of Evaluation

1. Time consuming to include a wide variety of data to work sheets and work endless nights

posed much frustration and threshold

2. The choice to outsource data recording inspired the design of the Mobile App as well as a

encourage a software developer as a Business Partner

3. The A3 Analysis further encouraged individuals to reflect and develop action plans to ensure

simple aspects of waking 30 min. prior to scheduled alarm time to taking parents to dinner

once a month made clear remarks.

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Conclusion

Thoughts of a Champion of life is determined is achievable and attainable as a possible

outcome for any individual as stated by Mohamed Ali in his quote

“I am an ordinary man who worked hard to develop the talent I was given. I believe in myself,

and I believe in the goodness of others”.

The literature confirms our lives in its very existence encompasses a science we embrace as a

living being in the world. Literature further acknowledges that Lean is a global phenomenon

but its relative inclusion to the entirety of business lacks in its nature not universal. A Champion

of Life is not merely an employee, not a role that society categorises to specifically contribute.

A Champion of Life is an individual embracing in the pursuit of his/her personal legend. The

hypothesis defined was essentially proven as the analysis of 200 individuals lives were touched

in the path of this research. The correlation was statistically inferred of providing statistical

validation that “Lean is a holistic formula for life for individuals to live like a Champion of Life”.

Interestingly the analysis drew information and knowledge to confirm individuals who

necessarily was exposed to Lean concepts and tools in a work context lack the applicability in

a holistic value as a component of “Love for Wisdom” or from a philosophical view point to

have the transferable trigger to influence lean from a holistic view point scope limiting to Home

and Work.

In the field of management research literature there is a growing interest in the area of

cognitive psychological contributions referring to specific Situated Learning, Double Loop

Learning, Organisational Individualism, idiosyncratic deals (I-Deals), Help-Seeking and Help-

Giving as Organisational Routines that caught particular attraction and publications such as

“The Factory of One” inspire the furtherance of the journey. The efforts of the research in my

perspective will define the journey of management learning contextualised to the domain of

business of economics to shift drastically to the business of human wellbeing. The

development of a “Lean Life Analytical Tool” specifically as an outcome of this research will

contribute a communicational platform to indulge individuals to investigate their purpose of

life not as a social role but a ever binding relationship. A relationship not essentially external in

its content, concept and context but predominantly a self-reflective and deep journey to

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surpass the mysterious forces to realise the true meaning of our own business of life as a living

being.

Cogito Ergo Sum “I think therefore I am” - Rene Descartes

37

Upcycling As A Mean Of Social Enterprise For Women In Sri Lanka

K.G.C. Kiriella1, S.V. Gunawardena

Abstract

A ‘Social Enterprise’ generally refers to organizations with an explicit aim to benefit the

community, initiated by a group of citizens (Nyssens, 2006).

Social entrepreneurship has spread vastly over the recent years. However, contributions made

by women as social entrepreneurs have come to very little attention. This paper aims to discuss

about the contribution of women as social entrepreneurs to the communities of Sri Lanka. It

will also discuss how upcycling could be further promoted in Sri Lanka as means of uplifting the

entrepreneurial spirit of women as well as, as a way of providing job opportunities and better

sustainability. ‘Upcycling’ is where instead of discarding used material, they are kept and made

into something more useful (Nyaguthii, 2013).

The concept of “Social Enterprise” and its evolution.

According to many academics and economists, entrepreneurship is a crucial factor which

contributes towards the well-being as well as the development of societies. According to these

scholars it primarily contributes towards the three facets they identify as the following (Abu-

Saifan, 2012);

I. Lower rate if unemployment within a country

II. The emergence and adaptation of new and more innovative ideas

III. Higher acceleration in the structural change of the economy

In relation to this, when it comes to social entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs try to give special

attention towards creating more social value through their businesses with little or no

intention what so ever on profit gain. According to Dees, (1998) as stated in (Abu-Saifan, 2012),

“A social entrepreneur combines the passion of a social mission with an image of business-like

discipline, innovation, and determination.”

The definition for the social enterprise is vague and different scholars presents different ideas.

But the general essence of the concept is, to use the power of business to make a positive

38

social and environmental impact. With the lack of a proper definition, much confusion was

made as to what exactly made an enterprise social when the concept first emerged.

Social Enterprise UK (2012) suggests that the following aspects should be considered as the

key characteristics of a Social Enterprise;

It is obvious that the primary aim of a social enterprise is to create social and environmental

change. However, what exactly qualifies as social and environmental objectives cannot be

agreed upon. Therefore, the organization should be clear and explicit about their social and

environmental mission in order to justify it and explain how they are hoping to bring about the

change.

As social enterprises are businesses, it is stated that the majority of their income should be

generated through trade. As any start up business will need some sort of funding to start

initially it is expected within two years of operation a social enterprise will generate

approximately 50% of income through internal business trading.

How a social enterprise decides to use its profits is what differentiates it with other

enterprises? It is believed that the profits are usually to be further reinvested in social or

environmental causes.

However, reinvesting alone does not create social value, but however, this is important

because it shows that the organization is not based purely on increasing shareholder or owner

value.

Be autonomous of state

Social Enterprises are independent or autonomous from state. While most organizations which

are social enterprises exclude themselves from the public sector, for a transitional time they

still tend to work at an arm’s length from the public body till it establishes itself.

As the main aim of social enterprises is to be socially and environmentally dedicated, it is

accepted that the organization should be owned and controlled in the interest of this mission.

39

Even if it’s an organization with shares majority of these shares should be owned in the interest

of its mission.

Accountability and transparency is crucial for a social enterprise as they operate mainly for the

interest of the society. While some social enterprises are accountable for their consumers,

community or staff members, other organizations hold its board of directors as accountable

for the organization’s social mission.

In the recent years the social enterprise concept has come into new light and increased

popularity as a new and innovative way of meeting both social, economic and environmental

needs as it contributes to factors such as labour market integration, social inclusion and

economic development in a country (Noya, 2009).

The concept was developed within the social economy sector and is mostly associated with

concepts such as the ‘third sector’ and the ‘nonprofit’ sector. The third sector is defined here

as organizations that are non-government and are non-for-profit that include activities such as

volunteering etc. (ANZTSR, 2011). Here social enterprises do not belong to one category over

the other but merely tries to gap the difference between the two concepts in order to try and

focus on new dynamics which will pursue social aims (OECD and Leed, n.d).

Although rarely discussed since recent times, the concept of social enterprises has made a

remarkable breakthrough in many countries especially Europe and the United States and are

now attracting the attention of many south Asian countries as well. When considering Europe,

the SE concept first emerged in the early 1990s with the 3rd sector at its core. When the SE

first made appearance in the United States, which was also in the 1990s, it was immediately

met with positive reactions from business communities and by 1993 the Harvard Business

Review had already launched an initiative, which happened to be a milestone during that

period (Defourney and Nyssens, 2010).

Since then most well renowned and prestigious universities around the world have initiated

training and development programs along with international research networks being funded

around the world as well as various foundations to support and encourage SEs, Social

Entrepreneurships and entrepreneurs (Defourney and Nyssens, 2010).

40

The idea of social enterprises is somewhat similar to organizations engaging in CSR (Corporate

Social Responsibility) activities. The difference should be identified as CSR organizations are

not necessarily social enterprises. In addition to the characteristics mentioned above, social

enterprises focus mainly on social and environmental improvement while CSR initiated

organizations in addition to that focus on the economic aspect as well. In implementing CSR

initiatives, companies combine their economic objectives (profitability) with environmental

and social objectives and this combination is commonly known as “The Triple Bottom Line”

(Helg 2007). Companies do this by “making life better for their customers, employees,

shareholders and the communities in which they do business” (Helg 2007). This means the

inclusion of social and environment considerations in order to ensure economic success of a

business. Such social and environmental considerations include (Economist Intelligence Unit

2005): staff development and treating them well, involvement in community activities,

preserving the environment, respecting cultural differences, and socially-beneficial

innovations.

Women in Social Enterprises

What women do as entrepreneurs, let alone social entrepreneurs have not come to much

attention in the past. But however this situation has been slightly improving in retrospect.

OECD, (2004) States that women’s entrepreneurship should be studies and given more

importance for two main reasons.

The first reason mentioned states that women are an important source of economic growth

that has been untapped. Very few women venture into entrepreneurship in today’s economy.

Women entrepreneurs can find different approaches to management, exploit opportunities,

and find more unique methods for organization and other business problems and most

importantly, they will create jobs for themselves and others by being different as mentioned

above. However, the discrimination against women in the world remains as a major barrier for

the emergence of women as successful entrepreneurs and this market failure should be

addressed immediately in order for women to show their full potential in order to contribute

to the economy as well as socially and environmentally.

41

The negligence of women in entrepreneurship in society serves as the second reason. Women

not only has a lower participation percentage compared to men but also the industries they

tend to start and manage are considered less important towards the economic development

in a country. OECD, (2004) Also states that most research, policies and programs does not take

into account the specific need of women entrepreneurs but tend to be more “men streamed”.

So in reality, in terms of entrepreneurship, equal opportunities for both men and women has

not yet come into existence.

When it comes to social entrepreneurship, very little research has been done concerning the

diversity among social entrepreneurs. From what has been conducted so far, a research done

by the UK Government Equalities Office (2008) among female entrepreneurs within the BAME

(Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic) communities has revealed that the main motivation behind

female social entrepreneurs is their tendency to want to be more involved in their respective

communities but in doing so they have been facing much discrimination and many

disadvantages (Humbert, 2012).

Wube, (2010) identifies some of the main difficulties affecting the performance of women

entrepreneurs.

This is one of the key issues faced by women especially when starting an enterprise. Humbert,

(2012) States that financing the organizations remain one of the most common difficulties for

female entrepreneurs. According to Mahbub (2000) as stated in (Wube, 2010) women have

less access to credit than men because of various reasons such as negative perceptions of

female entrepreneurs by loan officers and lack of collaterals.

Tapping into new markets require expertise. Women often lack the proper training and

experience to make connections and market their goods and services. They also have less

exposure to international markets thus making it impossible to learn about new trends and

what and what not are acceptable in international markets.

cess to training

In south Asia especially, women have less access to vocational and technical training. The

education in these countries have been characterized as being low quality in education, higher

42

levels of dropouts and low levels of enrollment of women. This limited education serves as a

major barrier for women emerging as entrepreneurs.

Most women operate on small scale enterprises which means they may not be a part of or

have contacts with bigger organizations or networks. The lack of connections and knowledge

they possess to deal with government bureaucracies greatly limit their growth. Most networks

that do exist are usually male dominated. Women only networks in which women could enter

and gain more confidence and knowledge are hardly found.

Most female entrepreneurs have little or no access to policy makers. Large organizations

usually have the most access and since women tend to operate on small scale level they do

not have the same opportunity. This lack of access largely limits women’s input into policy

makers.

What is Upcycling?

The world has come a long way in terms of sustainability. Majority of organizations around the

world are now taking sustainability into account when concerning their business activities. CSR

activities have been initiated almost everywhere. Sustainability takes a major role in social

enterprises as having a positive impact on the environment is one of its core objectives.

Very few organizations consider Upcycling as a method to provide better sustainability when

compared to recycling. The two concepts have a considerable difference. Recycling refers to

the operation in which a material or object has become waste after usage and cannot be

reused therefore it is reprocessed into raw material for the same purpose or create products

of the same value as it once was (Vats and Rissanen, 2016).

Upcycling is when a material or object has become waste but cannot be reused and therefore

reprocessed into raw material of higher value or purpose than of the original. This process is

more valued as it creates raw material of higher value than of what it was before. (29) Relates

this to the concept of reincarnation itself. “The used product comes to life in another capacity”.

Simply put, Upcycling is the process of converting used material and products into new

material and products of higher value, quality and sustainability (Nyaguthii, 2013).

43

McDonough and Braungart (2000) as stated in Nyaguthii, (2013) state that the ultimate goal of

Upcycling is to reduce the wastage of potentially useful material by making better use of the

existing ones. By doing this the usage of new raw material when making new products is greatly

reduced and as a result this can cause reductions in energy consumption, water pollution, and

air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

Real world women on social entrepreneurs on Upcycling.

Although a relatively new concept, Upcycling is now becoming a trend all around the world.

One such example is young Indian entrepreneur Amishi Shah, who works on discarded material

to create new and creative products with higher value than the original. For instance, she now

focuses on vinyl records which she will use to create products like clocks, coaster, bookends

etc. she says that this reduces harm to the environment as the alternative of burning old vinyl

record releases harmful toxins. Her main aim is to bring popularity to the concept of Upcycling

in India and she now runs a successful Mumbai based social enterprise called ‘The Upcycle

Project’ that produces up to a 1000 upcycled products a week. With the increased demands

for her products Shah plans to enter into retail and bulk gifting segment and also hopes to

venture into international markets (Sharma, 2016).

There are many other Upcycling projects being conducted around the world. Here are some

examples of some of the world’s biggest Upcycling projects. ‘The Great Crate’ project in Sydney

Australia used hundreds of milk carton crates to create the world’s largest container garden in

the world. In addition, the seeds and plants were planted in empty cans and bottles that would

have otherwise gone to waste. This project also serves as a brilliant method of raising

awareness about Upcycling and is also something anyone can do in their homes (Urban Ghosts,

2016).

Re-Tread Products, based in the USA uses old abandoned tires which would release harmful

toxins if disposed by normal methods, to make tire logs. These can be used as construction

material for building roads or buildings especially in areas prone to earthquakes. Upcycling old

tires does not only provide a practical solution to waste management but it also serves as a

solution to other construction problems. As rubber tolerates high impact and higher heat it

does not tend to crack or warp like wood or concrete. Currently Re-Tread is looking forward to

44

upcycle thousands of tires per year making them one of the biggest large-scale projects in the

world (Urban Ghosts, 2016).

Taking an example from Sri Lanka itself, Lonali Rodrigo is one of Sri Lanka’s prominent female

social entrepreneurs who specializes in Upcycling. She has ventured into this profession in the

hope of promoting the concept of Upcycling as it is still relatively unknown in the country (Life

Online, 2016). She gets discarded material from brand label manufacturing factories and turns

them into something brand new in a creative way. Most companies have at least 3% worth of

rejected material that include clothes with tiny faults that cannot be sold (Wickremetunge,

n.d). These material are used in her business. She states that the concept of Upcycling has not

been well recognized by her clientele compared to her foreign clientele (Life Online, 2016).

This displays just how much Upcycling should be promoted in Sri Lanka especially as a mean of

social entrepreneurship for women.

Promoting Upcycling as a Mean of Social Entrepreneurship in Sri Lanka.

The obvious benefits of Upcycling have been discussed. Not only does it provide a creative

solution to waste management as mentioned above but it can also create job opportunities in

the process, especially for those in underprivileged or impoverished communities, as Upcycling

does not require a specific set of skills. If one person starts an enterprise inspired by this

concept not only is it the start of a social enterprise but the launch of hundreds of job

opportunities. But in promoting this concept they need to be aware and educated on the

subject. This is should be one of the main if not first step in promoting Upcycling among

individuals in different communities as not many people are aware of it.

Here, those who specialize in Upcycling or those who have adopted the concept into their

business practices should take the initiative to educate communities on this by, for example

conducting workshops etc.

Sri Lanka is a developing nation. With the development many small to medium size enterprises

have also emerged. Many of them by people with not much financial support. Sri Lanka’s

growing number of apparel industries provide a massive advantage for social entrepreneurs.

As mentioned before, the apparel industry in Sri Lanka discard about an approximate 3% left

over material. These unwanted material such as cut pieces and clothes with faults which

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cannot be sold are usually burned as they have no other use. This provides a great

entrepreneurial opportunity especially those with less financial resources as these material can

be bought for very low prices. With the use of Upcycling these can be converted to more

creative products such as bags, shoes etc. and sold at a higher value.

The same can be said about plastic bottles. These are extremely harmful to the environment

and is an obvious problem prevailing in the country. These bottles can be upcycled into

products such as napkin holders and used for vertical gardens. Plastic bottles can also be

bought in places such as Petta for extremely low prices.

Sri Lanka is known for tea, being one of the biggest tea exporters in the world. This can be

stated as another example of a business opportunity for hopeful entrepreneurs. Tea

manufacturers produce thousands of tea boxes for packaging. And undoubtedly a certain

percentage of them will go to waste due to faults or other quality reasons. Rather than letting

it go waste these can be transformed into products such as stools, coffee tables, chest of

drawers, bedside table etc.

So why are we suggesting promoting Upcycling as a social enterprise among women. There are

several reasons for this. In the Sri Lankan culture most women opt to stay at home after

marriage or having children. This would give them some additional or leisure time to focus on

something like Upcycling and it is something one can easily do in the comfort of their home.

Women are also known to be creative and creativity is the essence of Upcycling. For women

with less financial resources the main benefit of this is, the raw material needed can be bought

for very low prices. Micro finances such as insurance or loans should also be provided for

impoverished women living in underprivileged areas as they would be lacking access to banks

and other related services. Policy makers should also include the specific needs of women in

their policies to provide better support. Encouraging women to take on this entrepreneurial

idea will no doubt provide a boom in Sri Lanka’s economy as well as provide more jobs to the

unemployed as it will undoubtedly increase labour requirements.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we can say that women are an important untapped source of economic growth

for a developing nation such as Sri Lanka. But however social norms and gender discrimination

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has stopped them from achieving their full potential and contributing towards the growth of

the country. In this paper we consider social entrepreneurships. Social entrepreneurs are those

whose businesses are built around having a positive impact on the society they and

environment they live in. Female entrepreneurs are only a handful in Sri Lanka. This needs to

be changed. In this paper we suggest Upcycling as an entrepreneurial opportunity for women.

Upcycling is the process of converting used items or material into something of more value

than the original, in a creative way. This is an excellent opportunity for hopeful entrepreneurs

and one does not need to have substantial financial resources for this, as discarded material

can easily be obtained for very low prices. One can easily venture into this business at the

comfort of their homes and the creative minds of women ensures its success. However, micro

finances should be offered to women living in harsh impoverished conditions as they will not

have access to banks or other services. Policy makers should also consider the needs of women

and encourage them to take on this entrepreneurial opportunity as they will no doubt create

a boom in our economy.

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2016]

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Entrepreneurship in Europe and the United States: Convergences and Divergences.

Journal of Social Entrepreneurship. Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 32–53

4. Economist Intelligent Unit. (2005) The importance of corporate responsibility. The

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(TSRC)

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http://www.life.lk/article/8182/Upcycling-with-house-of-lonali [Accessed 15th

November 2016]

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Employment Development

9. Nyaguthii, C. I. (2013) Upcycling of Solid Inorganic Household Waste to Create Inspired

Products to Minimize Environmental Degration. [Online] Available From: http://arts-

design.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/cae/artsdesign/artsdesign/UPCYCLING.pdf

[Accessed 8th November 2016]

10. Nyssens, M. (2006) Social Enterprise: At the crossroads of market, public policies and

civil society. Oxon: Routledge.

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November 2016]

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16. Vats, S and Rissanen M. (2016) Parameters Affecting the Upcycling ofWaste Cotton and

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Social Entrepreneurship “Nurturing True Human Spirit And Values”

Vikrant Gharat Abstract

Apart from developing, funding and implementing solutions which impact socio-cultural and

environmental issues, the spectrum of social entrepreneurship is much broader. The

concoction of social entrepreneurship is “Nurturing true human spirit..and..values”. To achieve

and receive maximum impact of Social entrepreneurship, synchronization of positive initiative

of the entrepreneur and reciprocal contribution of the public stakeholders are of paramount

importance. In the wake of Human Development Index report published by UNDP in the year

2015 barring Sri Lanka no other country of the Indian Sub-continent have a high human

development index. In this context social enterprises can bring revolutionary change in terms

of improvising the quality of human life. The present paper is an attempt to study the role of

social capital, educational institutions, voluntary initiatives and public sensitivity towards

several problems triggering diverse social initiatives by dynamic entrepreneurs globally under

various constraints. The paper also highlights various challenges and limitations in front of the

social entrepreneur’s long distance Voyage.

Introduction

Social entrepreneurship is a phenomenon which shapes and accelerates transformation in

various fields including but not limited to health, education, agriculture, human rights

environment and enterprise development.

It requires firepower in the form of entrepreneurial zeal, sound business model and out of the

box thought process overcoming the orthodox commercial mind-set leading to innovation and

path breaking success. Such an enterprise can be non-profit or for profit entity. A social

entrepreneur builds concrete and sustainable organizations brick by brick, collectively using

the acumen of a business entrepreneur and sentiments of a social worker.

In a broader framework social entrepreneurship is a value driven process which aims at

creating a practical, feasible, innovative and sustainable approach delivering a constructive

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impact upon the society especially towards the cross sections of marginalized, deprived and

poor. Social entrepreneurship is a firm belief in “service above self”.

Qualities of a social entrepreneur

The requisites to be a successful entrepreneur is to possess pragmatism, unique approach,

emphasis on value creation in terms of new product or service offering, dynamic leadership

skills and a sound strategy to a social problem. A leading social entrepreneur has strong

filaments of innovation, sustainability, reach and social impact. He believes passionately in

symbiotic association of the community members to achieve economic and social prosperity.

A social entrepreneur is a zealous human resource who undergoes routine introspection on

the enterprise front using the weapons of quantitative and qualitative data to collect

continuous and consistent feedback for improvisation and up gradation.

About organisational models NOT for profit ventures

To focus on a gap unaddressed by the government or market, a social entrepreneur steps in

engaging various public and private organizations to drive ahead the initiative effectively to

create an impact upon the lives of many. As this organizational model is not self-sufficient it

has its continuous dependence on the outside funding from philanthropists and established

charitable institutions.

Hybrid non-profit ventures

This model is one level up to Non-Profit venture where in there is no complete dependence

upon the outside funds from philanthropists and charitable organizations, as some degree of

cost is recovered through the sale of goods and services created from the venture set up itself.

Apart from this the hybrid non-profit ventures persistently look forward towards other sources

of funds in the form of grants, loans, and support from philanthropic institutions to secure

sustainability. Social business ventures. Institution building is the prime objective of a social

business venture, unlike other business ventures which pre dominantly aim towards

maximizing financial returns only. The profit generated in this kind of venture is reinvested

back to expand the scope of an enterprise in the pursuit of generating and transacting

maximum social impact.

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Research Methodology

The research paper is an attempt of exploratory research based on the secondary data sourced

from journals magazines articles and media reports. The study is descriptive and purely

theoretical. Looking at requirements of the objectives of study the research design employed

for the study is of descriptive type. Keeping in view set of the objectives, this research design

was adopted to have greater accuracy and in depth analysis of the research study. Available

secondary data was extensively used for the study. In this research paper the investigator

procures the required data through secondary survey method. Different news articles books

and web were used which were enumerated and recorded.

Literature Review

A famous Zen master once said, “In the beginner’s mind there are many possibilities, but in the

expert’s there are few.” In the modern era, businesses that proactively understand and engage

with social issues will benefit most. They will be better able to shape the social contract by

identifying the ways of creating value from the opportunities and risks arising from socio-

political issues." Ian MacMillan, director of Wharton’s Sol C. Snider Entrepreneurial Research

Centre, defines social entrepreneurship is a process whereby the creation of new business

enterprise leads to social wealth enhancement so that both society and the entrepreneur

benefit.”

According to Pamela Harting, A social entrepreneur “is a different kind of social leader” who,

among other things, “applies practical solutions to social problems by combining innovation,

resourcefulness and opportunity; innovates by finding a new product, service or approach to

a social problem; focuses foremost on social value creation, whether legally constituted as a

for-profit or not-for-profit; and is fully accountable to the constituencies he or she serves.”

All acts of entrepreneurship start with the vision of an attractive opportunity. For social

entrepreneurs, an “attractive” opportunity is one that has sufficient potential for positive social

impact to justify the investment of time, energy, and money required to pursue it. Despite

popular sayings, attractive entrepreneurial opportunities do not come knocking at the door

fully formed. Nor are they out there, like lost treasures, simply waiting to be discovered by the

lucky or observant. Rather, they have to be conceived, developed, and refined in a dynamic,

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creative, and thoughtful process. Develop that idea into an attractive opportunity. It is natural

to think of the generation step as an act of pure creativity and the development step as purely

analytic and logical. However, both steps combine inspiration, insight, and imagination with

research, logic, and analysis. Innovative ideas can be generated systematically, based on keen

observation and reasoning, as well as creativity. At the same time, converting a promising idea

into a workable and attractive opportunity requires an on-going creative process, working

hand-in-hand with focused analysis, experimentation and hundred percent commitment

towards the venture.

Peter Ducker has argued entrepreneurs “always search for change, respond to it and exploit it

as an opportunity.” Global Impact of Social Entrepreneurship On September 25th 2015, 17

sustainable development goals were adopted by 193 member states of the United Nations that

aim to eliminate poverty and hunger, protect the environment from climate change, achieve

gender equality and raise living standards by 2030.

The goals have been set, but who will bring them to fruition? The answer: the world’s young

people. Banker to the Poor Professor Muhammad Yunus established the Grameen Bank in

Bangladesh in 1983, fueled by the belief that credit is a fundamental human right. His objective

was to help poor people escape from poverty by providing loans on terms suitable to them and

by teaching them a few sound financial principles so they could help themselves. From Dr.

Yunus' personal loan of small amounts of money to destitute basket weavers in Bangladesh in

the mid-70s, the Grameen Bank has advanced to the forefront of a burgeoning world

movement toward eradicating poverty through micro lending. Replicas of the Grameen Bank

model operate in more than 100 countries. Duck Rice Farming. Takao Furuno (born 1950) is a

Japanese farmer, social entrepreneur, philanthropist, private aid volunteer, and architect of

the Aigamo duck-rice culture method. After ten years of using organic farming practices,

Furuno learned of a traditional Japanese rice farming method. In this system, aigamo ducklings

are introduced into rice paddies for the purpose of (1) providing natural fertilizer, (2) to

strengthen the rice seedlings by oxygenating the water from the turbulence caused by the

ducklings' swimming actions, as well as (3) to clear weeds and eat insects Through his writings,

travels, lectures and cooperation with agricultural organizations and governments, his

methods have spread to more than 75,000 farmers in Japan, Korea, China, Vietnam, the

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Philippines, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Iran, and Cuba. The adoption of this

method boosts a farmer's income, decreases their workload, and reduces environmental

damage, while increasing local and regional food security. When the ducks are no longer

needed, they are used as table birds or sold to add considerably to the family income and

protein intake. Barefoot College's Initiative Indian social activist and entrepreneur Sanjit

"Bunker" Roy has helped thousands of people in Asia and Africa learn vital technical skills and

bring solar power to their remote villages. Roy founded the Barefoot College, an organization

which specializes in teaching illiterate women from poor villages how to become doctors,

engineers, and architects. What's more impressive is that each of the college's campuses are

solar powered and often built and designed by former students. In founding the college, Roy's

goal wasn't to make a profit for himself, but to help improve the economic production and

quality of life of women throughout his native India (though some aspects of the project have

spread to Africa as well). With women leading and running most of the Barefoot College's

operations, it's clear that he's been pretty successful in achieving that goal.

Sarvodaya Movement.

Sarvodaya is a people’s movement that is working to build peace and create “sustainable

village economies” in Sri Lanka using self-help and enterprise development approaches

conceptualized by Dr. A.T. Ariyaratne, who has won over 40 international awards. Sarvodaya’s

approach and activities are guided by Buddhist and Gandhi an values with a significant focus

on building peace in Sri Lanka

Findings and suggestions

In developing countries like India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh social enterprises will help in uplifting

the living standard of the marginalized sector and lower economic classes with little or no

access to the resources needed to build their future. Areas like Healthcare, finance, agriculture

and technology are good avenues for bolstering social entrepreneurship in the developing

nations. The higher educational institutions should promote a culture of entrepreneurship in

the classrooms and encourage innovative student start-ups, as entrepreneurship fuels the

growth of the nation. Emphasis has to be on encouraging students to start enterprises that are

driven by innovation and creativity,” The colleges should transform into institutions of

innovation and research. Instead of merely providing knowledge, the institutions should equip

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students with skills. Higher education should also facilitate the students to develop cross

sector, multi-disciplinary skills and find innovative solutions to the problems faced by the

people in the society. Make the formation of entrepreneurial activity a government priority.

The formulation of effective policy for entrepreneurial ecosystems requires the active

involvement of Government Ministers working with senior public servants who act as

‘institutional entrepreneurs’ to shape and empower policies and programs. The government

policy should be broadly focused and developed in a way that is holistic and encompasses all

components of the ecosystem apart from areas of special interest.

Conclusion

Social Entrepreneurship can be viewed as recognizing change, pursuing opportunity, taking on

risk and responsibility, innovating, making better use of resources, creating new value that is

meaningful to customers, and doing it all over again and again. Being a social entrepreneur

requires taking on significant responsibility with significant challenges. Successful social

entrepreneurship often requires creativity and innovation in addressing a new opportunity or

concern in a new way which can make a meaningful and measurable social impact.

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References 1) United Nations Human Development Programme, Human Development Report (2015).http://hdr.undp.org/en 2) Shunryu Suzuki, Zen Mind, Beginner’s Mind, (New York, 1970), p. 21 3) The Process of Social Entrepreneurship: Creating Opportunities Worthy of Serious Pursuit Ayse Guclu, J. Gregory Dees, and Beth Battle Anderson November 2002 4) Howard H. Stevenson and David E. Gumpert, “The Heart of Entrepreneurship,” Harvard Business Review 1985. 5) Drucker, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, (New York, 1985), particularly Part I. 6)Pamela-hartigan,Why-social-entrepreneurship-is-more-than-a-passing-trend(2003) http://www.integral.org.au/ 7) Meet-india's-top-10-social-entrepreneurship-heroes.(August 2013).https://yourstory.com 8) ‘Entrepreneurs do not fail, enterprises do’- The Business Line (12 Jan 2014) 9) ‘Entrepreneurship education’ – The Hindu (5 Sept 2012) 10)How today’s young people can solve global development challenges (03/04/2016) http://www.forbes.com

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