international accounting Chap 001
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Transcript of international accounting Chap 001
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc !ll
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Chapter 1
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Introduction to International Accounting
Learning Objectives
1. Understand the nature and scope ofinternational accounting
2. Describe accounting issues created byinternational trade
3. Explain reasons for, and accounting issuesassociated with, foreign direct investment (FDI)
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Introduction to International Accounting
Learning Objectives
4. Describe the practice of crosslisting on foreignstoc! exchanges
5. Explain the notion of internationalharmoni"ation of accounting standards
6. Examine the importance of international trade, FDI,and multinational corporations (#$%s) in theglobal economy
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International Transactions, FDI and
Related Accounting Issues
ale to foreign custo!er
#ost companies first encounter with internationalbusiness occurs as sales to foreign customers
'ften, the sale is made on credit and it is agreed thatthe foreign customer will pay in its own currency (eg,#exican pesos)
earning 'b*ective -
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International Transactions, FDI and
Related Accounting Issues
ale to foreign custo!er
&his gives rise to foreign exchange risk as thevalue of the foreign currency is li!ely to change in
relation to the companys home country currency
(eg, U. dollars)
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International Transactions, FDI and
Related Accounting Issues
ale to foreign custo!er
.uppose that on February +, -//0, 1oe Inc, a U.company, ma!es a sale and ships goods to 1ose,
.2, a #exican customer, for 3+//,/// (U.)
4owever, it is agreed that 1ose will pay in pesos
on #arch -, -//0 &he exchange (spot ) rate as ofFebruary +, -//0 is +/ pesos per U. dollar
4ow many pesos does 1ose agree to pay5
earning 'b*ective -
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International Transactions, FDI and
Related Accounting Issues
ale to foreign custo!er
Even though 1ose .2 agrees to pay +,///,///
pesos (3+//,/// x +/ pesos6U. 3), 1oe, Inc
records the sale (in U. dollars) on February +,
-//0 as follows7
Dr 2ccounts receivable (8)+//,///
%r .ales revenue (8) +//,///
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International Transactions, FDI and
Related Accounting Issues
"edging
1oe can hege (ie, protect itself) against a loss
from an exchange rate fluctuation !eging can
be accomplished by various means, including7
"oreign currenc# option : the right (but not the
obligation) to sell foreign currency at aspecific exchange rate for a specified period of
time
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International Transactions, FDI and
Related Accounting Issues
"edging
"or$ar contract : this is an obligation to
exchange foreign currency at a date in the future, which is
typically ;/, 0/ or 9/ days
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International Transactions, FDI and
Related Accounting Issues
#oreign $irect Invest!ent %#$I& ' occurs when a
company invests in a business operation in a
foreign country &his represents an alternative to
importing to customers and6or exporting from
suppliers in a foreign country &wo types of FDI
are greenfield investment and acquisition
earning 'b*ective ;
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International Transactions, FDI and
Related Accounting Issues
#oreign $irect Invest!ent %#$I&
%reenfiel in&estment : the establishment of a
new operation in the foreign country
'c(uisition : investment in an existing operation
in the foreign country
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International Income Taxation
"oreign income taxes : the foreign government will taxthe companys profits at applicable rates
)*+* income taxes : the U. will tax the companysforeignbased income
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International Transfer Pricing
,ransfer pricing ' setting prices on goods and servicesexchanged between separate divisions within the same
firm &hese prices have a direct impact on the profits ofthe different divisions
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International Transfer Pricing
+hese e,changes are not ar!s-length
transactions thus giving rise to certain
)roble!s in an international conte,t:
,axation : governments in the various countries
often scrutini"e transactions to assure that
sufficient profits are being recorded in that country
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International Transfer Pricing
erformance e&aluation issues : to the extent thatdivision managers are evaluated based on divisional
profits, transfer prices influence division managerperformance evaluation
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International Auditing
/oth internal and e,ternal auditors encounter
differences that arise bet(een auditing in an
international vs. do!estic conte,t. +hese
include:
anguage and cultural differences
Different accounting standards (<22=) and auditingstandards (<22.)
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International "armoni#ation of
Accounting Standards
+he international !ove!ent to(ards a single
set of (orld(ide accounting rules is referred to
as !armoni/ation. International #inancial
e)orting tandards %I#& and .. 7AA8 are
the t(o !ost i!)ortant sets of accounting
rules.
earning 'b*ective ?
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The $lo%al !conom&
everal indicators de!onstrate the e,tent of
business globali9ation:
nternational trae ' In -//0 exports worldwide topped3++@ trillion Aetween +990 and -//0, U. exportsincreased by 00B in volume
"oreign irect n&estment ' Aetween +9C- and -//?worldwide FDI inflows increased from 3?C billion to 39+0billion
earning 'b*ective 0
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The $lo%al !conom&
everal indicators de!onstrate the e,tent of
business globali9ation:
ultinational corporations Cs ' %ompanies thathave headuarters in one country and operate in one ormore other countries %urrently, #$%s account forapproximately +/B of the worlds %ross omestic
rouct %
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The $lo%al !conom&
everal indicators de!onstrate the e,tent of
business globali9ation:
nternational capital markets ' 2s of the end of -//@there were >-- companies representing >? countriescrosslisted on the $ew or! .toc! Exchange ($.E)In addition, over @/ U. companies are crosslisted on
the ondon .toc! Exchange, for example
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