RESETTLEMENT OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS IN NIGERIA:

RETURN, RESETTLEMENT & INTEGRATION OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS IN NIGERIA: GEOGRAPHIC DESIGNS FOR DURABLE SOLUTIONS PROCESS.

Meniru Nkem Levi nkemjika.meniru@gmail.com

Institute of Chartered Geographers of NigeriaHeadquarters, Bz 1&2, Sarduana CrescentOff, Junction Road, Kaduna. Saturday, 9th July, 2016.

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INTRODUCTION

Rosado Caleb (1997), identified three forces already in place in our society that make change inevitable. They are the increasing wave of refugees, displaced population groupsthe breakup of what appeared to be unified countries, resulting in internally political strife and disunityRevival of ethnic nationalism

In June 20, 2016, World Refugee Day, the United Nations announced that there are 65.3 million refugees and internally displaced persons in the world today. Out of which, 38.2 million are IDPs (ECHOFACT SHEETS, 2016), mostly found in Syria, Afghanistan and Nigeria. 2.3millio million people are displaced in Northern Nigeria, 5.2 million with food(Cadre Hamonise,2016) Displacement Tracking Matrix Nigeria Report Round II, February, 2015 gave three reasons for the sudden increase of IDPs.natural disastercommunity clashesterrorist attacks

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DTM, NIGERIA 2015

DTM, Round IX, April, 2016 identified insurgency in the North East as the main reason for the escalation of IDPs in Nigeria.

IDP Population by Reason of Displacement, DTM ROUND IX, April 2016.7

DISPLACEMENT OF IDPs, 2015

www.unicef.org/infobycountry/nigeria.html 8

NUMBER OF IDPs IN NORTH EAST, NIGERIA

www.unicef.org/infobycountry/nigeria.html February, 20159

LGA DISPLACEMENT OF IDPs

DTM Nigeria, Report IX, April, 201610

LOCATION OF DISPLACEMENTS

DISPLACEMENT TRACKING MATRIX, ROUND IX, 201611

KEY SKILLS IN GEOGRAGHYJoseph Kierski, 2015

www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu

ASK GEOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS

What are the Best Possible Principle(s), Practices and tools for obtaining and achieving Durable Solutions for theReturn of IDPs,Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of their places of origin?

DURABLE OPTIONS FOR THE RETURN, REHABILITATION AND REINTEGRATION

The Brookings Institution-London school of Economics(2011) noted that Durable options are achieved when the IDPsno longer require specific assistance and protection that link to their displacement.can enjoy their human rights without discrimination.

PRINCIPLES GUIDING DURABLE SOLUTIONS PROCESS UNITED NATIONS INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM, 4TH OCT, 2011

IDPs RIGHT OF RETURN Tripartite Agreement(2013), Elizabeth Terris et al(2011), Walter Kaelin(2008), Eva-Lotta Hedman (2006), UNHCR (2002) identified the following elements as key to successful and durable return of IDPs.IDPs are entitled to choose whether to return to their place of origin, integrate locally where they were displaced, or settle in another part of the country.Returnees should not suffer from any form of persecutions. There safety must be ensured.

According to UNHCR(1996)repatriation should be voluntary.UNHCR, governments, private organizations NGOs have roles to play in repatriationvoluntary repatriation should be both facilitated and promoted. durable solutions can be achieved through sustainable reintegration at the place of origin (return), sustainable local integration in areas where IDPs take refuge (local settlement)any durable solutions must address human rights, humanitarian development, reconstruction and peace-building challenges.

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UNHCR has a supervisory role in facilitating, coordinating and monitoring the voluntary repatriation and reintegration process, www.unhcr.org, www.aims.org. It has a structured system of Encashment Centers that ensures orderly return and allow for a better protection, monitoring and tracking of returning movements.

CAMP COORDINATION AND CLUSTER MANAGEMENT --- Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM)According to dtm-sop.pdf, DTM is a participatory tool to track and monitor the IDPs in camps or spontaneous camps or collective camps. It aids to track and monitor the services, assistances, access and protection provided by government, inter-government organizations, international non-governmental organizations, community based organizations and civil societies. It is the first hand information acquired within short period of time about the IDPs population, location, size and other settlement issues.

Oduwole Tajudeen and Fadeyi Adebayo (2013), noted that credible information is needed on numbers locations, and conditions of IDPs in order to design effective policies and programmes. According to them, data should be disaggregated by age, gender and other key indicators so that the specific needs of particular groups are taken into account.

DTM QUESTIONNAIREdtm-sop.ptf

DTM REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JULY

camp/nameshelterwashhealthnfieducFood &Nutp&sreloc123456

AFFORDANCE MODEL

The Gibson Ecology theory of direct perception is based on reciprocity, perceiver-environment concept needed to specify its properties. Environment contain all the information. Perceiving these properties is a matter of detecting the information available in the environment. Gibson stated that all animals Perception is automatic. According to him, affordance is the potential uses of an object. We perceive this directly. All the information needed to make sense of the environment is directly present in the visual input. Perception depends on action.

RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION Case 1 : ACEH AND NIAS, INDONESIA BRR Organizational Structure

BOTTOM-UP POLICY, EVOLUTIONAL APPROACH case 1 Case 1: Aceh and NiasDeliberate strategies were put in place to make BRR effective on accomplishing its obligations. Suahasil Nazara, Budy P. Resosudarmo(2007) reported the need for shifting the decision-making and management of BRR, the centralized national commission, to district and local town authorities across Aceh and Nias during reconstruction and rehabilitation was to reduce its role to monitoring, countering corruption and problem solving, gap filling, and donor relations.Building better back in Aceh, Indonesia, Angela Kearney (2009), Representative, UNICEF, reported that local governments led the building process.

bottom -top strategy

Suahasil Nazara, Budy P. Resosudarmo (2007)

MANDATE FOR NORTH EAST DEVELOPMENT COMMISIONABDUL-AZIZ NYAKO, 2015

RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION OF NORTHEAST NIGERIA

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF NORTH-EAST COMMISSION

ABDUL-AZIZ NYAKO (2015)

POTENTAIL RESPONSE MATRIX FOR DURABLE SOLUTIONS FOR REFUGEES AND IDPS WITHIN 24 MONTHS AFTER CONFLICT

KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE CLUSTERJONATHAN RANDALL, EMMA JOWETT(2010)

CLUSTERENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS THAT CAN AFFECT HUMANITARIAN ACTIONSHUMANITARIAN ACTIVITIES THAT CAN CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSWATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENESHELTERCAMP CO-ORDINATIONAND MANAGEMENTLOGISTICSEARLY RECOVERY

ALL THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF PROPOSED PROJECTS

ENVIRONMENTAL FILTER

SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS

IMPACT ANALYSIS decision factors environment relevance

S SCALING IMPACTS FINDING THE SIGNIFANCE OF IMPACTProf. Doutora Maria do Rosrio Partidrio

KEY ELEMENTS OF EIA IN POST-DISASTER SETTING Jonathan Randal et al (2010)

DESIGNS OF MITIGATING MEASURES

STANDARD PROJECT CIRCLE AND EIA Jonathan Randal et al (2010)

EIA TOOLS Samir Afifi (IGU)

EIA CHECKLIST

SIMPLE CHECKLIST

EIA MATRICES

SIMPLE MATRIX

PROJECTACTIONEvironmentalcomponentconstructionoperationutilitiesresidential/commercial buildingsresidential buildingsCommercialbuildingsparks/openspacesfloraxxair qualityxwater qualityxxxemploymentxxtraffic

THE BENEFITS OF EIA IN HUMANITARIAN SETTING Jonathan Randal et al (2010)

AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHSJonathan Randall and Emma Jowett(2010) place maps as the first contact for environmental information gathering. Studies have shown that aerial photographs can be used to depict and analyze geographic features over time. Pre-and post areas of conflict, IDPs destinations, camps are spatial and temporal phenomena. When they are captured in maps, they are of tremendous assist.

BAGA IN NORTH-EAST NIGERIA

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BAGA TOWN, NORTHEAST, NIGERIA MARGARET MYERS,JAN 16, 2015,12:12PM EDT

BAGA TOWN RAIZED TO THE GROUND MARGERET MYERS, JAN 16,2015

CONCLUSION

The crises of refugees and internally displaced persons are the challenges of this 21st Century and beyond confronting our world. Having the right principles, practices, strategies and tools, durable solutions may be found for the resettling and rehabilitation of the IDPs.

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REFERENCES

Building Back in Aceh, UNICEF Indonesia Summary Report (2009)Suahasil Nazara, Budy P. Resosudarmo (2007),Aceh-Nias Reconstruction and Rehabilitation : Progress and Challenges at the End of 2006United Nations Interoffice Memorandum, April, 2011.Christopher Valingot(2016) EUS Humanitarian Response, ECHO FACTS, April, 2016Forced displacement - refugees and internally displaced people IDPs, ECHO Factsheet , June,2016Joseph J Kerski (2015): The top five skills you need for successful career in GIS Education Manager Ikerski@eris.com

Abdul-Aziz Murtala Nyako(2015), Concept Note on North East Development Commission: An Institutional Framework For a Sustainable Solution to the North-East National Security Challengedtm-sop.pdfwww.unhcr.org, www.aims.org/af Oduwole Tajudeen and Fadeyi Adebayo (2013),Issues of Refugees and Displaced Persons in Nigeria, Journal of Sociological Research, Houdegbe, North American University, republic of Benin. www.macrothink.org/jsr Eva-Lotta E Hedman, The right to return: IDPs in Aceh. Refugee Studies Centre, eva-lotta.hedman @ qeh.ox.ac.uk , www.rsc.ox.ac.uk

The Brookings Institution-London School of Economics (2011), Resolving Internal Displacement Prospects for Local Integration.Prof. Doutora Maria do Rosrio Partidrio EIA Methodologies and techniques, Master on Environmental Engineering Ibid. Michael James Braund (2008) The Structures of Perception: An Ecological Perspective, Department of Philosophy, Brook University, Canada. www.kritike.org/journal/issue3/june.James J Gibson (1950) A Theory of Direct Visual Perception, Mifflin, Boston,Houghton