International Conference on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers · International Conference on...
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International Conference on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers An IFA-New Ag International Event 23-24 March 2010 Hotel Hyatt Regency, Miami, FL, USA NITRIFICATION INHIBITORS AND THE IMPACT OF THEIR USE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FERTIGATION Georg EBERT COMPO EXPERT, Germany
Transcript of International Conference on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers · International Conference on...
International Conference on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers
An IFA-New Ag International Event 23-24 March 2010 Hotel Hyatt Regency, Miami, FL, USA
NITRIFICATION INHIBITORS AND THE IMPACT OF THEIR USE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FERTIGATION
Georg EBERT COMPO EXPERT, Germany
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Nitrification inhibitors and the impact of their use, with special reference to fertigation
IFA/NewAG Miami
23 March 2010
Georg Ebert, COMPO EXPERT, Münster
www.compo-expert.de
•Nitrification inhibitors
•DMPP - Mode of action
•Environmental effects
Gaseous N losses
NO3 leaching
•Physiological effects of NH4
•Effect on crop yield and quality
•Summary
Agenda
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DCD Dicyandiamide (Europe)
Nitrapyrin 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine (US)(N-Serve)
DMPP 3,4-dimethylpyrazol-phosphate
Heterocyclic N compounds
S compounds
Urea derivates
Acetylene derivates
Ammonium thiosulfate
…..
Nitrification
inhibitors
www.compo-expert.de
DMPP
BASF development
(1994 - 1999 )
Derived from the group
of pyrazoles
Highly effective even at
low application rates
Breakdown depending
on temperature
Not present in
harvested goods or
other residues
Highly specific for
Nitrosomones
Bacteriostatic, not
bactericide
CAS-Nr.: 202842-98-6
form: powder
colour: white to grey
pH: 2.5 – 3,0 (132 g/l, 25o C)
melting point: approx 165o C
density: 1.51 g/cm3
solubility: 132 g/l, 25o C (water)
log Pow: 1.26
DMPP = Dimethylpyrazolephosphate
C C
HC NN
CH3H3C
H
H3PO4
C C
HC NN
CH3H3C
H
H3PO4
C C
HC NN
CH3H3C
H
H3PO4
C C
HC NN
CH3H3C
H
H3PO4
3
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DMPP – Mode of action
Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter
NO3-NO3-NH4
+ NO2-
O2 O2
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DMPPSpecific inhibition of the enzyme
ammonium mono-oxygenase
Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter
NO3-NO3-NH4
+ NO2-
O2
STOP
DMPP – Mode of action
4
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DMPPSpecific inhibition of the enzyme
ammonium mono-oxygenase
Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter
NO3-NO3-NH4
+ NO2-
O2
STOP
With
Inh
ibito
r
Time
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n
NO3
NH4
Time
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n
Wit
ho
ut
Inh
ibit
or
NH4
NO3
DMPP – Mode of action
www.compo-expert.de
Environmental
effects
Gaseous N
losses
NO3 leaching
Gaseous N losses
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www.compo-expert.de From: Weiske, Benckiser, Herbert and Ottow. Biol Fertil Soils (2001) 34:109–117
Influence of DMPP on N2O emissions (denitrification)
3-years field trials in Germany
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1997 1998 1999 Mean
N2O
em
iss
ion
s (
kg
ha
-1 a
-1)
Control + DCD + DMPP
N2O Emissions from agricultural land
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Physiological
effects of NH4
H+
Charge compensation
Prevailing NH4-absorption
leads to acidification of the
rhizosphere
Prevailing NO3-absorption
leads to alkalinization
fertigation
Photo: Römheld, University of Hohenheim, Germany
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pH-value Nutrient absorption
(µg/m root length)
N-form Far from roots
Rhizo-sphere
P Fe Mn Zn Cu K
NO3 6.6 6.6 123 55 8 7 1.4 903
NH4 5.7 5.6 342 71 20 13 2.0 1127
NH4 + NI 6.6 4.5 586 166 35 19 4.6 1080
Ammonium nutrition: Rhizosphere effect due to increased cation absorption
Acidification due to ammonium fertilization
NH4+ + 2 O2 NO3
- + H2O + 2 H+
From: Thomson et al. (1993) J. Plant Nutr. 16, 493-506
N form and nitrification inhibitor improve trace element
uptake from the soil
(Trials with beans, sandy loam, P source: rock phosphate)
www.compo-expert.de
Form of N-supply
Shoot length
[cm]
No. lateral shoot (spurs)
Flowering buds
[% of emerged]
Cytokinins [nmol/100 g
shoot fresh wt]
NO3-N 326 6.4 7.4 0.002
NH4NO3 268 6.0 8.2 0.373
NH4-N 209 8.9 20.7 0.830
Shoot growth, flower induction and cytokinins in xylem exudate of
apple root stock M7 as affected by the form of N supply
From: Gao et al. (1992) J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 117, 446-452
NH4-N improves cytokinin and flower bud formation in
apple trees
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More balanced NH4 to NO3 supply to roots
Relative acidification of the rhizosphere compared
with the bulk soil enhanced availability of nutrients
• A more balanced cation to anion uptake by the plant
less spending of metabolic energy for nutrient uptake
• The NH4 part of N uptake is already reduced
no metabolic energy (NADH2) needed for reduction
• Positive effects on phytohormones (e.g. cytokinines) and
polyamine metabolism (reasonable presumptions)
.
Summary of physiological effects
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Effect on
crop yield
and quality
15N Trials in
Citrus Trees
Trials on Melon
produced in
greenhouse
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Distribution of 15N after application of NH4NO3 alone or along with DMPP
Fertigation frequency: 30 days per month
Nitrogen Efficiency in Citrus using 15N
In cooperation with the Valencia Institute of Agronomic Research (Spain)
Tree
Soil
NH4NO3 NH4NO3
+ DMPP
N-Tree 22% 30%
NH4-N 2% 6%
NO3-N 52% 44%
Org.-N 10% 12%
N-Losses 14% 8%
15N-tree
15N-org.
15N-NH4
15N-NO3
15N-leaching
www.compo-expert.de
Presented in the X Spanish-Portuguese Mineral Nutrition Symposium
5%
15%
25%
+ D
MP
P
+ D
MP
P
+ D
MP
P
+ D
MP
P
DMPP is more
effective in systems
with high frequency
fertigation
1 x month 2 x month 8 x month 30 x month
Fertigation frequency
N use efficiency related to fertigation frequency
Nitrogen Efficiency in Citrus using 15N
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(Trials in Valencia, Spain 1999. Fertigation every 20 days using
(NH4)2SO4 (AS) + NH4NO3 (AN), total:12 g N per tree)
N found in drainage water
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
mg
NO
3 p
er
plo
t Control
AS/AN
AS/AN + DMPP
The use of
DMPP reduces
N-losses by 50
% compared to
conventional
fertilization
Reduction of N losses in an
orange fertigation system
www.compo-expert.de
(Trials at I.V.I.A, Valencia, Spain, 1998-2001,
500 trees/ha; 400 g N/tree; AS + DMPP 0.5%)
Yield increase in clementine trees
AS
4x per
week
+ DMPP AS
2x per
week
+ DMPP AS
1x per
week
+ DMPP
Kg/tree 64 70 69 75 63 70
Fruit weight 103.4 100.0 97.9 97.7 102.3 98.2
No of fruits
per tree
618 706 704 777 635 716
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www.compo-expert.deIn cooperation with CIFACITA Research Institute. Murcia, Spain
Crop: Melon, “Piel de Sapo”, planted 2 x 1.3m
Duration: 115 days, daily irrigation
Soil: pH 8.6, 23% active CaCO3,
low organic matter, slightly saline
Optimization of N fertigation in melon
NO3 concentration (mg/l) in soil solution at 30 cm and 60 cm soil depth
0
200
400
600
800
11.4. 2.5. 23.5. 13.6. 4.7. 16.7.
30 cmPlanting: 20.3.
Harvest: 13.7. Conventional
NovaTec
0
200
400
600
800
11.4. 2.5. 23.5. 13.6. 4.7. 16.7.
60 cm
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CIFACITA Research Institute. Murcia. Spain
Higher fruit yield and more “high quality” fruits
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Conv + DMPP
Yie
ld (
kg
m-2
)
Quality
47% - 1A
38% - 2A
15% - low
Quality
52% - 1A
35% - 2A
13% - low
Optimization of N fertigation in melon
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www.compo-expert.de
CIFACITA Research Institute. Murcia. Spain
Higher N uptake effciency
4
4,5
5
5,5
6
9.4. 23.4. 7.5. 21.5. 4.6. 18.6. 2.7. 17.7.
N c
onte
nt in
leaves (%
of D
M)
(pro
tein
-N)
Conv
+ DMPP
Optimization of N fertigation in melon
www.compo-expert.de
CIFACITA Research Institute. Murcia. Spain
Plants survived high temperature periods and showed resistance
to “Melon collapse” caused by the fungus Acremonium sp. due to better root growth
0
10
20
30
40
50
26.5. 12.6. Harvest
% o
f pla
nts
die
d o
ff
Conv
+ DMPP
Optimization of N fertigation in melon
www.compo-expert.de
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Effect of NovaTec21 on table grape canopy
NovaTec solub 21 Urea
Cv. “Red Globe”, sandy soil
Copiapó, Río Blanco Export, Chile, 2005
NH4-N and NI improve leaf colour of grapevines
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Urea NovaTec solub 21
SP
AD
valu
es
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Summary
Inhibition of
Increase in yield
and N efficiency
Better N supply
pH reduction in
the rhizospere
Effects on plant physiology:Energy requirement,
phytohormones, polyamines…
Advantages of ammonium fertilization together with nitrification inhibitor
Inhibition of
nitrification
Reduced NO3
leaching
Lower N losses
Reduced
gaseous
N losses
Partly NH4 nutrition
Moderate and
continuous N
availability to roots
Better P and
trace element
uptake
