International conference on “Recent Advances in Herbal drug … · 2020-04-15 · International...

International conference on “Recent Advances in Herbal drug standardization” Dec 14th – 15th, 2019.

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ABSTRACT BOOK

Organized by

Antiviral Research Society

Reg No 144/2016[TN Society Registration Act]

Venue

Aravind Herbal Labs (P) LTD

Rajapalayam, Tamilnadu


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Dr. Gnanansekaran Ashok

Associate Professor of

Microbiology

Director, Centre of research

for infectious Diseases and

Phytochemicals

Faculty of Medicine

Quest international

University

Perak, Malaysia

[email protected]

u.my: +60149470334

December 14-15,2019

International Conference on Recent Trends in

“Herbal drug standardisation”

Role of polyherbal preparation in drug

development

Plant and their derivatives represent more than half

of all the drugs in modern therapeutics. According

to the World Health Organization, they are

collectively known as ethnobotany. The field of

ethnobotany is portraying the interrelations among

people and plants and knowledge derived from this

indigenous people is the source of ethnobotany

based medicine. Over the past few decades,

researchers have focused on drug discovery from

herbal medicines or botanical sources, an important

group of complementary and alternative medicine

(CAM) therapy because of the low success rate and

huge capital investment need, the research and

development of conventional drugs are very costly

and difficult.

But, phytochemical constituents of individual plants

typically present in minute sum, variation in the

therapeutic index makes this area unpopular among

the public and modern medicine practitioner.

Relatively Poly herbal/Multi herbal formulation

(PHF) is one among the way to solve this issue of

the potency of the drug. Polyherbal compounds

express wide therapeutic effectiveness due to the

presence of different and compatible

phytoconstituents. Lower dose of the polyherbal

preparation would be needed to achieve desirable

pharmacological action so it has fewer side effects.

Usage of PHFs are still challenged by some issue

include preparation, inappropriate usage, difficulty

of clinical reproducibility and scientifically

evaluation of cytotoxicity.


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Dr. @

qiup.

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Involvement of Gut Microbiome in Human

Health and Disease

Dr. M.Karthikeyan

Associate Professor of Microbiology

Faculty of Medicine

Quest international University

Perak, Malaysia

The commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic

microbial community which resides inside our

body and on our skin (the human microbiome) can

perturb host energy metabolism and immunity, and

thus significantly influence development of a

variety of human diseases.

At the microscopic scale, the human body becomes

a complex ecosystem, harboring hundreds of

millions of microorganisms on its surface and in its

interior. This diverse and innumerable assemblage

of organisms constitutes what is collectively

referred to as the human microbiome. Increasingly,

research is revealing a profound interrelationship

between the health of an individual and the state of

their microbiome. As distinct microbial

communities can be localized to certain parts of the

body, investigations have been launched to survey

the significance of the gut, respiratory,

reproductive tract, oral, and skin microbiomes.

More detailed knowledge of the human

microbiome will yield next-generation diagnostics

and therapeutics for various acute, chronic,

localized, and systemic human diseases.


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“Role of Markers in Quality Control & Standardization of Herbal Drugs”

Dr.S.P.DhanabalM.Pharm.,Ph.D.,FIC

Principal

JSS College of Pharmacy

Ooty, TheNilgiris, Tamilnadu.

Quality control of herbal medicines aims to ensure its quality, safety and efficacy.

Authenticated, accurate and widely accepted reference materials are required for any type of

scientific assessment of herbal products. These reference materials include Botanical reference

standards in the form of herbarium vouchers; standardized extract vouchers; well characterized

isolated chemicals. Generally the consensus on the quality of herbal drugs has been focused on

the issue of the marker content. Marker compounds are one or more constituents that occur

naturally in the medicinal plants that are selected for special attention by the researcher or the

manufacturer.

Marker substances are chemically defined constituents of an herbal drug that are important for

the quality of the finished product. There are several factors that affect the ultimate chemical

profile of a botanical like genetics, growing, harvesting, drying and storage conditions. With the

current technology it is not possible to quantify the hundreds of chemical constituents in a

timely and cost effective manner. The compromise solution to this dilemma is to select a

marker(s) and ensure that each batch contains the same amount of marker(s). This approach

makes the assumption that the contents of other constituents will vary in proportion to the

marker(s). Ideally, the chemical markers chosen would also be the compounds that are

responsible for the botanical’s effects in the body.

Categories of Markers

DNA-based molecular markers have proved their utility in fields like taxonomy, physiology,

embryology, genetics, etc. Chemical markers refer to biochemical constituents, including

primary and secondary metabolites and other macromolecules such as nucleic acids. The

EMEA categorizes chemical markers into :

i).Analytical marker’s : constituents that serve solely for analytical purposes.

ii).Active marker’s : constituents that contribute to therapeutic activities


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New categories of chemical markers includes Therapeutic, Bioactive, Synergistic,

Characteristic, Main, Correlative, Toxic components and General components used with

fingerprint spectrum

Chemical markers are indispensable to quality control of herbal medicines; yet many problems

remain to be solved.Furthermore, there are many technical challenges in the production of

chemical markers. For example, temperature, light and solvents often cause degradation and/or

transformation of purified components; isomers and conformations may also cause confusions

of chemical markers.

Artemisinin in Artemisia sp, Caffeine in Coffee and Tea,Echinacoside&Chicoric acid in

Echinacea and Parthenolide in Feverfew, Kava lactones in Kava Kava, have been successfully

standardized by HPLC-DAD or GC-MS using the marker concept. Systematic investigations

using chemical markers may lead to discoveries and development of new drugs.


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Prospects and challenges in selection, documentation, authentication and utilization of

medicinal plant diversity for human healthcare

N. Mathivanan

Biocontrol and Microbial Metabolite Lab, Center for Advanced Studies in Botany,

University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai - 600 025, India

e-mail: [email protected]

Developing countries depend on plants as source of medicines, where traditional medicines

play a major role in health care. The rural population is more disposed to traditional ways of

treatment because of its easy availability and cheaper cost. Herbal therapies are although

still an unwritten science in some cultures and traditions, these have become a way of life of

the people in rural areas. About 80% of the people in rural areas, especially those live in

Asian, Latin American and African countries depending on herbal medicines for their day-to-

day healthcare needs. Importantly, about 30% of the prescribed drugs even in developed

nations contain plant derived components. Therefore, there is a growing interest globally on

the use of herbal medicines. Actually, while searching foods, the ancient people have found

that some foods had specific properties of relieving or eliminating certain diseases and

maintaining good health. Hence, the use of plant based traditional treatment systems came

into existence. Despite tremendous scope and prospects in herbal medicines, many greater

challenges in the selection, documentation, authentication and utilization of medicinal plant

diversity exist. However, these challenges could be addressed by systematic research, which

will eventually lead to development of efficient plant based natural drugs and or herbal

preparations for the treatment of human diseases and disorders in the future.


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Validation of Anti HBV drug discovery and development.

Dr. ElanchezhiyanManickan Director, Taramani campus

Professor and Head, Dept of Microbiology

University of Madras

Taramani, Chennai-600 113.

[email protected]

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a double standard DNA virus causes jaundice along with other flu like

symptoms. In vast majority of the patients the HBV infection is spontaneously cleared. In 5-

10% of the individuals HBV infection becomes chronic infection. The most worrisome fact is

that of these patients 15-20% develop life threatening liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular

carcinoma. A vaccine is available now but its efficacy is reported to be equivocal. Several anti

HBV drugs are in clinic these days. However these drugs are known for side-effects besides

their poor responder ratio, unaffordable to poor and development of drug resistance. Hence

alternative approaches are being sought. Possible targets for therapeutic intervention include

HBV binding and absorption, capsid dissociation, cccDNA formation, gene expression, protein

synthesis, capsid assembly, viral DNA synthesis, capsid envelopment, and virion release.

Nucleoside analogs (e.g. Lamivudine) are long known to act against pol/RT and reduce the

virus burden however these drugs has no action against cccDNA formation and establishment.

To overcome such issues alternative methods such as direct acting antivirals (DAA), entry

inhibitor, RNA interference, core protein inhibitor, immune therapeutic strategies, therapeutic

vaccines etc. are developed and validated. Pros and cons of these approaches under the lime

light of ayurvedha and siddha medicines will be discussed.


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Establishment of drug target screening system and integrative genomic

work-flow to explore to molecular mechanisms and the targeted cancer

therapeutic features of traditional medicine

Dr.KumaresanGanesan Professor & Head, Dept. of Genetics, Unit of Excellence in Cancer Genetics

Chairperson, School of Biological Sciences

Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences

Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, India.

In recent years, the therapeutic benefits of traditional medicine being highly reported in social

media and are gaining higher attention . However, it is worth revisiting the molecular

therapeutic features of traditional medicine formulations. Though we have numerous successful

stories and medical benefits identified from Siddha, Homeopathy, and Ayurvedic medicines,

the major gap is the lack of molecular mechanisms. Towards addressing this, we have

established a series of cell based and pathway-focused drug screening system for various

oncogenic signaling pathways, which are highly activated in various cancers. By exploring

various drug libraries and small molecule inhibitor libraries, we have identified the molecular

targets of several drugs and drug candidates. The developed screening system is highly useful to

identify the molecular targets of drugs. We have expanded the usage of this screening platform

to a few panels of traditional medicines including Siddha, Ayurveda and Homeopathy

formulations. In parallel, for the potential hit molecules, we also employ the modern genomic

approaches to understand the molecular targets and mechanisms. We explore the hits in

comparison with the current chemo-therapeutics and hence the real world applicability and the

advantages over the chemo-therapeutics being established. We also explore the genome-wide

expression profiles of the human tumors in the context of signaling pathways by employing the

integrative functional genomic methods. By integrating all the data, we could re-position the

drugs, drug candidates and traditional formulations for a subset of cancer patients. I will talk

about a few proof-of-concept screenings and investigation, wherein we could connect the drugs

for a subset of gastric cancer patients. The developed screening system are available for

screening Indian Traditional Medicines and we set out for a massive screening of drugs and

traditional medicine formulations. This screening and the parallel genomic approach would

pave way for the precise molecular characterization of Indian traditional medicines and their re-

purposing for targeted cancer therapeutics..


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Biochemical Evaluation of Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant

properties of GTF-231, a PolyherbalPreparation in High Fat Diet Fed- Low

Dose STZ Induced Experimental Type2 Diabetes in Rats

Sorimuthu Pillai Subramanian

Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai- 600 025

Phytochemicals are ecologically derived secondary metabolites produced by the plants

to protect them against external stimuli such as extreme cold, draught, radiation and microbial

invasion. Interestingly, these plant based products provide various beneficial and

pharmacological effects to humans. Various herbal remedies are used in traditional systems of

medicine prevailing around the world, although only some of them have been scientifically

evaluated for their toxicity and efficacy. Combination therapies are employed for the treatment

of various critical diseases such as cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and

pulmonary tuberculosis, in order to achieve enhanced therapeutic effects.

The phytoingredients with diverse pharmacological properties principally and

synergistically functions in a dynamic manner to elicit maximum therapeutic benefits with

minimum side effects. However, it is necessary to systematically investigate the role of

individual phytochemicals present in the polyherbal preparations to ameliorate the concerns of

in vivo safety and efficacy for successful treatment. The polyherbal preparation used in the

present study was formulated based on the earlier reports on the pharmacological properties of

individual phytochemicals such as Gymnemic Acid, Trigonelline and Ferulic Acid which were

originally isolated from the traditionally important medicinal plants such as Gymnemasylvestre

R.Br., Trigonellafoenum-graecum and Ferula asafoetida respectively. Similarly, based on

previous reports and the data obtained through dosage fixation studies conducted by us, the

concentration of individual phytochemicals were fixed in the ratio of 2:3:1 for the preparation

of a polyherbal preparation (GTF-231).


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Systemic Standardisation of Herbals and Herbal Formulations.

Prof.(Dr) A K Gnanachandran

Chief Pharmacist, Bangalore Allergy Centr, Bangalore

Since ancient time natural medicinal plants are used for treatment of various diseases were

practised by saints and siddhars in India. India is Natural Hub of Medicinal plants and differen

parts of plants either in its natural form or formulated form are used for alleviating the pain and

sufferings of human society with good beneficial results. Other countries like China, Egypt and

African Countries are also using natural medicinal plants for curing ailments of people.

Alternative system of medicine like Ayurveda,Unani,Siddha and Homeopathy utilises natural

herbs and its decoction and concentrate for health benefits. One of the major advantages of

natural herbs and its formulations are that the side effects are minimal if at all.

Nature has given us abundant resources of medicinal plants for our health and wellbeing. Most

of the disease were treated by forefathers by so-called Home Remedies by using simple

naturally available products like Zinger,Clove,Turmeric,Cardamom, Cinnamon,Fennnel etc. In

this present review we will discuss about latest advances for standardisation of herbal drugs

and application of standardised natural products formulation for health benefits


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STABILITY TESTING OF HERBAL MEDICINES

Dr. V. Loganathan, MPharm., PhD., MBA (HM)., Professor, K M College of Pharmacy, Madurai - 625 107.

Stability testing is an obligatory requirement in the registration process for all medicinal

products, including Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPs). The tests are performed to define

storage conditions and the product’s shelf-life. There is a need for Stability Studies for Well-

being of the patient and manufacturer by ensuring product quality and to provide evidence on

how quality of drug/product varies with time under influence of environment. The various

factors affecting stability are Polymerization, Temperature, Geometric isomerization,

Hydrolysis, Oxidation and Light. ICH guidelines state the zones and long- term stability

conditions for the assessment. There are various types of Stability testing methods, which

includes Accelerated Testing, Product subjected to high temperature, humidity, light, etc. 40⁰C/

75% RH, Real Time (long-term) Testing with longer duration. 25-30⁰C & 35-75% RH

(depending on climatic zone) and Intermediate Testing, conducted when accelerated studies

fail, at 25⁰C for longer duration of time. Stability Testing for Herbal drugs,the guidelines on

stability testing of drug substances and related finished products was established for

chemically- defined substances, and therefore, does not take account of the particular case of

HMPs. Herbal drug substances should only be tested at 25⁰C/ 60% RH, with no requirement for

accelerated/ intermediate testing. Many herbal compounds are unstable hence, a set of test

criteria including qualitative and quantitative parameters has been recognized as quality

indicating. Active substances in HMPs consist of complex mixtures of constituents & most of

markers & their therapeutic effects are unknown in combined formulations, different substances

having similar constituent give rise to analytical challenges. Parameters Studied like Colour,

Odour, Taste (organoleptic analysis) and Determination of pH, Extractive value, Ash value:

Acid insoluble & total ash and Moisture Content (physico chemical analysis) and Total

microbial count. Limit of assay of ±5% of declared value shall be applied to standardized

extracts/ for drugs with low marker concentration, the range shall be widened to ±10% or even

higher. Due to influence of climate, natural variation in markers shall be taken into account.

Since marker content cannot be defined to a specific level, the relative changes from starting

value are (95-105% or 90-110%) from initial value. An analytical marker is stable in herbal

substances (monograph) and in solid dosage forms but unstable in liquid dosage form. Herbal

medicinal products like all other drugs, have to fulfill the legal requirements with regards to

quality including stability testing. Due to their natural origin, the analytics of all types of

extracts is challenged by a complex matrix requiring a complex sample preparation. There are

generally no differences between specifications set up for HMPs and chemically defined APIs,

whereas the special nature of the herbal products shall be taken into consideration. In many

cases constituents have a low concentration, and also different concentration on different

locations. HMPs have a number of characteristics that clearly differentiate them from

chemically defined medicinal products and therefore specific stability guidance needs to be

established.


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Plant Biotechnology as a tool to strengthen Herbal Drug Standardization.

Dr. K. Palanichelvam – Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical

Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu,

India.

Herbal drug standardization begins from confirmation of identity and leads to quality and purity

of the drug until it reaches the customer. Herbal drugs are made from leaves, stems, roots,

seeds, flowers, wood or other parts of the plant. World Health Organization (WHO) has

provided guidelines for herbal drug standardization, which includes the removal of foreign

matter, free from microbial contamination, chromatographic profiles, biological activity reports,

toxicity studies, free from pesticides etc. Plant tissue culture technology could be adopted to

prepare the starting material of drug preparation. It will help to provide the plant samples that

are free from foreign matter, microorganisms and pesticides. Direct organogenesis technology

could be applied where roots and shoot can be induced with plant hormones directly from the

explants. Indirect organogenesis could be followed in plants where direct organogenesis is not

successful. Alternatively, cell suspension culture could be applied to generate sufficient

biomass for preparation of herbal drugs. Quality standardization of herbal drugs should be

similar level of allopathic medicines to gain the trust and commercial market. Biotechnology

tools could be used extensively to build the reliability, stability and efficacy of herbal drugs.

Recent technology such as CRISPR-Cas9 could be applied to generate mutants to improve the

production of active ingredient in the medicinal plants. India can emerge as one of the major

countries in production of standardized herbal drugs when technologies are applied

appropriately.


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In vitro and in vivo effect of phytosterols isolated from SidaCordifolia L.

extracts against HSV-1 infection

Ashish Wadhwani1*, Selvam P2., Viral Patel3, Masahiko Kurokawa4, VijayanPottekad1

1Department of Pharm. Biotechnology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS

College of Pharmacy, Ooty - 643001, Tamil Nadu, India.

2Aravindh Herbal Labs (P) Ltd., Rajapalayam – 626117, Tamil Nadu, India

3Mitra Biotech, Bangalore - 560100, Karnataka, India

4Department of Pharmacology, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka,

Miyazaki, Japan.

Abstract:

Background: The currently available antiviral drugs leads to the problem associated with

antiviral resistance and there comes the need for the search of new antiviral substances.

Medicinal plants plays significant role in drug discovery and keeping it in mind one such

medicinal plant SidaCordifolia L was selected and phytosterols were isolated from the plant for

the investigation against HIV-1 infection in vitro/in vivo.

Methods:A total of six extracted were prepared from selected plant and evaluated from

phytochemical property. Based on the activity in vitro, phytosterols were isolated by solvent

crystallization method and tested. The cytotoxicity was carried out with vero culture by

tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and antiviral activity was carried out by CPE, MTT antiviral

and plaque assay and in vivo by therapeutic efficacy in cutaneous HSV-1 infection in Balb/C

mice.

Results: The isolated compound stigmasterolprotected the cells from HSV-1 infection by

96±1.02%where as the beta sitosterol protected by 95 ± 1.22 %. The activity was confirmed by

plaque reduction assay where the selectivity index was found to be 5.31. The in vivo test was

performed at a dose of 750 mg/kg/day and at this dose the skin lesions (P<0.05) were delayed

significantly and the mean survival time (P<0.001) was prolonged when tested against HSV I

wild type virus 7401. Acyclovir was used as standard drug from both the studies.

Conclusion: The finding showed that the stigmasterolisolated from the mentioned planthas

good antiviral activity and may be developed as drug against HSV-I infection.


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Quality control of Herbal drugs & their importance

Dr. SomnathDevidasBhinge, M.Pharm. Ph. D. Associate Professor,

Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon

Dist – Sangli, Tal – Walwa, MS, INDIA – 415404

[email protected]

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The term ‘herbal drugs’ indicated plant or plant parts that have been converted into

phytopharmaceuticals by mean of simple process involving harvesting, drying and storage. The

second word on my subject, 'Quality,' can be defined as the status of the substance determined

by its origin, purity, content and other chemical, physical and biological characteristics or by

manufacturing processes. Ultimately, quality control is the concept used in procedures that

include ensuring the performance and validity of the products manufactured. Standardization is

encompasses the entire field of study from birth of a plants to its clinical applications.

In the last decade there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine.

It is getting popularized in developing as well as in developed country owing to its natural

origin and lesser side effects.

In ancient practice, vaidya used to treat the patients on individual basis, and prepare

drugs according to requirements of the patients. The scenario has now however been changed;

pharmaceutical drugs are produced on a broad scale in a pharmaceutical unit, where

manufacturer come across many problems such as availability of good quality raw materials,

authentification of raw material, availability of standard, proper standardization of methodology

of single drug and formulation and quality control of parameters.

Interestingly, India is second to China in medicinal plant exporter, and together they

produce over 70 percent of the herbal medicine’s demand across the globe. Moreover, Indian

ayurvedic industry is growing to $ 4.4 billion by the end of this year. Particularly in India, 60 %

medicinal plants, 22 % edible, 8 % others, 4 % fiber, 3 % gum resin and dyes and 2 %

pesticides are available.

Insufficient data exist for most plants to guarantee their quality, efficacy and safety. The

idea that herbal drugs are safe and free from side effects is false. Hence, the regulatory

mailto:[email protected]


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authority's cardinal responsibility is to ensure that the consumer receives the medicine that

guarantee, purity, safety, potency and effectiveness. This responsibility is discharged by the

regulatory authorities through rigidity in compliance with the different standards of quality

specified for raw materials and finished products of pharmacopoeia governing production,

created through the use of methods and manufacturing operations through means of the

standardized Good Manufacturing Practices.

Quality control and the standardization of herbal medicines involve several steps namely

authentification, physical parameter, qualitative and quantitative analysis, microbiological

contaminations Pesticides residues, heavy metal analysis etc. Of course, the source and quality

of raw materials, good agricultural practices and manufacturing processes are essential steps for

quality control of herbal medicines and play a key role in ensuring the quality and stability of

herbal preparations. However, the quality of a plant product is determined by the prevailing

conditions during growth, and accepted Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) can include seed

selection, growth conditions, use of fertilizers, harvesting, drying and storage. Indeed, Good

Agriculture Practices’ are, and will be, an integral part of quality control which are affected by

the f actors such as the use of fresh plants, age and part of the harvested crop, collection time

and method, processing temperature, light exposure, water availability, nutrients, drying,

packaging, raw material transportation and storage. In addition, method of extraction,

contamination with microorganisms, heavy metals, and pesticides can also alter the quality,

safety, and efficacy of herbal medicine. Henceforth, the herbal formulation along with their raw

material should be standardized as per the specified guidelines.


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In vitro Screening for Anticancer Drugs

Dr. Sandeep BalvantPatil, M.Pharm. Ph. D.

Associate Professor,

Adarsh College of Pharmacy, Vita

Dist – Sangli, Tal – Khanapur, MS, INDIA – 415311

[email protected]

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Basically Research involved three elements like fundamental biological research, method

development and drug discovery and development. In which first two are similar to those

undertaken in academic department and research institutes and third one Drug discovery and

Development have specific objective of the pharmaceutical industry and the reason for its

existence.

Cancer Disease characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of cells, invasion &

metastasis.Despite the significant progress, the treatment of cancer remains bleak. Search for

molecules with potent & selective anticancer activity is at the forefront of scientific research.

Cell based or In-vitro screening assays are often used for the screening and collection of

compounds to identify the test compounds which shows direct cytotoxic effects or have effect

on cell proliferation , that eventually lead to cell death. Cell-based depend assays are mostly

used for amplification of receptors binding and different signal-trasductions events, which may

also comprise as an expression of genetic receptors, trafficking of cellular components, or to

moniterorgenelle function. Several researches have been conducted to estimate the toxicity of

medicinal plant.

In the present review, we have described some commonly utilized in vitro assays and

techniques used to examine cell viability/proliferation, apoptosis, cellular senescence, invasion

and migration, oxidative stress and antioxidant effects, gene and protein expression,

angiogenesis and genomic alterations in cancer drug discovery.



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Current Scenario of Antibiotic Resistance

P.Suganthi

Dept of Microbiology, Dr ALM PG IBS, University of Madras Taramani Campus,

Chennai

Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria, viruses fungi and parasites develop

resistance mechanism to evade antimicrobials (i.e., antibiotics, antiviral, antifungals and

antiparasities). Antimicrobial resistance occurs naturally over time, usually through genetic

changes . However, the misuse and over use of antimicrobials is accelerating this process New

resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally, threatening our activity to treat

common infectious diseases which results in prolonged illness, diability and death. Centre for

disease control (CDC) estimates that each year, nearly two million peoples in United States

acquire infection while admitted in hospital and resulting 90,000 deaths. More than 70% of

bacteria cause infections are resistant to at least one of the antibiotics commonly used to treat

them.

India carries one of the largest burdens of drug resistant pathogens worldwide

alarmingly high resistance Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Two million deaths are

projected to occur in India due to AMR by the year 2050.

Currently available antibiotics are insufficient to control these resistance bugs and hence

more research and novel medicine sources are highly demanded.


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Development of Topical Nanoemulsion Spray Formulation of Combined Plant

Extracts for Synergistic Wound Healing Activity

Dr.RamyadeviDurai SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur – 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India

[email protected]

Background

Wound healing process is a natural phenomenon in human, however the rate ofepithelialization

and granulation is slower depending on the wound site and severity.Although several plant

extracts are being identified with wound healing property, the active components are not

explored and also suitable dosage form is not developed as well. The present study focus on the

development of topical nanoemulsion spray for the extracts obtained from

TrichosanthesCucumerina (snake gourd) seeds and Musa Sapientum (banana) unripe peel,

which were previously reported with antioxidant properties. The idea of using inedible waste

parts of the plants and the combined effect of their extracts has been investigated.

Research objective

The study was performed to validate the wound healing action of combined extracts of snake

gourd seed and unripe banana peel,formulatedas nanoemulsionsprayusingexcision wound

models in in Wistar rats.

Methodology

Extracts were obtained by using soxhlet extraction method and nanoemulsion containing the

combined extract was prepared with optimum concentration of surfactant and co-surfactant

using a homogeniser. The extracts were characterized for standard oil properties, GC-MS

analysis, in vitro anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory assay. The optimized nanoemulsion was

formulated as spray and evaluated for physico chemical properties such as pH, density

(pycnometer), viscosity (Brookfield viscometer), contact angle (Goniometer) and evaporation

rate. The selected nanoemulsion was studied for in vivo wound healing activity and compared

with the crude extracts and standard povidone and untreated control group of animals. The

study was conducted for 15 days by creating open excision wound and the skin tissue was

examined for histopathology.

Results & Conclusions

The nanoemulsion spray was developed with stable and optimum composition of the combined

extracts, solvent and co-solvent. The average globule size 24.66 nm, zeta potential -14.9 mV,

surface tension 30.046±10.22 mNm–1 and contact angle 40.2 ± 8.46° of the optimized

formulation confirmed its stability and suitability for in vivo application. The data obtained

from the wound area measurements on day 1, 4, 10, 12 and 15 for all the groups of animals

showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s

test. The histopathological images displayed the various stages of wound healing process with

fibroblast formation, granulation and epithelialization without any toxic lesions on the skin

wound tissue isolated from the treated animals. The synergistic effect of thecombined

extracts of snake gourd seed and unripe banana peel in the form of nanoemulsion spray was

clearly demonstrated. The application of novel formulation



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Rediscovering Novel Nano drug delivery systems in Ayurveda

Selvakumar D, Professor, KM College of Pharmacy, Madurai 625 107

Ghritas are ayurvedic lipid based preparations in which oil or ghee is boiled with prescribed

kasaya

(polyherbal decoction) and kalka (fine paste of herbs) until the evaporation of aqueous phase

transfers the contents into oily phase. The polyherbal decoction used in the preparation

predominantly contains water soluble Active Botanical Ingredients (ABIs). The column

chromatography was used to fractionate the ghrita into polar and non-polar fractions on silica

gel as adsorbent using petroleum ether and mixture of ethanol, methanol & water as eluents.

These fractions were further analysed by normal and reverse phase HPTLC analysis for the

presence of the contents and its polarity. The results showed that all the ABIs present in the

formulation were polar since the fractionated non-polar fraction did not show the presence of

any active botanical ingredients on normal and reverse phase HPTLC analysis. The ayurvedic

system of medicine has got its own technique of incorporating the polar contents into a lipid

base for enhanced absorption and delivery of the ABIs at targets


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Standardization and Quality Control of Botanicals

By

Dr.K. ILANGO, M.Pharm., Ph.D Dean

Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM) &

Professor, SRM College of Pharmacy

SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST)

Chennai-603203

Abstract

Herbal medicines have played a significant role in human health care for thousands of

years and have gained rising popularity and wide usage in the world over the last decades. As

the demands of herbal medicines are increasing globally, their quality standardization and

control have become more crucial than ever in modernization and its internationalization.

Unlike pharmaceutical drugs that contain specific active constituents. Herbal drugs contain

relatively unrefined mixtures of phytochemical constituents and their holistic efficacy is usually

produced by the unresolved integrative effects between the constituents. Thus, elucidation of

the effective compounds responsible for the efficacy is a great challenge for quality control.

Currently, chemical marker-based methods are mostly employed to discover the labelled

constituents for the quality control of herbal drugs.

Quality standardisation is a basic requirement for all medicines to ensure reliability of

the product, bioequivalence and reproducibility of clinical effects. Quality standardisation of

herbal medicines is defined as the establishment of reproducible pharmaceutical quality by

comparing a product with established reference substances and by defining the minimum

amount of one or several ingredients or groups of ingredients. Quality control is crucial to

ensure the safety and correct handling of herbal medicines. There have been numerous reports

on the toxicity, the misidentification and substitution of plant species. Herbal medicines have

been reported to contain heavy metals and synthetic prescriptions or non-prescription drugs.

They may originate from mineral components, contamination and adulteration. Thus, multiple

chromatographic methods have been proposed as a comprehensive platform for the quality

evaluation of herbal medicines. The methods include pharmacognostic, DNA fingerprinting,

quantitative TLC, HPLC and LC-MS analysis will generate information on the various types of

chemical compositions contained in the herbal drugs and provide chemical, bioactive and toxic

markers.


22

In vitro screening methods and its challenges for screening antiviral

compounds from natural sources

Dr.ManikannanMathayan,

Scientist C, Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and

Technology, Chennai

Viral diseases continue to pose great health threats to worldwide. Few viral diseases

undergo spontaneous recovery (flu, HSV etc.,) and many viruses cause severe and chronic

diseases. Despite of existing antiviral drugs, many viruses cause high mortality and morbidity,

due to lack of effective immunization and antiviral drugs and these two factors strongly

associated with technical problems play a major role in the antiviral drug screening.

Since the origin of mankind to till date globally humans are using herbals, plants as

medicines. These medicines initially took the form of raw materials, extracts and crude drugs

like tinctures, tea-leave powders, cocaine etc. Currently, Pharma Industries facing several

challenges for developing drugs from natural sources notably for antiviral drugs as it involves

due to lots of cumbersome techniques and its challenges complicated in the process to identify

compounds that engage and alter the function of the selected viral protein/target to serve as a

starting point for synthesis of analogues by medicinal chemistry.

Advances and limitation of classical standard assays to high throughput screening assays

play vital role in antiviral screening. Different in vitro screening approaches exist, which are

usually based on an automated readout, mostly microscopy- or luminescence-based. This

readout can be either based on virus yield reduction or on cytopathic effect reduction. CPE

reduction assays generally monitor the ability of the compound to reduce or inhibit virus-

mediated CPE however, CPE reduction assays lack some specificity as alterations in the

cellular morphology or viability based on the compound treatment can sometimes not be

distinguished from the effects mediated by a reduced CPE due to reduced virus replication and

should therefore be interpreted carefully. The choice of assay format depends on the availability

of sufficient amounts of reagents and assay adaptability to an automated high throughput

screening platform. Also, the method by which the virus stock is prepared is important for

antiviral assays.

Briefly, increase in knowledge based on drug targeted screening methods and

understanding the study of viral infections and its outcome will promote drug discovery in

future


23

ICH Requirements on Establishing the Stability of Drug Substances and

Drug Products for Global Use

U P Senthilkumar, Orchid Pharma Ltd., Chennai

Established in 1990 in Brussels to promote public health as tripartite agreement between

Europe, Japan and United States representing both the regulatory bodies and the pharmaceutical

industry, and gradually extending beyond these regions across the world, International

Conference on Harmonization (ICH) for technical requirements with respect to pharmaceuticals

for human use provides guidelines for drug substances and drug products to improve the

efficiency, standard and speed of the drug development. ICH guidance are provided through

four major categories viz., Quality guidelines (Q), Safety guidelines (S), Efficacy guidelines

(E) and Miscellaneous guidelines (M). Quality guidelines (Q) provide guidance on stability

studies, thresholds for impurities apart from a flexible approach to pharmaceutical quality

through cGMP risk management. ICH guidelines aim to establishing global standards and

specifications for drug substances and products, guidance on the setting of acceptance criteria,

and the selection of the test procedures. Specifications, key components to establish the quality

of drug substances and drug products under the conditions of manufacturing, transport, storage

and dispensing, comprise a list of tests, analytical procedures and appropriate acceptance

criteria supported through scientific, clinical and technical rationale. For herbal medicine, there

is a growing need and importance to meet the global standards to define the tests and

appropriate acceptance criteria under the proposed conditions of storage and distribution in

order to ensure the quality, safety and efficacy for human use. ICH requirements related to

stability study, package and associated quality requirements will be discussed in detail.


24

Caenorhabditis elegans - An alternate animal model

Dr. D. Prabu

Assistant Professor

Department of Microbiology, Dr.ALM PG Institute Of Basic Medical Science ,

University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai-113, India.

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been considered as a valuable tool in the field of

biological science. Many studies have reported promising results in multiple fields of biology

such as development, neurobiology and aging. C.eleganswas found to be a potentwholemodel

system for drug discovery and development, especially in the field of pharmacology and

microbiology. C.elegans has many practical advantages, such as amenable to rapid, low-cost

and does not raise any of the ethical concerns for drug testing. C. eleganswas found to be a

excellentin vivo infection model to analyse the complex host–pathogen interaction and

mechanisms in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Due to lack of adaptive immunity and

good innate immunity favoursC.eleganshas a good alternate animal model for antimicrobial

studies. Rapid development in the field of molecular biology had decreased the cost of DNA

sequencing, which in turn offered a good opportunity to observe the drug action by studying

transcriptomics of C.elegans using RNA sequencing.


25

Bacteria Phage Associated Streptococcus Virulence Factors and their

Inhibitory activity by Medicinal Plants

N. Balasubramanian1,ThamilPriya2, V. Shanmugaiah3 and C. Karunakaran2

1Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj

University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

2Department of Chemistry, VHNSN College, Viruthunagar-626001,Tamil Nadu, India

3Department of Microbial Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj

University, Madurai-625021, Tamil Nadu, India

Corresponding author E- mail: [email protected]

Streptococcus pyogenes possesses a wide variety of virulence factors and can cause severe

invasive infections as a result human morbidity and mortality. Besides, S. agalactiae also cause

various life-threatening diseases, it’s first considered as veterinary pathogen causing mastitis in

cattle and later become pathogen for severe neonatal infections. When the Phage enters into

Streptococcusand then become a virulent strain and cause infections. Phage chromosomes are

the genes for host conversion that encode a range of virulence factors; exotoxins that are often

superantigens, as well as DNases like streptodornase. Furthermore, phages have unique

properties that enable to contribute more directly to bacterial virulence than transduction. In the

present study, a total of six Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin genes were detected such as speB,

speC, speI, spd1, speJandspeH. Medicinal plants have been used for remedies of human

diseases because they contain numerous nutraceutical and therapeutic values. An increasing

interest in herbal remedies has been observed in several parts of the world and many of the

herbal remedies have been incorporated into orthodox medicinal practice. The antibacterial

activities of crude extracts using polar and non polar solvents from selected plants

Acalyphaindica, Senna auriculata and Dodonaeaviscosawere determined by agar well

diffusion assay against three Streptococcus species. Phytochemical screening of leaves extract

revealed that thepresence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, saponins, flavanoids, glycosides and

phenolic compounds. The ethanol solvent extract of leaves is found to be exhibit activity

against, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiaeand other human pathogens compared to

control.

Key words: Bacteria phage, Medicinal plant, Pathogen, Streptococcus, Virulence



26

Investigation of Phytochemical composition of Leaf extract of

Murrayakoenigii (L.) and their antimicrobial efficacy against Gram positive

and Gram negative organisms

S. Lakshmana Prabu1*, A. Umamaheswari1, G. Mohan Kumar1, S. Rajakumar2 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering (BIT Campus),

Anna University, Tiruchirappalli – 620 024.

2Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli,

Tamil Nadu, India

For microorganism, the earth is an incredible environment; due to its physiological diversity

these microbes found from polar ice caps to deep earth. War between Man’s and microbes it

never ultimately won. Worldwide about 17 million deaths occur yearly due to this microbial

infection, and for the past few decades development of antimicrobial resistance has been

considered as a significant burden in medical profession. More research works are focused

towards the development of new antimicrobial agents for this antimicrobial resistance. From

ancient time medicinal and aromatic plants are widely used as medicine for this infectional

disease. Still more plant source are not largely unexplored for its pharmacological activity.

Considering the global need our study is designed to investigate methanol extract of

Murrayakoenigii leaves antimicrobial efficacy against both Gram positive and Gram negative

microorganisms. Murrayakoenigii L. is frequently known as curry leaves belongs to Rutacea

family, it is an eatable plant also it has been commonly used as a food component in Asian

countries. The phytochemical investigational results revealed that phytoconstituents such as

flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, protein and phenols were present in the extract. Antimicrobial

efficacy results revealed that antimicrobial inhibitory activity were observed for the both Gram

positive and Gram negative microorganisms. Among the four microorganisms maximum zone

of inhibition ability against E. coli and Klebsiella species [25 mm] whereas Salmonella

Species[20 mm] and Staphylococcus aureus [15 mm] were observed. The results revealed that

both E. coli and Klebsiella species are more susceptible when compared with other two species.

Our study results conclude that Murrayakoenigii L. leaves can be considered as another

antimicrobial agent to provide the treatment of the microbial infections.Further isolation of the

specific phytoconstituent which possess the antimicrobial activity may provide a new lead for

better treatment of these microbial infections.

Keywords: Murrayakoenigii, phytoconstituents, antimicrobial activity

* Corresponding author

Postal Address

Dr. S. Lakshmana Prabu,

Assistant Professor,

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,

University College of Engineering (BIT Campus),

Anna University, Tiruchirappalli – 620 024.

India.

Tel.: +91-9750550965Fax – 04312407999E-mail address: [email protected]

Aflatoxins: An Overview


27

Dr. Raghu Chandrashekar H. Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical

Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE,

Manipal 576104

Aflatoxins are a type of toxins produced by few types of fungi that are found in plant products.

Though many types of fungi are known to produce aflatoxins, they are mainly produced by

Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which are frequently seen in tropical regions of

the world. Aflotoxin contamination can occur during collection, extraction / isolation or storage

of plant products. It may have effect on the people who are involved in plant product

preparation or end product users.

Several types of aflatoxin (14 or more) occur in nature, but four – aflatoxins B1 , B2 , G1 and

G2 are particularly dangerous to humans and animals as they have been found in all major food

crops; but most human exposure comes from contaminated nuts, grains and their derived

products. Additionally, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1 ), a product of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) metabolism,

can be found in milk in areas of high aflatoxin exposure. Subsequently humans may be exposed

to this aflatoxin through milk and milk products, including breast milk, especially in areas

where the poorest quality grain is used for animal feed.

Long-term or chronic exposure to aflatoxins has several health consequences including:

aflatoxins are potent carcinogens and may affect all organ systems, especially the liver

and kidneys; they cause liver cancer, and have been linked to other types of cancer –

AFB1 is known to be carcinogenic in humans; the potency of aflatoxin to cause liver

cancer is significantly enhanced in the presence of infection with hepatitis B virus

(HBV);

aflatoxins are mutagenic in bacteria (affect the DNA), genotoxic, and have the potential

to cause birth defects in children;

children may become stunted, although these data have yet to be confirmed because

other factors also contribute to growth faltering e.g. low socioeconomic status, chronic

diarrhoea, infectious diseases, malnutrition;

aflatoxins cause immunosuppression, therefore may decrease resistance to infectious

agents (e.g. HIV, tuberculosis);

Large doses of aflatoxins lead to acute poisoning (aflatoxicosis) that can be life

threatening, usually through damage to the liver

Detecting aflatoxicosis in humans and animals is difficult due to variations in clinical signs and

the presence of other factors such as suppression of the immune system caused by an infectious

disease. In this talk, methods used in detection of aflatoxins in plant products will be discussed.


28

Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy

Dr.K.Subramanian, Department of Biotechnology, P.S.R Engineering College, Sevalpatti,

Virudhunagar District, Tamilnadu-626140

The large number of secondary metabolic compounds found in plants which are known

to provide protection against insect attacks and plant diseases. They also exhibit a number of

protective functions for human consumers. The valuable medicinal properties of various plants

are due to presence of many constituents i.e. saponines, tannins, alkaloids, alkenyl phenols,

glycoalkaloids, flavonoids, sesquiterpenes lactones, terpenoids and phorbol esters. Among them

some act as synergistic and enhance the bioactivity of different compounds. These products

supply effective anticipation within the identification of bioactive compounds and their

development into medicine for the treatment of inflammatory and other diseases. The holistic

approach of multi-target therapy by multicomponent plant extracts, based on networks

interactions and synergy concepts can be more effective. The novel method of assessment of

synergistic and antagonistic interactions of combinations of herbal extracts by transcriptome-

wide microarray-based mRNA expression profiling of isolated cell lines is a valuable tool of

understanding the mechanisms of action of herbal drugs and their possible clinical benefits.

Many conventional drugs originate from plant sources: a century ago, most of the few

effective drugs were plant-based. Examples include aspirin (from willow bark), digoxin (from

foxglove), quinine (from cinchona bark), and morphine (from the opium poppy). The

development of drugs from plants continues, with drug companies engaged in large-scale

pharmacologic screening of herbs. Herbal practitioners take extensive case histories and

perform a physical examination. While patients describe their medical history and current

symptoms, practitioners pay particular attention to the state of everyday processes such as

appetite, digestion, urination, defecation, and sleep. They then prescribe individualized

combinations of herbs, usually taken as tinctures (alcoholic extracts) or teas. Syrups, pills,

capsules, ointments, and compresses may also be used.

http://www.imedpub.com/articles/antioxidative-and-antimetalotoxic-properties-of-green-tea-catechin-a-preliminary-study.pdf

http://www.imedpub.com/articles/review-on-trichosanthes-speciesdeserving-potential-pharmacological-properties-and-boon-in-medical-applications.pdf

http://www.imedpub.com/articles/antimicrobial-activity-of-medicinal-plantextracts-and-their-synergistic-effect-on-someselected-pathogens.pdf

http://www.imedpub.com/articles/ethnobotany-and-ethnopharmacognosy-of-lamiaceae-species-from-central-burkina-faso-leucas-martinicensis-jacquin-r-brown-hoslundia-o.pdf


29

Concept of Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive

Compounds from traditional plant materials

Mariappan Rajan

Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products Chemistry,

School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India.

Abstract

Standardization of drugs means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and

purity. At present due to advancement in the chemical knowledge of crude drugs various

methods like botanical, chemical, spectroscopic and biological methods are used for estimating

active constituents present in the crude drugs in addition to its physical constants. Natural

products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide

unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical

diversity. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programs, seeking

therapeutic drugs from natural products, interest particularly in edible plants has grown

throughout the world. Botanicals and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various

types of bioactive compounds for numerous medicinal usages. The focus of this presentation is

on the analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation and characterization of

active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations. The common problems and key

challenges in the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals

and herbal preparations will be discussed. As extraction is the most important step in the

analysis of constituents present in botanicals and herbal preparations, the strengths and

weaknesses of different extraction techniques are discussed. The analysis of bioactive

compounds present in the plant extracts involving the applications of common phytochemical

screening assays, chromatographic techniques such as HPLC and, TLC as well as non-

chromatographic techniques such as NMR techniques and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR)

spectroscopy.

Keywords: Bioactive compound, Herbal preparations, Isolation, Natural products, Plant

Extraction


30

Potential antimicrobial and anticancer drug isolated from Thevetia

peruviana L.

V. Shanmugaiah1*, Thulaj D Meharwade1, H. Harikrishnan2 and N. Balasubramanain3

1Department of Microbial Technology, 3Department of Immunology, School of Biological

Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai - 625 021, Tamil Nadu, India. 2Department of Food Technology, Saintgits College of Engineering, Kottukulam Hills,

Pathamuttom, Kottayam - 686 532, Kerala, India

* Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]

Plants are a precious resource of new biologically dynamic molecules due to the

existence of hundreds of biologically energetic mechanism. Apocynaceae, is well-known for

anticancer activities, mainly in the genera of Catharanthus, Nerium, Strophanthus, Apocynum

and Thevetia. Among them Thevetia peruviana L., belongs to the family Apocynaceae, It is an

ornamental plant which grows in India, China and Australi. India is very much suitable for

development of drugs from medicinal plant. In this, the present study, we have done the plant

extract was prepared from Thevetia peruviana L.,which was obtained from Mattudhavani

region, Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, India. Plant extract was checked for phytochemical

studies. The plant extracts for leaf sample was analysed for antimicrobial activity against

human bacterial pathogens and plant pathogens. The solvents extracts were performing

antagonism activity against human pathogens. The optimized solvent was ethyl acetate which

was further continued for bark and seed extracts too. The leaf extract showed better activity

when compared with bark and seed extracts against bacterial human pathogens so this was

followed for the rest of activity and assays. The activity was seen prominently in S. aureus, S.

typhi and P. aeruginosa in the case of bacterial pathogens and showed significant activity

against all fungal pathogens. TLC was performed and the spots were noted and the compounds

were purified through Column chromatography. The partially purified compound was showed

remarkable activity both plant and human pathogens compared to control. The active fraction

was characterised by different spectral studies such as GC-MS, NMR, UV-VIS, FT-IR. FACS

and HCS. The leaf extract was screened for Inhibition of Haemoglobin Glycosylation to check

for activity against Diabetes mellitus. The leaf and compound was checked for Anti-

proliferative studies against AGS Cell Line which showed activity at 0.5% and 1% of

concentration of the sample when treated with the Cell Line. The reporter assay was performed

for the AGS Cell Line for Wnt , NFkβ signalling pathway which play a main role in cancer.

Key wards: Thevetia peruviana L, partially purified compound, High content screening,

antimicrobial activity and cancer cell line.



31

Green synthesis and characterization studies of silver nanoparticles from

Ocimum basilicum L.and their antimicrobial activity.

T.Vijayakumar1, P.Selvam2, J.Annaraj3, L.Muthulakshmi1,3*

1Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education,

Krishnankoil, TamilNadu, India - 626126. 2International Research Center, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education,

Krishnankoil, TamilNadu, India – 626126 3Department of Materials Science, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021

Abstract

Ocimum basilicum is a medicinal plant and is having broad-spectrum of pharmacological

activities. The leaf extract and stem were used as a reducing agent for the preparation of metal

nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by a green approach using Ocimum

basilicum plant leaf extract. The color change of the solution from white to reddish-brown

indicates the generation of silver nanoparticles and they were further confirmed by UV-Visible

spectroscopic analysis by the absorption peak at 445 nm. The generated nanoparticles were

characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, fourier

transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy methods. The SEM image

showed that the nanoparticles are in spherical shape with average particle size of 25 nm. The

XRD results suggest the crystallization nature of AgNPs. FTIR shows the presence of OH, N-O,

and C=O groups. The antibacterial activities of the above synthesized nanoparticles were

investigated against diverse clinical strains (gram-positive-Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas

aureginosa, Enterobacter sp.) and (gram-negative E.coli). The efficacy of silver nanoparticles

against the pathogens were analyzed by measuring the zone of clearance.

KEYWORDS: Ocimum basillicum, Silver nanoparticles, TEM, XRD, Pathogens.


32

Identification and study of traditional herbal medicine using computational

biology

Gurumoorthi R

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Assistant Professor, GKM college of Engineering and

Technology, Chennai

Plants have been recongnized as rich sources of natural products for the treatment of a wide

spectrum of diseases ancient time onwards. The traditional method of plant based drug

identification is time consuming and more cost. So the less cost of and time to find the

therapeutic medicinal plants have increasing worldwide researchers. With the fast development

of computational research of herbal medicine with deep understanding of standaridized

authentiation of the plant materials, bioengineering of the metabolic pathways of in the

medicinal plant towards pharmacognosy. The recent trends of omics studies summarized on the

medicinal plants were genomics, phenomics of taxonomics, metabolisms and proteomics.

Further computational tools have proper storage, workflow of the metabolism, translational

regulatory networks, functional genomic studies and protein-protein interactions for secondary

metabolic pathways. Further the advance development of the biochip and DNA barcoding

technology to identify the herbal medicine in quicker and cost effective towards plant based

remedies.

Keywords: medicinal plants, database, integrated omics studybiochip technology, and DNA

barcoding technology


33

PHYTOCHEMISTRY- A GREEN WAY IN FINDING A LEAD IN DRUG

DISCOVERY

Dr Geetha Saravanan,

Swamy Vivekandha College of Pharmacy,Thirusengode

Abstract

Plants have been always an integral part of the ancient culture of India, China and Egypt as

medicine and their importance even dates back to the Neanderthal period . Eventually

information regarding medicinal plants was recorded in herbals which are providing lot of

opportunities to explore and isolate unknown plant components. In more recent history, the use

of plant based medicines has involved the isolation of active compounds. It has its beginning

with the isolation of morphine from opium in the early 19th century (Kinghorn, 2001;

Samuelsson, 2004). Isolation and characterization of pharmacologically active compounds

from medicinal plants continue till today. The techniques for the utilization of plant medicines

have been improved to a greater extent in recent years. Various drug discovery techniques have

been applied for the standardization of herbal medicines, to elucidate analytical marker

compounds. Drug discovery from medicinal plants includes numerous fields of inquiry and

various methods of analysis. The process typically begins with a botanist, ethnobotanist,

ethnopharmacologist, or plant ecologist. The primary activity involves the identification and

collection of plant(s) of interest. Collection is based on the species with known biological

activity for which active compound(s) have not been isolated (e.g., traditionally used herbal

remedies) or may involve taxa collected randomly for a large screening program giving respect

to the intellectual property rights of a given country where plant(s) of interest are

collected (Baker et al., 1995). In the next step, Phytochemists (natural productchemists) prepare

extracts from the plant materials, subject these extracts to biological screening in

pharmacologically relevant assays, and commence the process of isolation and characterization

of the active compound(s) through bioassay-guided fractionation. Finally the isolated

compounds subjected to appropriate screening techniques for the determination of

physiologically relevant targets by molecular biologists.


34

HPTLC Fingerprint Analysis And Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of

whole plant Extracts of Basella Alba

Dr. JSK Nagarajan,

Professor,

Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis,

JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, The Nilgiris 643001

ABSTRACT

To establish the fingerprint profile of Basella Albausing high performance

thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)technique. Preliminary phytochemical

screening was done and HPTLC studies were carried out. CAMAG

HPTLCsystem equipped with Linomat V applicator, TLC scanner 3, Reprostar 3

and WIN CATS-3 software were used. Theresults of preliminary phytochemical

studies showed the presence of flavonoids, carbohydrates and glycosides,

phenolic compounds and tannins. HPTLC finger printing of Ethanolic leaf extract

revealed 9peaks with Rf values in the range of 0.11 to 0.85; Itcan be concluded

that HPTLC fingerprint analysis of leaf extract of Basella Albacan be used as a

diagnostic tool for thecorrect identification of the plant and it is useful as a

phytochemical marker and also a good estimator of geneticvariability in plant

populations.


35

Quality Control Evaluation Challenges in Panchagavya Standardization

Dr MR JEYAPRAKASH Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis,

JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, The Nilgiris, 643001

Panchagavya is a term used in Ayurveda to describe the five important substances obtained

from the Cow namely Cow urine, Cow dung, Cow milk, Cow ghee (clarified butter fat) and

Cow curd. Panchagavya is a living elixir containing growth promoting factors micronutrients

trace elements, antioxidant and immunity enhancing factors, primarily used in the treatment of

soriasis. The Panchagavaya elixir psoriasis and anti fungal activity was proved, but the bio

safety of the above elixir in terms of chemical and biochemical aspects not yet been reported.

The present study objective is to scientifically validate and confirm the chemical, biochemical

aspects and bio safety of the Panchagavya is a living elixir by modern analytical techniques like

RP-HPLC and AAS.


36

Biosynthesis of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles and its Characterization

K.S. Venkatesha*

aDepartment of Physics, Syed Ammal Arts and Science College, Ramanathapuram - 623523, Tamil Nadu, India.

Email Address: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been synthesized using a fungus

Fusarium solani (F.solani).The temperature dependent behavior of the as-synthesized Titanium

dioxide nanopowder was studied using Thermogravimetric analyzer.The confirmation for the

presence of TiO2 with polycrystalline nature has been done through X-ray Diffraction (XRD)

analysis. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra indicated the interaction occurred between

different functional group vibrations of F.solani fungal supernatant and TiO2 source. Field

emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images ascertained the formation of TiO2

nanodendrites with the densely composed branches having a diameter of about 11 to 15 nm.

Keywords:Biosynthesis; TiO2nanoparticles; XRD, FESEM.



37

Poster Presentations


38

Modern Approach for Development and Standardization of Polyherbal

Formulation for Oral Hygiene

AnithaKumari R*, Guruvaurappan . P*, Dr. Ramesh RV

N.Ramavarier Ayurveda Foundation / AVN Ayurveda Formulation Pvt. Ltd

175, Vilachery Main Road,Muniyandipuram,Madurai -625004,India

Abstract:

Our traditional systems of medicine have a very rich reservoir of therapeutic uses and efficacy

of drugs. Several traditional polyherbal formulations are being widely used globally; the goal of

this study was to develop and standardize poly-herbal formulation as aremedy for oral hygiene.

The prepared formulation has been standardized by following modern scientific quality control

procedures and the obtained values are adopted to Pharmacopoeial standards.

Parameters like organoleptic, physico-chemical, phytochemical, microbial analyses and etc.

The polyherbal formulation revealed the presence of Carbohydrates,

Saponins,AlkaloidsFlavonoidsPhenolics and Tannins by High Performance Thin Layer

Chromatography (HPTLC).

And Antimicrobial activity is possible facilitate the desirable therapeutic efficacy of the

medicinal formulation, and also could help in knowing the underlying mechanisms of

Pharmacological Action.

In Future we develop the formulation from tradition to modern like Mouth wash, Tooth ach

cream, Tooth paste etc.


39

Vital Role of Bio Marker In Standardization of Different Ayurvedic

Formulation

AnithaKumari R*, Guruvaurappan . P*, Dr. Ramesh RV

N.Ramavarier Ayurveda Foundation / AVN Ayurveda Formulation Pvt. Ltd

175, Vilachery Main Road,Muniyandipuram,Madurai -625004,India

Generally all ayurveda formulations are formulated in reference with ancient ayurveda

mantras in books. Ayurvedic formulations are made up from multi herbals. where active

principle not known also. Department of AYUSH has given preliminary guidelines for

standardizing these conventional formulations, for uniformity of batches in production of herbal

formulation. In Ayurveda have different kind of formulation, like Choornam, Kashayam,

Ghritam, Gulikas etc.

The present study was designed to standardize a Ayurvedic preparation withMarker

compounds by using chromatographic techniques Markers mayserve to calculate the amount of

active component of herbal drug or Ayurvedic product.


40

Invitro Anticancer Activity of Indigoferatinctoria Leaf Extract

P.Selvam1*, Ashish Wadhwani2, K.Ilango3,4

1 R and D Centre, Aravindh Herbal Labs, Rajapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India

2Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of

Higher Education & Research, Ooty- 643001, Tamil Nadu, India

3Division of Phytochemistry, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of

Medicine&4Dept. of Pharm. Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of

Science and Technology, Kattankulathur – 603 203, Kancheepuram (Dt), Tamil Nadu,

India

Background

Indigoferatinctoria is a resourceful medicinal plant and reported to possess board-spectrum of

therapeutic potential includes epilepsy and nervous disorders; asthma and bronchitis including

anti-HIV activities. Tremendous pharmacological profile of Indigoferatinctoria is due to

enriched phytochemcal constituents. Present work is highlight on investigation of anticancer

activity of Indigoferatinctoria leaf extracts against breast cancer cells (MCF-7cell) and also

cytotoxicity were tested against normal breast cells (MCF-10 Cell) for exploring the anticancer

potentials.

Method

Aqueous (IT-A) and ethanol extracts (IT-E) prepared from the leaves of Indigoferatinctoria

and active constituents were characterized using UV, HPLC and HPTLC technique. IT-A and

IT-E wereinvestigated for anticancer activity against breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cell) and also

cytotoxicity were tested against normal breast cells (MCF-10 Cell)’

Results

Indigoferatinctoria leaf extracts exhibited significant inhibitory activity against breast cancer

cells ( IT-A: 25μg/mL and IT-E:16μg/mL). Both the extracts were non-toxic to normal breast

cells (IT-A: 107μg/mL and IT-ET:156μg/mL). Extracts were enriched with indole derivatives

such as isatin and indirubin were characterised by HPLC and HPTLC analysis.

Conclusion

Both the extracts inhibit the MCF-7 cancer cells division andethanolic extract (IT-E) had

significant anticancer activity and suitable for investigation using in vivo animal models.


41

Inhibition of HIV-1 Vifdependent Degradation of Human APOBEC3G Protein and

cytotoxicity of selected Indian medicinal plants extract

S. Paul Raj P. Selvama*, Ashish Wadhwanib

Rover Herbal Clinics, perambalur

aSir CV Raman-K.S.Krishnan International Research Centre, Krishnankoil

626190,TN/Aravindh Herbal Labs P LTD, Rajapalayam, TN

bDept. of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy,

JSS academy of Education and Research, Ootacamund,Tamilnadu

Background

APOBEC3G (A3G) is a cytidinedeaminase that prevents HIV-1 multiplication by inducing G-

to-A hypermutation in viral DNA and by deamination-independent mechanisms.HIV-1 Virus

infectivity factor (Vif) binds to A3G, resulting in its degradation via the26 S proteasome. HIV

Vif-A3G interaction is validated therapeutic target for the designing of potent anti-HIV agent.

Selected Indian medicinal plants tinosporacardifolia, ecliptaalbaandwrightiatinctoriaaqueous

extract and compounds quarcetin, rutin and curcumin were tested for inhibition of Vif

dependent human APOBEC3G (A3G) degradation activity. Cytotoxicity also tested in vero

cells to explore safety profile.

Method

Aqueous extract prepared from tinosporacardifolia, ecliptaalbaandwrightiatinctoriaby hot

continues extraction method and dried under vaccum. Dried extract and compounds such as

quarcetin, rutin and curcumin is tested for inhibition of Vif dependent 3G (A3G) degradation

activity. Extracts also tested for cytotoxicity against Vero cells by MTT assay

Results

All extracts had inhibitory activity against Vif dependent 3G (A3G) degradation activity(at

75μg/mL).Compoundsquarcetin, rutin and curcumindoesn’thaveactivityupto75 µg/mL.Extracts

and compounds not toxic to normal vero cells.

Conclusion

Aqueous extract ofabovetested medicinal plants preventstheVif dependent 3G degradation

activityand non-toxic to normal vero cells. Suitable for further studies to understand molecular

mechanism against HIV.

Reference

PeriyasamySelvam, A.C.Banerjea., Christophe Pannecouque and Erik De Clercq. Studies on

anti-HIV activity, cytotoxicity of wrightiatinctoria R.Br. Leaf extracts.

28th International conference on antiviral research. Rome, May 11-15, 2015.


42

HIV Reverse Transcriptase – Isatin (Insilico Approach)

SushmidaSeni, B., M. Suresh Kumar., P.Selvam

Abstract:

The HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme is culpable for copying a single- stranded viral

RNA genome into double-stranded DNA which takes plave inside CD4 (Sarafianos et al,

2001). HIV-1 RT is produced from a Gag-Pol polyprotein by cleavage with the viral protease

(PR). HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is a dimer composed of two distinct, but related chains. The

first of these two chains is a 66-kD subunit (p66) is 560 amino acids long. The other chain is

a 51kD subunit (p51) contains the first 440 amino acids of p66 (Lightfoote et al. 1986). The

p66 subunit consists of two domains: polymerase and RNase H; in the mature HIV-1 RT

heterodimer, p66 contains the active sites for the two enzymatic activities of RT. The p51

subunit corresponds closely, but not exactly, to the polymerase domain of p66, and contains

the same four subdomains. However, the relative arrangement of the subdomains differs in

the two subunits. The p66 domain plays the catalytic role, whereas the p51 subunit plays a

structural role (Kohlstaedt et al. 1992; Jacobo-Molina et al.1993). The structure of HIV RT

was culled from Protein Data Bank (PDBID : 1REV). Insilicostudies was borne out using

Molecular Docking studies. Aforementioned insilicostudies aid us to aware of interaction

betwixt protein molecule and the ligand molecule. Isatin ligand is used to explore the

interaction pattern. Binding axis of HIV RT X : 1.017Å, Y: -37.415Å,

Z:22.001Å.Withthehelpofbindingaxisthebindingenergywaspredictedas

-5.32 for the complex. Hydrogen Bond formed between the H atom and LYS 101 at a

distance of 1.902Å , the O atom and LYS 103 at a distance of 2.038 Å. Inhibition constant

was 125.53 with the inhibition constant unit microMolar (µM). ARG 277, VAL 276 and

LEU 283 are the crucial residues for HIV reverse transcriptase. The results are interpret using

Pymol and representation consummated withChimera.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3475395/#A006882C93





43


44

InvitroAnticancer and anti-oxidant Activity of Anisomelesmalabarica

Esther Menaka, P.Selvam1*,


Background

Anisomelesmalabaricalaminaceceis a resourceful medicinal plant and reported to possess board-

spectrum of therapeutic potential includes epilepsy and nervous disorders; asthma and

bronchitis including anti-HIV activities. Tremendous pharmacological profile of

Hybanthusenneaspermus is due to enriched phytochemcal constituents. Present work is highlight

on investigation of anticancer activity of A n i s mo l es ma la ba r i ca extract against Human

Hepatoblastoma cells (HepG2 cells) and also cytotoxicity were tested against normal vero cells

for exploring the anticancer potentials.In vitro antioxidant activity also tested by DPPH

method to explore antioxidant potential

Method

Ethanol extract (OT-ET) prepared from Anisomelesmalabaricaand active constituents were

characterized using UV, HPLC and HPTLC technique. Anisomelesmalabaricaextract against

Human Hepatoblastoma cells (HepG2 cells) and also cytotoxicity were tested against normal

vero cells MTT assay. In vitro antioxidant activity also tested by DPPH method

Results

Anisomelesmalabaricaethanolic extract exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Human

liver cancer cells (AM ET μg/mL). extract were non-toxic to normal cells . AM ET had

significant antioxidant activity with that of Standard ascorbic acid in DPPH method.

Conclusion

extract inhibit the Human liver cancer cells division andethanolic extract (OT-ET) had significant

anticancer activity and suitable for investigation using in vivo animal models.


45

InvitroAnticancer and anti-oxidant Activity of HybanthusEnneaspermus

HASSAN EAISA MOHAMED HAMID, P.Selvam1*, Ashish Wadhwani2, 1 R and D Centre, Aravindh Herbal Labs, Rajapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India

2Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher

Education & Research, Ooty- 643001, Tamil Nadu, India

Background

Hybanthusenneaspermus, violaceaceis a resourceful medicinal plant and reported to possess

board-spectrum of therapeutic potential includes epilepsy and nervous disorders; asthma and

bronchitis including anti-HIV activities. Tremendous pharmacological profile of

Hybanthusenneaspermus is due to enriched phytochemcal constituents. Present work is highlight

on investigation of anticancer activity of Hybanthusenneaspermusextract against

Neuroblastoma cells(SH SY5Y cells), Human Hepatoblastoma cells (HepG2 cells) and also

cytotoxicity were tested against normal vero cells for exploring the anticancer potentials.In vitro

antioxidant activity also tested by different methods to explore antioxidant potential

Method

Ethanol extract (OT-ET) prepared from Hybanthusenneaspermus and active constituents were

characterized using UV, HPLC and HPTLC technique. Hybanthusenneaspermus extract against

Neuroblastoma cells(SH SY5Y cells), Human Hepatoblastoma cells (HepG2 cells) and also

cytotoxicity were tested against normal vero cells MTT assay. In vitro antioxidant activity also

tested by different methods to explore antioxidant potential

Results

Hybanthusenneaspermusethanolic extracts exhibited significant inhibitory activity against

Neuroblastoma cells (OT-ET:37 μg/mL). extracts were non-toxic to normal breast cells (IT-A: CC50

OT-ET: 189 μg/mL). Extracts were enriched with indole derivatives such as isatin and indirubin were

characterised by HPLC and HPTLC analysis.

Conclusion

extracs inhibit the both Neuroblastoma and Human liver cancer cells division andethanolic extract

(OT-ET) had significant anticancer activity and suitable for investigation using in vivo animal models.


46

In-vitroacticancer activity of selected medicinal plant

Gurumoorthi R1, Ashish Wadhwani2 and Selvam P3,*

1Department of Biomedical engineering, GKM College of Engineering and Technology, Chennai

2Departemnt of Pharamceutical Biotechnology, JSS college of Pharmacy, Ooty

3, *Aravind herbal, Rajapalayam

Abstract

Cancer is a severe disease and one of the most critical health care problems for humanbeings and needs

proactive steps for the cure. Nature is giving a lot of things to improve the healthcare industry for both

animals and humans. Plants contain novel chemical compounds and an enormous role in anti-cancer

products and development. Plants and plant-derived products are safer, low cost, eco-friendly, fast, and

less toxic than other treatment methods, so taken Solanum xanthocarpum, Euphorbia hirta, and

Scopariadulcis. These three plants contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid,

terpenoids,and carbohydrate. These constituents treat different diseases and having the possibility of

safe drugs, which will be helpful for humanbeings. Plant extractionsamples compared against the

standard cell and cancer cells. Three plants are non-toxic to the vero cells and active against the

neuroblastoma cells. These threecompounds have an inhibitory concentration in the range of 36-81

microgram/ml. Solanum xanthocarpum have the most active IC50 range 36.44 microgram/ml, and it is

suitable for further studies for the in-vivo modeling.

Keywords:Solanumxanthocarpum, Euphorbia hirta,Scopariadulcis, IC50&neuroblastoma cells


47

Investigation of Pharmacological activity of AERO LIV POLYHERBAL

FORMULATIONS

Sandeep B. Patil, Selvam P

Aravind Herbal labs, Rajapalayam, Tamil nadu

BIRDS Lab, Sangli, Maharastra

Aero liv (AL) is poly herbal formulation contains Indigoferatinctoria, Phyllanthusamarus,

Andrographispaniculataandglycyrrhizaglabraused for the treatment of hepatic disorder and

related disorder. Present work is to investigated for anticancer activity of AL against Human

liver cancer cells, antioxidant activity by DPPH, Nitric oxide (NO) , super oxide dimutase (SOD)

and FRAP method. in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by protein denaturation method and

antidiabetic activity by inhibition of Alpha amylase activity to validated the pharmacological

action of Aero liv formulation. AL contains medicinal plants with anticancer activity,

antioxidant and anti-inflammatory is essential for therapeutic efficacy. From the study Aero Liv

polyherbal aqueous extract had significant cytotoxicity against Human liver cancer cells (HepG2

cells) and moderate anti oxidant activity in four different methods when compared with

standard ascorbic acid. Aero liv exhibit anti-inflammatory activity and antidiabetic activity with

that of standard Diclofenac sodium and Acarbose respectively under similar conditions.

Chemical constituents of herbal present in this AL responseible for the antioxidant, anticancer

and anti-inflammatory activies and suitable for further in vivo studies


48

Investigation of Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant activity of Morindacitrifolia L., Noni

fruit extracts

Periyasamy Selvam1, Paul Pandi .T1* ,Ashish Wadhwani2,

1 Sir CV Raman-Krishnan International Research Centre, Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil 626

126, Tamil Nadu

1*The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore


2Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher


Abstract

Morindacitrifolia L Noni fruit ethanol extract have been evaluated for in vitro anticancer activity

against Neuroblastoma cells (SH SY5Y cells) and also cytotoxicity were tested against normal vero

cells MTT assay and also tested for antioxidant activity by DPPH method. All the tested extracts of

Morindacitrifolia exhibited inhibitory activity against Neuroblastoma cells ((IC50 65-188 µg/ml).

Ethanol extract of Morindacitrifolia also were cytotoxic against Neuroblastoma cells at the

concentration of 65 µg/ml. Morindacitrifolia fruit ethanol (MCL-ET) extracts and was also found to be

active for scavenging free radicals by DPPH method and 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) of was

found at 54-82 µg/ml, whereas ascorbic acid Standard was found to be 51 µg/ml. Noni fruit with seed

had more anticancer activity than the without seed against Neuroblastoma cells and noni e extract with

out seed had comparable antioxidant with that of standard ascorbic acid. Phytochemical constituents

with anticancer activity and antioxidant potential essential for anticancer potential and Noni fruit

extracts enriched with novel bioactive molecules which is responsible for anticancer properties and

merit for further clinical investigations against anticancer potential in animal models.

Keywords: M. citrifolia, Neuroblastoma cancer cells, MTT assay, DPPH assay


49

In vitrofree radical scavenging efficacy ofRhumatigo- A Polyherbal preparation

P.Selvam1and S.Subramanian 2*

1Aravindh Herbal Labs (P) Ltd., Rajapalayam-626 117, Virudhunagar (Dt), Tamil Nadu, India.

2*Department of Biochemistry,, University of Madras, GuindyCampus, Chennai- 600 025.

Abstract

Phytochemicals are ecologically derived plant secondary metabolites produced by the plants to

protect them against environmental stress and invasions against pathogenic microbes. These photo

ingredients are known to elicit beneficial as well as pharmacological actions against human ailments. It

is an established fact that the active principles present in the medicinal plants act synergistically to

alleviate the primary and secondary complications of several diseases. Rhumatigo is a polyherbal

preparation comprising of several phytoingredients. It is widely used as a therapeutic agent as well as

dietary supplement for the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory disorders. In the present

study, the ability of the Rhumatigo in scavenging free radicals was assessed by using DPPH,ABTS,

Nitric oxide and FRAP scavenging assays. The results obtained evidenced that the aqueous extract

possesses significant antioxidant properties. It scavenges the free radicals in a dose dependent manner.

For the DPPH, ABTS, NO and FRAP radicals the percentage inhibition was found to be 86.41%,

81.14%, 79.36% and 83.47% assay. The data presented provide scientific evidence for the antioxidant

efficacy of the polyherbal preparation which in turn may be due to the presence of biologically active

molecules present in the herbal preparation.

Key words: Rhumatigo, invitro antioxidant assays, DPPH,ABTS,NO, FRAP free radicals.


50

REVIEW ON HERBAL MEDICINE AS REMEDY FOR THE TREATMENT OF

FEMALE INFERTILITY

Dr. K. Subramanian, Professor/HOD, Department of Biotechnology, P.S.R Engineering College,

Sivakasi. C.Gowsalya, M.Karthika Sri, Final Year(B. Tech), Department of Biotechnology,

P.S.R Engineering College,Sivakasi.

Abstract The infertility is major problem in the human kind, which affects the behaviour and

societal values of both female and male. The cause of infertility is difficult to diagnose that also

depends on patient diet, behaviour and where they live. The female infertility is not only affecting

the reproduction also causing adverse effect on normal metabolism. The main causes of infertility

are due to Hormonal imbalance, Poly Cystic Ovary syndrome, Endometriosis, Ovulation

disorder. Now a day we use Clomiphene citrate, Gonadotropins, Metformin, Bromocripine are

synthetic drug to treat infertility but it causes some side effects. These issues to be compensate by

using herbal plants like Chaste Tree Berry, Lepidiummeyenii, Cinnamon, Tribulusterrestris to

treat female infertility either in the form of drug or raw material as food ingredients. Such herbal

product has saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, vitamins and minerals, which could promote fertility

by interfere with regulatory process. The treatment of female infertility using herbal drugs might

be standardising with age, environment condition and body conditions of the patients. The

successive rate of female infertility treatment with herbal medicine is 95% reported by region

wise analysis report. We are concluding that the herbal drugs exhibit no significant adverse effect

during treatment than any other synthetic drug. Key Words: Female infertility, cause and effect,

Synthetic drug, herbal drug Advantages.


51

Invitro study of antimicrobial activity against South Indian

Medicinal plants

Selvam.P, Suganthi P and AnanthiMurugan



Aravind Herbal Labs, Rajapalayam626117

Abstract :

Antimicrobial agents are essentially important global threat of infectious diseases. Emergence

and spread of antibiotic resistance and evolution of new stains of disease is a great concern to global

health community. Effective treatment to disease which develop new pharmaceuticals or novel drugs.

Medicinal plants of our community could be excellent source of drugs for fighting against these

infections diseases. Present study is to investigate the anti – microbial activity of ethanol extract of

medicinal plants for identification of potential antimicrobial agent.

Methods:

Ethanol extract prepared from Ziziphusmauritina, Anisomelesmalabarica, and Wrightiatinctoria

by using hot continues extraction method and dried under vacuum. Dried extracts is tested for panel of

human pathogenic bacteria such as E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumonia,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans by disc diffusion method in

mullerhinton agar medium.

Results:

Ziziphusmauritina had inhibitory activity against staphylococcus aureus and candida albicans,

Anisomelesmalabarica showed activity against Enterococcus faecalis and candida albicans and

Wrightiatinctoria showed activity against staphylococcus aureus and candida albicans.

Conclusion:

The above tested medicinal plants act as a good source of potential bioactive molecules further

studies to understand antimicrobial mechanism and active compounds.


52

Prevalence of Quinolone resistant and Extended Spectrum Beta – Lactamase

(ESBL) producing GNB uropathogens from diabetic and non-diabetic clinical

isolates.

Aneesha S, Dr. P. Suganthi



Background:

Worldwide, Urinary tract infection is the most common infectious disease. It is more common and

severe in patients with Diabetics. Antibiotics are prescribed empirically which may adversely affect

antibiotic resistance so far. Emergence of multidrug resistant uropathogensagainst b- lactam and

quinolone group of antibiotics is an increasing problem to the effective treatment of UTI. This study

investigated the microbial prevalence and antibiotic resistant pattern of ESBL and quinolone resistant

isolates from UTI among diabetic and non diabetic patients.

Methods:

A total of 90 clean catch mid stream urine samples were collected from both diabetic and non

diabeticpatients. All the samples were processed for the identification of urinary isolates by using

standard microbiologic procedure. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out by using Kirby- Bauer

disc diffusion method.The antimicrobial agents tested were Ampicillin,

Amoxiclav,fosfomycin,Cephazolin, Cefoxitin ,Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin , Norfloxacin,

Nalidixicacid,Nitrofurantoin,Amikacin,Imipenem, Trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (COT) and

Aztreoname .ESBL production were determined by Double Disk method by using Cefotaxime and

CefotaximeClavulanic acid discs.

Results:

Total 84 urine samples with significant UTI (53 diabetic and 31 non diabetic) were included in this

study.Total106 isolates were collected, out of these 65 isolates from diabetic and 41 from non diabetic

samples. Most common pathogens associated with UTI were Escherichia coli37, 35% (21% from

diabetic and 14% from non diabetic UTI). . Antibiotic susceptibility test showed that85% of strains

were MDR in diabetic and 82% were MDR in non diabetic. Out of these77%(diabetic) and 67% (non

diabetic) were ESBL positive.59% (diabetic) and 52% (non diabetic) of isolates were resistantto

quinolone group.

Conclusion :

This study reported that prevalence of microorganisms and Multidrug resistance are higher in diabetic

than non diabetic UTI and E. Coli being the most common pathogen. Screening of UTI is important

for the treatment, prevention of renal complications and control of antibiotic resistance. Study of

Extend Spectrum Beta –Lactamase production and quinolone group of antibiotics being helpful to

prescribe suitable antibiotics and prevention of further resistance.


53

In vitro Anticancer and anti-bacterial Activity of sm ilax china Rhizome

Jayavel Pandian,GnngadasuApada Reddy, P.Selvam1*, Ashish Wadhwani2,




Background

sm i l ax ch in a , (Fam violaceace)is a versatilew medicinal plant and reported to possess board-

spectrum of Pharmacological activity. Wide-spectrum of biological activites of sm i l ax ch i na is

due to enriched phytochemcal constituents. Present work is highlight on investigation of

anticancer activity of sm i la x ch in a extract against Neuroblastoma cells(SH SY5Y cells), and

also cytotoxicity were tested against normal vero cells for exploring the anticancer potentials. In

vitro antibacterial activity also tested against human pathogenic bacteria

Method

Aqueous (SC-A) and Ethanol extract (SC-ET) prepared from s m i l ax ch ina by co nt inuous

h ot ex t ra c t i on p rocess . Sm i la x ch i na aqueous extract (SC-A) tested against

Neuroblastoma cells (SH SY5Y cells) and also cytotoxicity were tested against normal vero cells

MTT assay. In vitro antibacterial activity also tested by cup plate method in nutrient agar media

Results

Sm i la x ch in a aqueous extract (SC-A) exhibited significant inhibitory activity against

Neuroblastoma cells (SC-A: IC50:13.9μg/mL). extract were also non-toxic to normal cells vero

cells (SC-A: CC50 : 149.9 μg/mL)..

Conclusion

Aqueous extract inhibit the Neuroblastoma cancer cells division, had significant anticancer

activity and suitable for investigation using in vivo animal models.


54

Investigation of Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant activity of Morindacitrifolia L., Noni

fruit extracts

Periyasamy Selvam1, Paul Pandi .T1*, Ashish Wadhwani2

1R and D Centre, Aravindh Herbal Labs, Rajapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India.

1*R and D Centre, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore.


Education & Research, Ooty- 643001, Tamil Nadu, India.

Abstract

Numerous studies have been focused on natural anticarcinogenic agents. Many antioxidants have been

identified as anticarcinogens. The use of natural products as anticancer has a long history that began

with traditional medicine. The aim of this study was Morindacitrifolia L Noni fruit ethanol extract to

evaluate invitro cytotoxicity against Neuroblastoma cells (SH SY5Y cells)using 3-(4, 5-

dimethylthiazolyl -2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, anticancer activity against

Neuroblastoma cells (SH SY5Y cells) and antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl

(DPPH) method.

Ethanolic extract of Morindacitrifolia were tested cytotoxic against Neuroblastoma cells at the

concentration of 65 µg/ml and IC50value 65-188 µg/ml. Ethanolic extract of Morindacitrifolia(MCL-

ET) extract found to be active for scavenging free radicals by DPPH method and 50 % inhibitory

concentration (IC50) of was found at 54-82 µg/ml, whereas ascorbic acid standard was found at 51

µg/ml.Noni fruit with seed have more anticancer activity than the without seed against Neuroblastoma

cells and Noni extract, without seed had comparable antioxidant with that of standard ascorbic acid.

Phytochemical constituents with anticancer activity and antioxidant essential for anticancer potential

and Noni fruit extracts enriched with novel bioactive molecules which is responsible for anticancer

properties and merit for further clinical investigations against anticancer potential in animal models.

Keywords:M. citrifolia, Neuroblastoma (SH SY5Y)cancer cells, MTT assay, DPPH assay.


55

STUDY OF ANTI-CANCER, ANTI-FUNGAL AND ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF

MYRISTICA FRAGRANS.

R.Gurumoorthi1, K.Ajith2and S.Justin prabhahar2.

1 Assistant professor, Department of Biotechnology, GKM college of engineering and technology,

Chennai.

2 Third year Biotechnology, PSR engineering college, sivakasi.

ABSTRACT

Myristicafragrans, is also known as Jaiphal. It comes under the family of Myristicaceae. It consists of

two important parts such as nutmeg (jaadhikai) and mace.Both are used as a spice in foods.The main

purpose of this review is about pharmacological activities and medical uses of

M.fragrans.M.fragranshave several medicinal applications like treating stomach ulcers, indigestion and

liver disorders. This study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal,

anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant and memory enhancing activity on

chemical constituents of M. Fragrans seeds. Further studies implement to treat gastrointestinal

disturbance and memory enhancing power. The main components of nutmeg are sabinene, 4-Terpineol,

Myristicin, etc., Myristicin along with other active compounds used to heal body aches, pains also

stimulate brain activity. Sabinene have the anti-bacterial activity against Gram +ve bacterium also

having anti fungal activity against Pathogenic fungi.4-Terpineol acts as an anti neoplastic agent thus

it’s used to cure Metastatic colon cancer. The anticancer activity of flavonoids is related to their

modulation of signal transduction pathways within cancer cells. Because of this component can be used

to treat several cancer diseases. Thus M.fragrans can be used to cure various diseases and also be used

to produce novel drugs.

KEYWORDSMyristicafragrans,anti-depressant and memory enhancing, sabinene, 4-Terpineol.


56

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of selected in Indian medicinal plants

P. Selvam1, N.Mathivanan2, K. Thiruvengadam2, J. Palanisamy2*

1Aravindh Herbal Labs (P) Ltd, Rajapalayam 626 117, Tamil Nadu

2CAS in Botany, Guindy Campus, University of Madras, Chennai – 600 025

Background

Medicinal plants are the excellent source for discovery and development of potential bioactive agents

and chemical constituents present in the natural products provide the lead for the developments of

effective drugs against free radicals and microbes. Extracts of polyherbal formulations used for

developments of effective and board-spectrum antimicrobial agents. Present work is to investigate the

anti-microbial and antioxidant activity of aqueous andethanolextract of selected some medicinal

plantsfor identification of potential antimicrobial agents

Methods

Ethanol and aqueous extracts were prepared from Prosopis cineraria (Vanni), Morindacitrifolia

(Noni), Wrightiatinctoria, Indigoferatinctoria, Euphorbia hirta and Smilax chinaby using hot continues

extraction method and extract dried under vacuum. Dried extract is tested for panel of human

pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,

Enterococcus faecalisandCandida albicans by disc diffusion method in nutrient agar medium. In-vitro

antioxidant also tested by DPPH method and compared with standard ascorbic acid.

Results

Prosopis cineraria (Vanni), Morindacitrifolia (Noni) and Wrightiatinctoria, extracts had inhibitory

activity against Enterococcus faecalisand candida albicans. Prosopis cineraria (Vanni),

Morindacitrifolia (Noni), Wrightiatinctoria, Indigoferatinctoria, Euphorbia hirta extracts were

exhibited significant antioxidant activity witch compare with ascorbic acid.

Conclusion

Ethanol and aqueous extract of above tested medicinal plants good source for searching potential

bioactive molecules with antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity. From this finding,

Prosopiscineraria (Vanni), which is suitable for further studies. To identified antimicrobial

mechanism, and Isolation of active compound.


57

Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of anticancer drugs 5-Fluoro uracil and

Gemcitabine on HSV - 1 & 2 infections – A Drug Repurposing Approach

M Divyabharathi, M Sai Akilesh, J Rajesh, Ashish D Wadhwani*

Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS Academy of Higher Education &

Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty – 643001, Tamil Nadu, India

Background

Due to the lack of newer antiviral drugs and increase in resistance to current generation of antiviral

drugs, drug repurposing offers an attractive strategy to treat viral infections. The objective of the

study was to repurpose the anticancer drugs 5-Fluoro Uracil (5-FU) and Gemcitabine for HSV

infection and were chosen on the basis of their mechanism of action on cancer.

Method

The study plan was carried out to evaluate the ability of 5-FU and Gemcitabine for anti-HSV activity

by cytopathic effect inhibition assay, virucidal assay, MTT antiviral assay and plaque reduction

assay.

Results

In Vitro cytotoxicity studies: 5-FU and Gemcitabine showed cytotoxicity of 136 ± 5.29 µg/ml and

78.67 ± 6.51 µg /ml in VERO cellculture.

In Vitro anti-HSV activity

• Cytopathic effect inhibition assay: 5-FU exhibited 100% cell protection against the

cytopathic effects caused by the HSV-1 viruses, while showing only 50% protection against

HSV-2, comparatively Gemcitabine exhibited lessprotection.

• Virucidal assay: When the drugs were incubated with the viruses prior to adding to the

plates, the cell protection decreases to 75% and 25% by 5-FU and gemcitabine respectively,

which indicates that the drugs do not inactivate the viruses outside thecells.

• MTT antiviral assay: 5-FU and Gemcitabine exhibited 92.23% and 70.84% cell protection

respectively against HSV-1. However in HSV-2, both the drugs did not exhibit any

appreciableactivity.

• Plaque reduction assay: The drugs exhibited a selectivity index of 6.15 for 5-FU and 2.16

for Gemcitabine which confirms the antiviral activity of the drugs againstHSV-1.

Conclusion

Our findings implies that the anticancer drugs 5-Fluoro Uracil and Gemcitabine show potent antiviral

activity against HSV-1 but minimal activity against HSV- 2


58

Efficacy of anticancer drugs 5-Fluoro uracil and Gemcitabine on HIV-1 infections

– A Drug Repurposing Approach

M Divyabharathi1, J Rajesh1, M Sai Akilesh1, Ashish D Wadhwani1*, P

Selvam21Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS Academy of Higher

Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty – 643001, Tamil Nadu, India

2Aravindh Herbal labs (P) LTD., Rajapalayam – 626117, Tamil Nadu, India

Background

Drug repurposing is identifying new use for existing drug with well-established drug profile. Due to

the lack of newer antiviral drugs and increase in resistance to current generation of antiviral drugs,

drug repurposing offers strategies to treat viral infections. The objective was to repurpose the

anticancer drugs 5-Fluoro Uracil and Gemcitabine for HIV infection and were chosen on the basis of

their mechanism of action on cancer.

Method

The study plan carried out to evaluate the ability of 5-Fluoro Uracil and Gemcitabine for anti-HIV

activity by preliminary cytotoxicity studies followed by in vitro anti-HIV activity by neutralization

assay.

Results

Cytotoxicity studies: 5-FU and Gemcitabine IC50 values showed cytotoxicity of 36 ± 4.95 µg/ml

and 26±1.41µg/ml in TZM-bl cellsrespectively.

InvitroAnti HIV activity by neutralization assay

Cell associated- In cell associated assay the drug 5-FU showed EC50 of 5.61 and 4.57 µg/ml

against HIV-1 UG070 and HIV-1 VB59 primary isolates respectively. Gemcitabine showed EC50

of4.51and3.19µg/mlagainstHIV-1UG070 andHIV-1VB59primaryisolatesrespectively.

Cell free - In case of cell free assays, the drug 5-FU showed EC50 of 4.7 and 4.57 µg/ml against

HIV-1 UG070 and HIV-1 VB59 primary isolates respectively. Gemcitabine showed EC50 of 3.19

and 4.23µg/ml against HIV-1 UG070 and HIV-1 VB59 primary isolates respectively. This clearly

indicates that the drugs have potent antiviral activity against HIV-1 UG070 and HIV-1VB59

primaryisolates.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the anticancer drugs 5-Fluoro Uracil and Gemcitabine shows potent

antiviral activity against HIV-1.


59

In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Study of CucumisTrigonusRoxb.

Fruit

Kapadia Vatsa, Viral Patel, Vijayan P, Ashish D Wadhwani*

Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS Academy of Higher

Education & Research JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty – 643001, Tamil Nadu,

India

ABSTRACT

Cucumistrigonusis a perennial sub herb of the mallow family Cucurbitaceae which are used in

flatulence, fever, jaundice, diabetes, cough, bronchitis, anaemia. It possesses analgesic, anti-

inflammatory and diuretic activity. The aim of the present study is to determine the

cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of Cucumistrigonus. Based on literature survey and their

traditional system of medicine, the plant extract was prepared by various extraction methods.

The in vitro cytotoxicity was performed for extracts on two cancer (HEp-2 and A-549) and one

normal (Vero) cell lines and the cell viability was determined by MTT assay and SRB assay.

Out of all extracts, chloroform extract (CE) showed highest toxicity in all cell cultures.

Chloroform extract showed comparatively highest toxicity against HEp-2 and A-549 cell

culture with CTC50 values from 0.60 to 0.15µg/ml. The CE against A-549 cell line showed the

highest selectivity index of 22. The CE (80.23 µg/ml and 54.25µg/ml) showed to have

significant antioxidant activity when tested with DPPH and ABTS assay. The CE of fruit

Cucumistrigonusshowed the highest cytotoxicity at lowest concentration and it may be taken

for further studies to confirm anticancer activity.

Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Cucumistrigonus, Cytotoxicity, in vitro, MTT, SRB.


60

REVIEW OF BIOSYNTHESIS OF SILVER

NANOPARTICLES FROM SILKWORM COCOONS.

Dr. M. ANYNUL RIFAYA Associate Professor,R.SURYA,

Department of BIOTECH, P.S.R. Engineering College Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India

ABSTRACT

Sericin protein was extracted from silkworm worm cocoons. The silver nano particles

were synthesized from the sericin protein sample for the addition of the silver nitrate (AgNo3)

and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). It was kept in 24 hrs in incubation. In initially the sericin sample

was a colorless but the addition of silver nitrate (AgNo3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), it

would convert into a Brown in color which means it indicated the presence of

silver nanoparticle in the sample. The absorption peak for the sericin in UV spectrometer in the

range of 250-300nm and, the absorption peak for the silver nano particle at the range of 420nm

and the FTIR spectrometer range was 45-166nm. Analyzed a size of the particles by

using an SEM, TEM, and EDX. The EDX value was observed in the range of 1-100ppm.And the

XRD were also used to analysis the structure of the protein particles.

Key words; Sericin, silver nanoparticles, uses and advantages of sericin.


61

COMPUTER AIDED DRUG DESIGNING AGAINST DENGUE USING

Cocculushirsutus

Gurumoorthi R1,Ashok Kumar M2.

1. Assistant Professor, GKM College of Engineering and Technology, Chennai.

2. Final year Biotechnology P.S.R Engineering College, Sivakasi.

The dengue virus, is an RNA virus causing a dengue shock syndrome, and a yellow fever

mosquito transmits dengue hemorrhagic fever, Aedesaegypti, and that forms four different

serotypes.. The four different stereotypes have a different interaction with the host cells. The

dengue virus, is having different interactions in both mosquito and human host, but there is no

identification of interaction of human proteins with the M, E, NS1, NS2A, NS4A, NS4B, and

also Prm. The interactions are only with the C, NS3, NS5 with human hosts. By blocking the

interaction with the Cocculushirsutus extract of different phytochemicals collected from different

parts of calculus hirsutus. The energy level of binding of ligand and receptor of a specific

phytochemical component is extracted and purified and used for the immunization and the

design of a drug-using other software (tools).

Keywords: Dengue virus, dengue shock syndrome, four different stereotypes, Calculus hirsutus,

Nonstructural protein, Drug designing.


62

Identification of the molecular targets of homeopathy formulations for

targeted gastric cancer therapy.

Ponmathi Panneerpandian, Chidambaranathan Shanmugasundaram, and Kumaresan

Ganesan*

Unit of Excellence in Cancer Genetics, Department of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in

Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai -

625021, India. Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Background: Traditional medicines are gaining importance in cancer therapy due to their

availability in abundance, proven therapeutic response and cost effectiveness. Though most of

the traditional formulations have been successful, their molecular therapeutic mechanisms

remain unknown. Comprehensive elucidation of the molecular targets of traditional medicines

would pave way for the development of alternative medicine formulations with high precision

and targeted therapeutics.

Methods: To elucidate the molecular targets of a collection homeopathy drugs, we screened

them using a panel of signaling pathway specific stable reporters established in gastric cancer

cells. Further, their targeted therapeutic features were investigated.

Results and Conclusion: A medium throughput screening of 75 homeopathy formulations

against 4 different oncogenic signaling pathways revealed, a few of the homeopathy

formulations to potentially inhibit the oncogenic pathways YY1, Wnt, HIF1α and ERK/MAPK.

Further, certain homeopathy medicines were identified as possible bioequivalents to currently

used chemotherapeutics like vinblastine, mitoxantrone, and bleomycin. We are further exploring

the molecular mechanisms by genome-wide profiling in comparision with the current

chemotherapeutics.



63

Identification of natural compounds to target the gastric cancer subtype with

the dysregulated glucose and glutamine metabolism

Karthik Balakrishnan and Kumaresan Ganesan*

Unit of Excellence in Cancer Genetics, Department of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in

Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai -

625021, India. *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Identification of the improved, efficient, targeted, and cost-effective cancer therapeutics with less

side-effects is a continuous requirement. Recently, by employing integrative genomic methods,

we explored the transcriptome of gastric cancers and identified differing metabolic deregulations

in the different subtypes of gastric tumors. Altered glucose-glutamine metabolism and fat

metabolism are the two different metabolic dysregulations identified in gastric cancer subtypes.

We also defined the panel of genes representing these altered metabolic conditions in gastric

tumors. This study was designed to identify the drugs, specifically the natural product

derivatives, which might be suitable candidates to target the dysregulated glucose-glutamine

metabolism. We explored this, with the available massive cancer cellular resources such as

genomics of drug sensitivity in cancer (GDSC) and NCI60 cell miner databases. The expression

pattern of glucose-glutamine metabolism gee-set was probed with the drug-sensitivity pattern

across gastric and other cancer cell lines for the negative correlations. From this data, the cell

viability of a few thousand drugs and the expression pattern of glucose and glutamine metabolic

gene-sets were subjected to correlation analysis. We have identified a panel of drugs to have high

sensitivity while the cell lines express high levels of glucose-glutamine metabolism gene-set. Of

them, a list of natural product derived molecules were identified and being investigated further.

The well-established metabolites such as camptothecin, paclitaxel, vinca alkaloids, and

colchicine were also found as notable hits, indicating the reliability of the approach. We are

further exploring the specific targeting features of these drugs to target the dysregulated glucose

metabolism in gastric cancer cells.



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REVIEW OF BIOSYNTHESIS OF SILVER

NANOPARTICLES FROM SILKWORM COCOONS.

Dr. M. ANYNUL RIFAYA Associate Professor,R.SURYA,

Department of BIOTECH, P.S.R. Engineering College Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India

ABSTRACT

Sericin protein was extracted from silkworm worm cocoons. The silver nano particles

were synthesized from the sericin protein sample for the addition of the silver nitrate (AgNo3)

and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). It was kept in 24 hrs in incubation. In initially the sericin sample

was a colorless but the addition of silver nitrate (AgNo3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), it

would convert into a Brown in color which means it indicated the presence of

silver nanoparticle in the sample. The absorption peak for the sericin in UV spectrometer in the

range of 250-300nm and, the absorption peak for the silver nano particle at the range of 420nm

and the FTIR spectrometer range was 45-166nm. Analyzed a size of the particles by

using an SEM, TEM, and EDX. The EDX value was observed in the range of 1-100ppm.And the

XRD were also used to analysis the structure of the protein particles.

Key words; Sericin, silver nanoparticles, uses and advantages of sericin.


65

.

Cervical Tuberculosis Presenting as Toothache!!!

V.Latha; Dr. P.Suganthi; Dr. S.Aravind

Dr ALMPGIBMS,Department of Microbiology ,University Of

Madars,Taramani, Chennai-600 113, India.

INTRODUCTION:

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Acid fast bacilli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis if diagnosed early and treated with drugs regularly is completely curable; otherwise

disease disseminates and kills the patient.

Tuberculosis can occur at any age. It can affect any part of the body except hair, nails and

cartilage. Duration of treatment is 6 months in most case. In case of skeletal meningeal and

disseminated tuberculosis 9-18 months of treatment is needed.

Who are all required to be screened for TB in General? Diabetics, Slum dwellers, People

in Orphanages, Old age homes, School for special children and differentially abled persons,

Refugee camps, Dormitories and Prisoners those are in contact with tuberculosis patients. Also

Cancer chemotherapy or radiotherapy patients, Patients on long term immunosuppressant, AIDS

patients requires mandatory screening for tuberculosis. All patients with TB should be screened

for HIV and vice versa.

In this particular case, Cervical Tuberculosis found through Toothache which we couldn’t think

off.

BACKGROUND:

A 56 years old female was on treatment with dentist for 1 month for toothache and

swelling in both cervical regions was thought to be due to spread of tooth infection and treated

with antibiotics but swelling in both cervical regions increased in size and swelling left side was

larger than right. As pain is increasing and swelling increased in size, patient went for second

opinion with General medicine. He found Lymphnode in left side cervical region, so suggested

for Surgeon’s opinion. Surgeon hasdone with the Trucut biopsy and sent for further examination.

METHODS:

Trucut biopsy of the swelling was done and sent for Histopathological examination (HPE).HPE,

AFB staining and PCR for direct detection Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) PCR in a

reference laboratory in Chennai were done. HPE showed Langerhans Giant Cells and AFB

staining was positive. MTB was detected by PCR. Six months of Fixed Dose Combination

(FDC) of Anti Tuberculosis treatment was given. Patient along with allopathic anti Tuberculosis

drugs were given, protein rich food, products of cow’s milk, vitamin and mineral supplements

and Ayurvedicashwagandha tablets.


66

RESULTS:

During the therapy, swelling on both cervical regions reduced drastically and patient recovered

completely on completion of therapy.

CONCLUSION:

Early diagnosis and proper treatment is needed for complete recovery and prevention of

progression to end stage disease. Supportive nutrition and ayurvedic tablets would be helpful for

immunomodulation.


67

Antimicrobial potential of different morphotypes of Aegle marmelos (L.)

Correa.

J. Ezekiel Raj, D. Ramkumar, A. Jaya Prakash Priya and N. Mathivanan*

Biocontrol and Microbial Metabolites Lab, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany,

University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai – 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India.

*E-mail: [email protected]

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa. is the only member of monotypic genus Aegle from Rutaceae

family. It is an indigenous aromatic as well as a sacred tree of the Indian subcontinent. The fruits

of A. marmelos are good source as natural antioxidant and rejuvenating agent, which contain

large numbers of bioactive compounds. In this study, the fruits were collected from 12 different

morphotypes of A. marmelos from different locations of Tamil Nadu. The fruits were sliced and

dried under shade condition. The dried fruit pulp without seeds alone was used for the extraction

of secondary metabolites using methanol and the crude extract was used for the further studies.

Quantitative phytochemical analysis of the crude extract has shown the presence of phenols,

flavanoids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Further, the results have revealed that there were

significant differences among 12 morphotypes of A. marmelos in terms of quantity of

phytochemicals as compared with respective standard. The ability of free radical scavenging

activity was evaluated by DPPH assay. The antimicrobial effect of the crude extract was also

screened against multidrug resistant bacteria and Candida strains by disc diffusion assay. The

minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the best resulted crude extract was also performed by

MTT assay against MDR pathogens. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was performed to

identify the major active compounds against the test pathogens. The focused research is required

to investigate the unexplored and unexploited potential of this fruit on commercial scale.

Key words: Aegle mormelos, phytochemicals, morphotypes, DPPH, MIC, MTT, TLC.


68

Phytochemical and Pharmacological evaluation and HPTLC analysis of leaves of

costus igneus for its Anti hyperlipidaemic activity

M.V.Kumudhavalli1*, B.S.Venketeswarlu,M.Kumar and JSK.Nagarajan2

1.Vinayaka Missions College of Pharmacy 2.JSS college of Pharmacy.

Corresponding author-M.V.Kumudhavalli

Email [email protected]

Herbal medicine is the oldest form of health care to mankind. Herbs had been used by all cultures

throughout history. It was an integral part of the development of modern civilization. Due to the high

rate of toxicity and allergic manifestations of the synthetic drugs and increased cost of production

due involvement of complex technology for research and development, now a days, herbal

preparations are preferred because of their effectiveness. The selected medicinal plant leaves were

shade dried and extracted by successive solvent extraction by using the solvents of increasing

polarity. The extracts obtained were evaporated to get the residue and % yield of residue was

calculated. The phytochemical constituents were identified by chemical tests. The tests showed the

presence of various phytochemical constituents like carbohydrates, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Phenolic

compounds, Sterols, Gums and mucilages and Saponins etc. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of

all the plants showed the presence of majority of phytoconstituents, hence they were selected for

further studies. The selected extracts were evaluated for itsAnti hyperlipidaemic activity. The lipid

profile study also showed significant decrease of TC, TG, VLDL, and LDL and significant increase

of HDL level at the end of the experiment in ethanolic extracts of C. igneus when compare to

aqueous extract. Ethanolic extract of C. igneus was selected for HPTLC studies .The HPTLC plate

of alumina sheets (silica gel 60 F 254)was selected for the study as stationary phase. The study has

reported that by implicating 2.0,5.0,10.0µl of sample, there was two compounds from2 µl, two

compounds from5 µl and 3 compounds from 10 µl were isolated from the ethanolic extract of

leaves of C. igneus.10.0µl volume of sample shows maximum Rf values of 0.04,0.81,0.96 for the

compounds. From the study it is concluded that higher volume of sample application is better to

isolate more compounds by HPTLC from the ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. igneus.

.key words- Anti hyperlipidaemic, HPTLC, TC, TG, VLDL and LDL


69

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SCREENING

HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF AERIAL PARTS OF Flacourtia

jangomas

S.Kavitha, A.Meenajessiliya, P.Manimekalai Swamy Vivekanandha College of pharmacy,

Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract

Background and objectives: several species of Flacourtia jangomas (F.jangomas) are used

traditionally in the management of inflammatory condition. The current study was aimed to

study phytochemical screening and evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of

F.jangomas. Methodology: The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed in the carrageenan-

induced acute rat paw oedema test and analgesics activity was done by induced pain. The data

were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Dunnet’s test by using SPSS V.15

(student trail version). Results: F.jangomas (200 mg/kg of leaf extract) produced marked anti-

inflammatory effect in the carrageenan-induced acute rat paw oedema assay comparable to

Diclofenac sodium (p<0.001).F.jangomas (200mg/kg of stem extract) produced marked

analgesics effect by inducing pain was comparable to Diclofenac and pentazocine. Conclusion:

The results of this study concluded that aqueous extract of F.jangomas showed anti-

inflammatory activity by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzyme and release of prostaglandin and

Analgesic activity by stimuli of pain.

Keywords: Anti-inflammatory, carrageenan, cyclooxygenase enzyme, prostaglandin Analgesics

, Diclofenac , Acetic acid , Pentazocine.


70

ANALGESIC EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF NILAVEMBU KUDINEER

(POLYHERBAL FORMULATION) –A CLASSICAL PREPARATION USED IN

THE TREATMENT OF DENGUE.

P.Manimekalai1, G.Muruganandhan 1, P.Selvam2

1. Swamy vivejkanandha college of Pharmacy, Thiruchengodu, Namakkal (Dt).

2. Aravindhherballabs Pvt.Ltd, Rajapalayam.

Dengue is the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral diseases in terms of morbidity and

mortality in the recent decadewith the classic symptoms of high fever, headache as well as

muscle and joint pain. Nilavembu Kudineer (NK) is one among the 32 types of internal

medicines described in the ancient Siddha system of medicine in south India whichreduces

fever and relieves body aches. NK, a polyherbal formulation made up of nine traditional

herbs in equal parts, isalso recommended for prevention and management of all types of

viral infections including Dengue/Chikugunya.Exploration of bioactive compounds in the

plants is the primary step for the standardization and bioactivity screening ofplants and

formulations. So the current study aims at medicinal activities of NK. Analgesic effects of

NK have beenattributed to more than one ingredient in NK. The medicinal property of the

NK can be also attributed to the combinedeffect of all phytochemicals present in these nine

herbs.

Keywords: Anti-Dengue herbals, Dengue virus, Chikugunya, Fever, Pain, Flavivirus


71

Antimicrobial activity of Allium sp. against multidrug resistant human

pathogens

V. Priyadharshni, N. Manivannan and N. Mathivanan⃰⃰⃰⃰

Biocontrol and Microbial Metabolites Lab, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany,

University of madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai – 600025, India

*E-mail: [email protected]

Allium, popular edible crops belongs to the family Aliaceae, are being used extensively in

traditional medicine. The oval shaped bulbs are being used as a flavouring agent especially in

every day food. Several studies have shown that Allium spp. posses various medicinal

properties, which include anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasaitic,

hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic, immunomodulatory and wound healing activities. As they

exhibited good antimicrobial activity, the present study was aimed to investigate the

antimicrobial activity of a species of Allium against multi drug resistant (MDR) human

pathogens. The processed bulb sample of an Allium sp. has been sequentially extracted with

five different solvents such as hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous

and each solvent crude extract was tested separately for antimicrobial activity against

multidrug resistance human pathogens (Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vancomycin resistance Enterococcus feacalis, Escherichia coli

and Candida albicans). Antimicrobial activity of various solvent extracts against each

pathogen was determined using agar well diffusion method and MTT assay. Among the five

different solvent extracts, dichloromethane and methanol extracts showed promising

antimicrobial activity against all the tested pathogens. In addition, the phytochemical analysis

and GC-MS were carried out for all the extracts to profile the phytoconstituents of Allium sp.

Keywords: Allium sp., antimicrobial activity, anticandidal activity, GC-MS.


72


73

Antifungal activity of medicinal plants extracts against dandruff

causing human scalp pathogenic yeasts


74

A. Jaya Prakash Priya, S. Aroumougame, M.K. Kasinathan, T. Sathiyamoorthy,

and N. Mathivanan*

Biocontrol and Microbial Metabolites Lab, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, GuindyCampus, Chennai – 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India.

*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Fungal infection is a very serious systemic disorder, which is hardly fatal but mostly debilitating

and disfiguring diseases that can give rise to permanent deformations, if untreated.One such

superficial fungal infection being dandruff is a frequent disorder on scalp. It is a multifactor

disease that requires predisposing factors for its progress. Although, antifungal antibiotic agents

are being recommended for the treatment of dandruff pathogens, still appreciable control of the

disease has not been realized. This is mainly due to development of resistance in pathogenic

microorganisms against the antibiotic drugs. It is well established fact that almost half of the

pathogenic microbes have developed resistance against all introduced chemotherapeutics and

allopathic antibiotics. Importantly, plants are playing an essential role in the primary healthcare

needs for the treatment of diseases and to improve the immunological response against

pathogenic microbes. Moreover, plants are the reservoir of the novel bioactive compounds to

combat various pathogens. Hence, in this present study, some of the medicinal plants extracts

were evaluated against the dandruff yeast pathogens. Eight yeast pathogens were isolated from

five different individuals with dandruff infection. Morphological, biochemical, molecular

taxonomical identification were carried out. Among them, a yeast pathogen was identified as

Malassezia furfur which was normally lives on human skin. Further, physiological

characterization (including antibiotic susceptible test) was performed. Totally 14 crude extracts

of ethno-medicinal plants were evaluated for their anti-fungal activity against eight yeast

pathogens. All the 14 extracts were screened for their fungi-static and fungicidalactivities,

besides minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. Among 14 extracts, oneplant

extract showed potential antidandruff activity towards all the eight pathogens. Active crude

extract against the isolated and identified yeast pathogen was done by DNA fragmentation assay

to elucidate the mode of action. The crude extract further subjected to phytochemical analysis,

TLC, ESI-Mass spectroscopy characterization.

Key words:Dandruff, Malassezia furfur, fungicidal, fungi static, MIC

DISCOVERY OF EPIGENETICS DRUG: A NEW INSIGHT TO TARGET

HDAC ENZYMES

A.Umamaheswari, M. Jothika, S. Lakshmana Prabu, A.Puratchikody*

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,


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University College of Engineering (BIT Campus)

Anna University, Tiruchirappalli- 620 024

Epigenetic changes as well as DNA mutations play a vital role in abnormal silencing of tumor

suppressor genes ultimately leading to cancer initiation, progression, and resistance. Evidences

show that anomalous regulation of histone deacetylase is one of the major causes of development

of human malignancies. Histone acetylation is an important mechanism for the control of

eukaryotic transcription. The regulation of gene expression and the balance of histone acetylation

and deacetylation can be sustained by the post translational modifications of core histones. In

recent years, inhibition of HDACs has emerged as a potential strategy to reverse aberrant

epigenetic changes associated with cancer, and several classes of HDAC inhibitors have been

found to have potent and specific anticancer activities in preclinical studies. However, such

studies have also indicated that the effects of HDAC inhibitors could be considerably broader

and more complicated than originally understood.

Although the use of HDAC inhibitors has generated great enthusiasm, a significant amount of

work still needs to be done in order to understand their mechanisms of action, as well as to

determine the appropriate patient characteristics and subsets of cancer for which HDAC

inhibitors hold the most potential for effective treatment of cancer.

Through this work, recent advances in the understanding of the molecular events that underlie

the anticancer effects of HDAC inhibitors, and how such information could be used in

optimizing the development and application of these agents in the clinic, either as monotherapies

or in combination with other anticancer drugs or focusing on a particular isozyme in order to

determine the specific pharmacological action are discussed.

Corresponding author:

Dr.A.PURATCHIKODY

Professor

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology

University College of Engineering (BIT Campus)

Anna University ,Tiruchirappalli- 620 024

Phone: +919626609076Fax: 0431-2407999E-Mail ID: [email protected]



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