InterMR

(Inter-MANET Routing for Heterogeneous MANETs)

Apr 21, 2023 1

SeungHoon Lee, Mario Gerla (UCLA)Starsky H.Y. Wong, Kang-Won Lee (IBM Research)

Chi-Kin Chau, Jon Crowcroft (University of Cambridge, UK)

Challenges & Motivation

2 Apr 21, 2023

Police (P)Medical crew (MC)

Firefighter (F)

1, Different technologies

2, Different routings

3, Different policies

- WiFi- AODV

- WiFi- DSDV- WiMAX

- OSLR

Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

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Challenges & Motivation

3 Apr 21, 2023

Police (P)Medical crew (MC)

Firefighter (F)

1, Different technologies

2, Different routings

3, Different policies

- WiFi- AODV

- WiFi- DSDV- WiMAX

- OSLR

How can we enable interoperation among heterogeneous MANETs ?

Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

04/21/23 3

Related works (1)

Hybrid Routing (e.g., SHARP[1]) Balancing between proactive & reactive Combining two different routing protocols

Cluster-based networking in MANETs [2] Forming self-organizing clusters Routing between cluster of nodes

Main goal is to improve the routing performance in a single MANET

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[1] V. Ramasubramanian, Z. J. Haas, and E. G. Sirer. SHARP: A hybrid adaptive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. In Proc. ACM MOBIHOC, June 2003.[2] Xiaoyan Hong, Mario Gerla, Yunjung Yi, Kaixin Xu and Taek Jin Kwon. “Scalable Ad Hoc Routing in Large, Dense Wireless Networks Using Clustering and Landmarks In Proc. ICC ‘02

Related works (2) Border Gateway Protocol(BGP) [3]

Inter-domain routing among heterogeneous domains(ASs) Enabling administrative control over intra-domain and inter-domain

routing policy

BGP is for wired networks, not suitable for dynamic topology changes

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[3] Y. Rekhter and T. Li. RFC 1771: A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4), March 1995.

Challenges & Motivation

Inadequacy of existing ad hoc routing for MANETs Improves network performance in a single MANET

Limitations of BGP Not suitable for mobility No split/merge Only works well with hierarchical prefixes

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InterMR (Inter-MANET Routing for Heterogeneous

MANETs)

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Design Goals

(1) Preserve internal protocol architecture No changes required in intra-MANET protocol stack InterMR operates with any protocols

(2) Effectively handle inter/intra MANET topology changes, while seamlessly providing inter-MANET routing

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Main Contributions

(1) A new inter-MANET protocol architecture

(2) Content/Attribute based MANET addressing Transparent to split/merge No DNS requirements

(3) Dynamic Gateway Election Maximizing network performance yet minimizing

protocol overhead

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Protocol Architecture: InterMR Component Interacts with intra-MANET protocol stack

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Routing: AODV/DSDV/TORA/DSR

APP Traffic (CBR, video etc)

RoutingTable

MAC/Link: 802.11a/b/…

PHY Interface 0 (base interface)

Internal Protocol Stack

Interacts with intra-MANET protocol stack

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Routing: AODV/DSDV/TORA/DSR

APP Traffic (CBR, video etc)

RoutingTable

MAC/Link: 802.11a/b/…

PHY Interface 0 (base interface)

InterMR

InterMRTable

MAC/Link: 802.11a/b/…

PHY Interface 1

InterMRApplication Traffic and Existing Routing traffic unaware of InterMR

Optional

Internal Protocol Stack

Protocol Architecture: InterMR Component

Protocol Architecture: Gateway

Gateway maintains InterMR component Subset of nodes in each MANET Maintains intra/inter MANET topology information

Propagating intra-MANET information to outside Receiving inter-MANET information from other Gateways

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MANET AMANET A Gateway MANET BMANET B

A1A2B1

B2

Protocol Architecture: Gateway

Roles of Gateway Handling inter-MANET routing Enforcing inter-MANET routing policies Monitoring security and performing authentication

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Apr 21, 2023

MANET AMANET A Gateway MANET BMANET B

A1A2B1

B2

Protocol Architecture: e-InterMR, i-InterMR

e-InterMR Inter-MANET communication by broadcasting (single hop) Detecting external topology change (e-InterMR beacon) Exchanging Inter-MANET routing information

i-InterMR Intra-MANET communication by underlying routing protocol Detecting internal topology change (i-InterMR beacon) Synchronizing Inter-MANET routing information among intra

Gateways

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MANET AMANET A Gateway MANET BMANET Be-InterMR

i-InterMR

A1A2B1

B2

Non-Gateway

Dynamic MANET Addressing Dynamic MANET Split/Merge

Detection by periodic i-InterMR beacon

Unique MANET Address Generate a new MANET address based on attributes inside MANET

IP addresses, MAC, symbolic name, type of nodes (e.g., vehicle), contents stored in nodes

Represented by Bloom Filter Guarantee uniqueness of MANTET address

To avoid routing inconsistencies/loops Simply check attributes of each MANET

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Dynamic MANET Addressing Bloom Filter & MANET address generation

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B1

B2

b1b2

B3

0 1 1 0 1 1

Bloom Filter(BF)

MANET address

Hash

Dynamic MANET Addressing Bloom Filter & MANET address generation

MANET Split Generating New Bloom filters/ MANET addresses

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B1

B2

b1

b2

B3

0 0 1 0 1 1

Bloom Filter(BF)

0 1 0 0 0 1

Bloom Filter(BF)

Hash

Hash

MANET addr

MANET addr

Protocol Architecture: Routing Tables

Gateway maintains two routing tables InterMR routing table

Inter-MANET topology information Bloom filter of each MANET, next hop info.

Base routing table (i.e., AODV or DSDV) Intra-MANET topology information

destinations in the same MANET

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Gateway

InterMR Base

Inter-MANET information

Intra-MANET destinations

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Protocol Architecture: Example

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A1B1

B2

MANET A (AODV) MANET B (DSDV)

C1

MANET C (DSR)

b1b2

c1

B3

a1

a2

Protocol Architecture: Example

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e-InterMRA1B2

MANET A (AODV) MANET B (DSDV)

C1

MANET C (DSR)

A1

InterMR AODV

C1

InterMR DSR

B2

InterMR DSDV

B1

InterMR DSDV

e-InterMR

i-InterMR

a1

b1b2

c1

dst:

a1, a2

BF[a1, a2,A1]

BF[a1,a2, A1]

next: MANET A

BF[a1,a2,A1]

next: B1

BF[a1,a2,A1]

next: MANET B

B3

B1

e-InterMR

a2

Protocol Architecture: Example

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e-InterMRA1B2

MANET A (AODV) MANET B (DSDV)

C1

MANET C (DSR)

A1

InterMR AODV

C1

InterMR DSR

B2

InterMR DSDV

B1

InterMR DSDV

e-InterMR

i-InterMR

a1

b1b2

c1

dst:

a1, a2

BF[a1, a2,A1]

BF[b1,b2..B3] next: MANETB

BF[c1,C1] next: MANET B

BF[a1,a2, A1] next: MANET A

BF[b1,b2.,..B3]

BF[c1,C1] next: B2

BF[a1,a2,A1]

next: B1

BF[b1,b2..B3]

BF[c1,C1] next: MANET C

BF[a1,a2,A1]

next: MANET B

BF[b1,b2,…B3]

next: MANET B

BF[c1,C1]

B3

B1

a2

dst:

b1, b2

B1,B3

dst:

b1, b2

B1,B3

dst:

c1, C1

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Static assignment may result: Inter-MANET connectivity gets lost with node mobility Node mobility causes

Loss of connectivity: Gateways are not able to communicate with other gateways

Partition Isolation: A partition without any gateways

MANET A1

(AODV)

MANET A1

(AODV)MANET B

(DSDV)

MANET B

(DSDV) A1 B1 B2

MANET A2

(AODV)

MANET A2

(AODV)

Necessitate an adaptive approach

A2

A3

A4

Gateway Deployment

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Design Goals Maximize network performance (i.e., inter-MANET connectivity) Minimize the protocol overhead/ resource consumption

(i.e., minimum number of active gateways)

Distributed algorithm Local decision by each gateway

Become active only necessary

Dynamic Gateway Election

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• Initial topology• Active gateways: G1, G2, G3, G4• Inactive gateways: G5

• Topology change

Dynamic Gateway Election: Example

G3G5

G1

G4

G2

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Dynamic Gateway Election: Example

G3

G4G1

G5G2

• Step 1: Collect Inter-MANET connectivity information– By e-InterMR

G1: MANET A, B

G4: MANET A, B

G2: -

G3: MANET C

G5: MANET D

e-InterMR Control Message

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Dynamic Gateway Election: Example

G3

G4G1

G5G2

i-InterMR Control Message

• Step 2: Exchange connectivity information– Gateways exchange beacons in

the same MANET– Beacons contain the

connectivity info.

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Dynamic Gateway Election: Example

G3

G4G1

G5G2

i-InterMR Control Message

• Step 2: Exchange connectivity information– Gateways exchange beacons in

the same MANET– Beacons contain the

connectivity info.

G1: MANET A, BG2: -G3: MANET CG4: MANET A, BG5: MANET D

MANET: A, B, C, D

G1

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Dynamic Gateway Election: Example

G3

G4G1

G5G2

i-InterMR Control Message

• Step 2: Exchange connectivity information– Gateways exchange beacons in

the same MANET– Beacons contain the

connectivity info.

G1: MANET A, BG2: -G3: MANET CG4: MANET A, BG5: MANET D

MANET: A, B, C, D

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5

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Dynamic Gateway Election: Example

G3

G4G1

G5G2

Step 3: Elect Active Gateways Covers all of reachable

MANETs with the minimum # of GWs

Local Decision

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5

G1: MANET A, BG2: -G3: MANET CG4: MANET A, BG5: MANET D

MANET: A, B, C, D

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Dynamic Gateway Election: Example

G3

G4G1

G5G2

Step 3: Elect Active Gateways Covers all of reachable

MANETs with the minimum # of GWs

Local Decision

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5

G1: MANET A, BG2: -G3: MANET CG4: MANET A, BG5: MANET D

MANET: A, B, C, D

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Dynamic Gateway Election: Example

G3

G4G1

G5G2

Step 3: Elect Active Gateways Covers all of reachable

MANETs with the minimum # of GWs

Local Decision

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5

G1: MANET A, BG2: -G3: MANET CG4: MANET A, BG5: MANET D

MANET: A, B, C, D

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Dynamic Gateway Election: Example

G3

G4G1

G5G2

Step 3: Elect Active Gateways Covers all of reachable

MANETs with the minimum # of GWs

Local Decision

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5

G1: MANET A, BG2: -G3: MANET CG4: MANET A, BG5: MANET D

MANET: A, B, C, D

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Dynamic Gateway Election: Example

G3

G4G1

G5G2

Step 3: Elect Active Gateways Covers all of reachable

MANETs with the minimum # of GWs

Local Decision

G1: MANET A, BG2: -G3: MANET CG4: MANET A, BG5: MANET D

MANET: A, B, C, D

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5

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Dynamic Gateway Election: Example

G3

G4G1

G5G2

Step 3: Elect Active Gateways Covers all of reachable

MANETs with the minimum # of GWs

Local Decision

G1: MANET A, BG2: -G3: MANET CG4: MANET A, BG5: MANET D

MANET: A, B, C, D

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5

Active!

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Dynamic Gateway Election: Example

G3

G4G1

G5G2

Step 3: Elect Active Gateways Covers all of reachable

MANETs with the minimum # of GWs

Local Decision

G1: MANET A, BG2: -G3: MANET CG4: MANET A, BG5: MANET D

MANET: A, B, C, D

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5

Inactive

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Dynamic Gateway Election: Example

G3

G4G1

G5G2

Step 3: Elect Active Gateways Covers all of reachable

MANETs with the minimum # of GWs

Local Decision

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Dynamic Gateway Election: Example

G3

G1

Step 3: Elect Active Gateways Local Decision

G1: Active

G2: Active Inactive

G3: Active

G4: Active Inactive

G5: Inactive Active

G4

G5G2

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Implemented InterMR in NS2

Performance metrics # of Active gateways elected Connectivity (# of reachable destinations)

Settings Mobility Patterns

Reference Point Group Mobility (RPGM) Random Waypoint Mobility

100 nodes with 2 MANETs, 4 MANETs Area: 1500mx1500m, 2000mx2000m

Evaluation

Evaluation (1) – Reference Point Group Mobility

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Outperforms Static GW assignment scheme Guarantees inter-MANET connectivity

Adaptively elects more/less number of active GWs as network topology changes

Evaluation (2) – Random Waypoint

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Network Connectivity decreases with RWP InterMR elects more active GWs

Conclusion

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Designed a novel Inter-MANET Routing protocol (InterMR) Handles heterogeneity of MANETs & node mobility Adaptively adjusts to topology changes via dynamic GW

election Scalable, yet maximizing network performance

Implemented, evaluated InterMR NS2, various mobility patterns Effectively achieves the maximal performance

Future work Various performance metrics on gateway election

Resource balancing, Routing Policy, etc.

Question & Answer

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Thank you!