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Audio Listener. Don’t worry about what they mean yet – I just wanted to show an example of how you can see

components on an object and configure its settings.

Along with the panels, Unity exposes a host of functionality via the toolbar. The two items you’ll be most interested

in are the Game Object and Component items.

The Game Object menu item provides you with a list of items you can add to the current scene. The submenu items

you’ll be interested in are Create Empty and Create Other -> GUI Texture. Create Empty places a new (empty)

GameObject onto the scene. Create Other -> GUI Texture creates a GameObject with the GUITexture component

attached and the currently selected texture as its texture, or the default Unity logo if a texture is not selected.

At this point, you have a basic understanding of the Unity interface. You’ll get a chance to start playing around with

it in the next section, where you’ll start creating your Unity scene!

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Currently, the scoreboard is a child of the background, but you want it as a separate object. So in the Hierarchy

view, drag it from a child of the scene into the root of the Hierarchy. The following dialog will appear – click

Continue.

Note: GameObjects can have children and those children can have children, and so on and so forth. Children of a

GameObject don’t directly inherit functionality of their parent (unless explicitly scripted), but rather use their

parent’s scene space to position themselves. For instance, if the parent was moved along the x-axis, then all the

children of the parent would also be moved e.g. if you held a basketball (your child) and walked forward, the

basketball would move forward with you.

To make a child independent so that it doesn’t inherit the translation, orientation, and scale of its parent (also known

as the object’s “pose”), then simply drag it out of its parent folder as you did here.

The reason you split out the Scoreboard like this was so you could add some 3D Text objects to it, to show the

earned points and remaining time. This is not mandatory but rather an choice for aesthetics and organisation. Doing

so helps (visually) de-couple it from the rest of the scene and gives you the choice of creating a prefab (which we

will talk about later) that you would use if you were to create multiple levels.

The 3D Text object is — surprise! :] — an object that renders text in a 3D environment.

Add a 3D Text object to the scene by selecting the Menu GameObject -> Create Other -> 3D Text. This will place a

new GameObject called New Text into your scene.

Rename this 3D Text object to Points and drag it into your Scoreboard object. Next, associate thescoreboard font

with the 3D text by performing the following steps:

Drag the Project\NothingButNet\Fonts\Scoreboard font to theHierarchy\Scoreboard\Points\Text

Mesh\Font property

Drag the Project\NothingButNet\Fonts\Scoreboard\Font Material material to

theHierarchy\Scoreboard\Points\Mesh Renderer\Materials\Element 0 property

In the inspector for the 3D Text, set the default text to “0000″ and the alignment to right middle aligned. Then use

the Scene panel to position the font on the right spot on the Scoreboard. Note you may have to rotate the text to get it

to show up right – for me, my settings were X=0, Y=0, Z=2.8, Rotation X=270, Y=180, Z=0.

Now perform the same step for the Time text by duplicating the Points text using Cmd-D and positioning it slightly

below. Name the duplicated object Time and set the default text to 00:00.

In the end you should have something that looks like the following:

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Your scene is looking pretty good, isn’t it? Feel like a real director yet? :]

Unity Physics: Colliders and Bodies It’s time to add Components to your Scene’s GameObjects so that they can react to each other!

Your goal is to have your objects react to each other when they collide. Luckily, Unity contains a fully-integrated

physics engine and has packaged it up into a suite of Components that can easily dock onto your GameObjects.

Before you add ‘physics’ capabilities to your objects, you’ll need to first take a look into what ‘Physics’ means in

Unity.

Click on the Components -> Physics menu (top toolbar) and have a quick look through the types of components

readily available to you.

Colliders define the physical dimensions of your object, which can be independent of the visual shape of the object.

In general, the colliders are ordered by complexity, and the more complex the object, the performance cost of using

these objects rises.

Where possible, use Box/Sphere to encapsulate your objects, as these Colliders have the least computational load for

your application. The other common Collider you’ll use frequently is the Mesh Collider. This uses the 3D model’s

mesh to define the boundary of your object. In this case, the visual dimensions will equal the physical dimensions.

In addition to physically colliding with other objects, a Collider can be set up as a trigger that can detect collisions

(so you can make something happen programmatically), but not actually cause any collision responses. This will be

useful so you can detect when the ball goes through the basketball net.

In order for objects to react, each object must have some form of body in addition to a collider. This is done by

either adding a Rigidbody or CharacterController to the GameObject.

The best way to get comfortable with Physics is to play around – let’s make that basketball bounce!

Bounce that Basketball! Select the basketball, and add a Rigidbody onto it by selecting Component > Physics > Rigidbody. Then hit the Play

button in the upper center of Unity to preview the gameplay – you’ll see the basketball fall below the floor.

If your basketball “warps” to the middle of the scene when you click play, select the basketball and unclick the

Animation checkbox in the properties and try again. It should stay in the right spot now.

But it wouldn’t be much of a game if the ball was allowed to fly out of the scene! :] You’ll need to create a set of

boundaries that will constrains the ball to the playing area.

To do this, select the scene.Wall object and select Component > Physics > Mesh Collider. Repeat for the

scene.Ground and scene.Background objects. Then select the scene.court object and select Component > Physics >

Box Collider.

If you play the scene again, you’ll see that it still falls through the floor. This is because you still haven’t set up a

collider for the basketball!

So select the basketball and go to Component > Physics > Sphere Collider to set up a sphere collider for your

basketball. It will default to the right size, but you can change the radius if you want in the Inspector’s Sphere

Collider section.

Along with the ball reacting to the environment, you’ll also want it to bounce when it collides with an object. To do

this, you’ll need to assign a special type of Material that Unity provides called a Physic Material.

Where Materials affect how objects look, Physic Materials determine how the object behaves when a collision

occurs. This is associated with the Material property of the GameObjects Collider component.

The following image shows the properties of the Rigidbody attached to the basketball:

On the Project panel, select the Create dropdown menu and then select Physic Material to create aPhysic Material ,

and name it BallPhyMat.

Now set the properties of the Physic Material as shown below. Details on the function of each of the properties

shown below is out of scope for this tutorial, but further information can be found

athttp://docs.unity3d.com/Documentation/ScriptReference/PhysicMaterial.html.

In order to allow the ball to bounce, friction is set fairly low.

To associate the newly created Physic Material to the basketball, select the Physic Material you just created and

drag it to the to the basketball’s Collider material property.

Click the play button again, and this time it falls to the floor and bounces, w00t! :]

As for the hoop, you want it to react to the ball as well as detect when the ball goes through the net. Add aMesh

Collider to the hoop mesh (hoop.LeftHoop).

Also, you want to set up a sensor or “trigger” to detect when the ball goes through the hoop. To do this, add a Box

Collider to hoop.LeftHoop_001, but shorten the box and position it so it’s just below the net (you can do this by

tweaking the values in the Inspector – I changed Center Z to -1.4 and Size Z to 0.2). Also, click the checkbox to set

the trigger property to true.

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Note: Colliders are shown in the Scene panel in a green outline — unless they are Mesh Colliders , in which case

it’s the mesh that shows the collision boundaries.

The approach used to bounce the ball requires that the game can detect when the ball collides with the player’s hand.

When this occurs, you will push the ball back down to the ground, just like it happens in real life! To attach the

collider at the correct position, you’ll drill down to the player’s skeleton and add the collider to the hand which will

be used to bounce the ball.

The above screenshot shows you the children of the player GameObject. Where do these children come from? Good

question! :]

These children form the skeleton built to animate the player – the parent is the pelvis which also has theSkeleton

Mesh Renderer component attached to it, which is responsible for rendering the mesh,. The children are

the bones of the skeleton which were built in Blender. ArmIK_L, ArmIK_R, LegIK_L, LegIK_R are just handles

used in Blender and have no function in your app.

Now add a Box

Collider toplayer\BPlayerSkeleton\Pelvis\Hip\Spine\Shoulder_R\UpperArm_R\LowerArm_R\Hand_R and resize

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And that’s it for the first part! :] In the next section of this tutorial, you’ll bring your scene to life with interactivity

and animation. That will happen when you’re introduced to Scripting. Until next time!  

Beginning Unity 3D for iOS: Part 2/3

Learn how to use Unity to make a simple 3D iOS game!

This is a post by Tutorial Team Member Christine Abernathy, an Engineer on the Developer Advocacy team

at Facebook.

Welcome to the second part of the tutorial series on Beginning Unity 3D for iOS!

In the first part of this series, you learned the basics of Unity by building a very simple project and deploying it to an

iOS device. You’ll want to be sure to go through that part of the tutorial before moving on to this one.

Now in this second part, you’ll add functionality to enrich the project, including better player movement and better

game scenery. You’ll also learn how to use Unity Remote for debugging.

Once again, game on!

Getting Started: A Change of Scenery Open your Unity project from Part 1 of the tutorial. If you don’t have it already, here are the download links:<=""

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13px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 104, 55); ">Unity Project, Xcode Project.

You’ll make your changes for this part of the tutorial in a new scene, so you can easily have the old one for

reference later if you’d like.

Select File\Save Scene as… and name your new scene Level_2. The new Level_2 scene should show up in the

Project View.

All the assets you had in the previous scene, such as scripts, are now available for use in your new scene. You can

make changes to the GameObjects present in the Level_2 scene without affecting the same objects in the Level_1

scene.

Gettin’ Jiggy With It First you’ll enhance the player’s movement. Currently your Heroic Cube always moves forward and rotates right.

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Why don’t you take your Heroic Cube for a spin using the Unity Editor? Click the Play button and experience your

newfound freedom – oh, the joy of being able to rotate left and right, and move forwards and backwards!

Use the left/right/up/down arrow keys to move around, and also test out the W/A/S/D keys. The player movements

are much smoother now, thanks to the Character Controller component and your scripting genius.

Give yourself a pat on the back before continuing. :]

Debugging with Unity Remote You might have noticed in the last tutorial that testing your project on your iOS device was a bit cumbersome. The

entire process of exporting to an Xcode project and building and running on your device can take quite a bit of time,

which really adds up during development.

The good news is there’s a better way! The fastest way to debug your game on iOS is using an app called Unity

Remote. This allows you to skip the steps of building your project for iOS, launching Xcode and deploying on your

device.

With the Unity Remote iOS app, you can link your iOS device to the Unity Editor and control your Unity Editor

from the iOS device. This allows you to quickly debug your game inside the Unity Editor.

Unity Remote is available for free via the App Store. Download and install the app on your device.

Note: To use Unity Remote, your iOS device and your computer should both be on the same Wi-Fi network. In

addition, the Unity Editor window must be in the foreground in order for this to work. If you send the Unity Editor

window to the background, you’ll get a “Waiting for game view. Press ‘Play’” message on the iOS app.

Click Play in the Unity Editor. On your iOS device, launch the Unity Remote app. Select your computer from the

list that appears. If your computer is not listed, try entering your computer’s IP address in the Unity Remote’s IP

setting.

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GameObject is actually composed of two child GameObjects.

A procedure called parenting was used to set up the joystick parent/child GameObject relationship. Parenting is

useful if you want to create a composite GameObject that has linked GameObjects. For example, you may want the

left and right joysticks to be enabled or disabled at the same time, and it’s much easier to do this via script if they

can be treated as a single object.

Select the LeftJoystick GameObject and note that it has the Joystick script component attached to it. Select

the RightJoystick GameObject and verify the same.

The Joystick script detects touch events on the GUI Texture (the graphic) attached to it and repositions it with

certain constraints. For example, the graphics only move inside a given boundary. The script also normalizes the

position output so that it’s within the -1 to +1 range. This allows you to use the joystick in an iOS environment as a

substitute for Input.GetAxis().

At this point you’ve placed the two joysticks in the scene, but they’re not yet connected to your Heroic Cube to

drive input. You’ll modify the script to assign the right joystick the task of rotating the player, while the left joystick

will move the player back and forth.

Modify the MoveAround script to handle joystick input. Open the script for editing and add two public variables

representing the move and rotate joysticks (at the top where the other variables are): var moveJoystick : Joystick; var rotateJoystick : Joystick;

Then add a new function that looks at the joystick position and returns an output between -1 and +1. Add it right

after the Update() function: function joyStickInput (joystick : Joystick) { var absJoyPos = Vector2 (Mathf.Abs(joystick.position.x), Mathf.Abs(joystick.position.y)); var xDirection = (joystick.position.x > 0) ? 1 : -1; var yDirection = (joystick.position.y > 0) ? 1 : -1; return ( ( absJoyPos.x > absJoyPos.y) ? absJoyPos.x * xDirection : absJoyPos.y * yDirection); }

The joystick input is a Vector2 input, having x and y components. You use the larger, absolute value of x or y to set

the output. You use the direction of the joystick as a multiplier to denote a negative or positive value. This results in

an output value between -1 and +1.

Modify the Update() function to handle input from the Unity Editor or from an iOS device: function Update () { var controller : CharacterController = GetComponent(CharacterController); // Rotate around y - axis var rotatePos = Input.GetAxis ("Horizontal") ? Input.GetAxis ("Horizontal") : joyStickInput(rotateJoystick); transform.Rotate(0, rotatePos * rotateSpeed, 0); // Move forward / backward var forward = transform.TransformDirection(Vector3.forward); var movePos = Input.GetAxis ("Vertical") ? Input.GetAxis ("Vertical") : joyStickInput(moveJoystick); var curSpeed = speed * movePos; controller.SimpleMove(forward * curSpeed);

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Connect the Dots Next you’ll create the line connecting the posts so that the player can clearly see the finish line. You’ll do this by

drawing a line from one post to the other via script.

Select Asset\Create\JavaScript to create the new script and name it FinishLineRender. Open the script by double-

clicking it in the Project View. Delete the stubbed out functions and add the following code: // The finish line posts var post1 : Transform; var post2 : Transform; var lineColor : Color = Color.green; function Start () { // Set the visual for the finish line posts var lineRenderer : LineRenderer = gameObject.AddComponent(LineRenderer); lineRenderer.SetPosition(0, post1.position); lineRenderer.SetPosition(1, post2.position); lineRenderer.material = new Material (Shader.Find("Particles/Additive")); lineRenderer.SetColors(lineColor, lineColor); }

The LineRenderer class allows you to draw lines in 3D space. Given an array of points, you can use the Line

Renderer component (Components\Effects\Line Renderer) to draw straight lines.

You could have added the Line Renderer component to the Finish Line object and hard-coded the transform

positions for Post1 and Post2, but it’s easier to create the Line Renderer through code. That’s what you’re doing

here.

You draw the line in the Start() function, as it only needs to happen once. First you add the LineRendererscript

interface component, then you set the first and second points for the line to the values from the variable inputs that

will be tied to the two posts. You set the material for the renderer.

Finally, you set the color for the start and end of the line. The line color variable is made public so you can change

it.

Attach the FinishLineRender script component to the Finish Line GameObject.

Hint: You can add the script to the GameObject by selecting the Finish Line object and then tapping the Add

Component button in the Inspector. This should bring up a search box – simply type the first few letters of the word

“FinishLineRender” and it should show you the script.

Assign the

Preview th

finish line.

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if (other.gameObject.tag == "Player") { Debug.Log("You made it!!!"); } } @script RequireComponent(Collider)

You call the OnTriggerEnter() function whenever another collider enters the GameObject. The GameObject needs

to be set up as a trigger for the event to fire (which you’ve already done for the Goal object).

The player GameObject has a Character Controller component that is a Collider. So when the player runs into

the Goal GameObject, the OnTriggerEnter() event is fired.

In your code, you check if the GameObject that entered the Goal has a tag named “Player”. If that’s the case, the

Heroic Cube has crossed the finish line.

Attach the FinishLineDetection script to the Goal GameObject.

Hint: With the Goal object selected in the Hierarchy View, you can drag the FinishLineDetectionscript from the

Project View to the Inspector\Add Component button to attach the script component to the GameObject.

Before you tag the player, give the player GameObject a name other than plain old “cube”. To keep things

consistent, rename the Cube GameObject to Player.

Now, add a tag to the player object to enable the finish line detection logic. In the Inspector for the player, drop

down the Tag selection and choose Player.

Player is on

game.

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Now you must tag the Obstacle GameObject so that later on you can take care of clearing out Obstacleinstances of

the scene when a new game is started.

For this, create a new tag named Enemy. Click on Inspector\Tag\Add Tag. The TagManager will show up in the

right side panel. Expand the Tags array by clicking on the triangle next to the Tags label). Set the value of Element 0

to Enemy.

Select the Obstacle GameObject and tag the object with the new Enemy tag.

When Obstacle is instantiated, the code you’ll add will expect a Rigidbody component to be attached to the obstacle.

Set that up by adding a Rigidbody. Select Component\Physics\Rigidbody (with Obstacle still selected):

Click on the Assets folder in the Project View. Create a Prefab of your obstacle by selectingAssets\Create\Prefab.

The Project View should show an empty Prefab. Name it Obstacle.

Note: If you have larger asset icons than in the screenshot above and wonder how you can get the list view of asset

items, simply slide the slider below the asset list all the way to the left. :]

Drag the Obstacle GameObject into this new Prefab.

The Prefab changes to a blue color to indicate that it has been assigned.

Now that you’ve created the Prefab as a reusable asset, you no longer need it in the scene. The launcher will take

care of instantiating an Obstacle instance when needed. In the Hierarchy View, select theObstacle GameObject,

right-click and select Delete.

Release the Krak… Err, Obstacles Next, complete the process by creating logic through a script to launch obstacles.

Create a new script asset and name it ObstacleLauncher.

Hint: You can also right-click in the Project View and select Create\JavaScript to create a script.

Open the new script and replace the stub functions with the following code: var projectile : Rigidbody; var speed = 5; var maxObstacles = 2; var launchInterval : float = 5.0; var target : Transform; private var nextLaunch : float = 0.0; private var numObstaclesLaunched = 0; function Start () {

if (target == null) { // Find the player transform target = GameObject.FindGameObjectWithTag("Player").transform; } } function Update () { if ((numObstaclesLaunched < maxObstacles) && (Time.time > nextLaunch)) { // Set up the next launch time nextLaunch = Time.time + launchInterval; // Set up for launch direction var hit : RaycastHit; var ray : Ray; var hitDistance : float; // Instantiate the projectile var instantiatedProjectile : Rigidbody = Instantiate(projectile, transform.position, transform.rota // Simple block, try to get in front of the player instantiatedProjectile.velocity = target.TransformDirection(Vector3.forward * speed); // Increment the launch count numObstaclesLaunched++; } }

The launcher is programmed to launch a certain number of obstacles just in front of the player. It therefore needs an

input that represents the player. Previously, when assigning GameObjects to script, you’ve done so by dragging the

GameObject to the script variable using the Editor. The Start() function code shows another way to do this.

In Start(), a check is made to see if there is no target assigned. If no target is found, the code looks for a GameObject

with the Player tag and assigns this GameObject to the target variable.

The GameObject.FindGameObjectWithTag() function call is typically an expensive call, as it needs to look through

all GameObjects. So you’ll want to call this in Start() (which gets called once) and avoid putting it in,

say, Update() (which gets called multiple times).

In the code, Update() first checks if the Launcher has sent out the maximum obstacles allowed. If not, it also checks

if a set time interval has passed. This is to avoid launching too many obstacles within a short amount of time.

If it’s time to launch another obstacle, then the Obstacle Prefab is instantiated at the position and rotation

corresponding to the Launcher. The instantiated obstacle is then launched in a direction that matches the player’s

forward direction, so as to land just in front of the player.

Now save your code and tie up loose ends. First, attach the ObstacleLauncher script to the LauncherGameObject.

Assign the Obstacle Prefab to the projectile variable in the script (you can drag the Prefab from the Assets list to the

variable). Assign the Player GameObject to the target variable in the script.

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Unity provides GUI controls that make it easy to add text labels and button functionality.

ThegameMessageDisplay variable controls where the display is shown. Here you set up the countdown timer to

display across the top of the screen.

OnGUI() is called when an event occurs such as a mouse click, or at least once a frame. GUI.Box() creates a Box

Control using the dimensions you set up initially and with the current game message, which consists of the

countdown time info, a success message or a failure message.

The gameTimeAllowed variable represents the game timer and is set to 20 seconds.

ThegameTimeRemaining variable tracks the currently remaining time. It is initially set to

thegameTimeAllowed value and is decremented by Time.deltaTime in Update().

Time.deltaTime is the time in seconds that the last frame took to complete. Keep in mind that the frame rate may

vary and so this value may also vary. When the gameTimeRemaining value is below zero, thetimedOut flag is set to

true and the player is shown a timeout message.

The code also sets up a gameRunning flag to track if – you guessed it – the game is running. This is useful to stop

the countdown logic and you’ll use it later on to control object behavior when the game is not running.

Attach the script to your Main Camera object:

Play the game and dawdle around until time runs out in order to test the countdown display and the failure case. It’s

a little hard to see, but don’t worry, you’ll change that soon. Stop the game.

Sometimes You Win, Sometimes You Lose You should display a success message when the Heroic Cube crosses the finish line, or rather the invisible wall – it

deserves some encouragement for finishing the challenge! The message will include the time it took to complete the

challenge.

You should also let the player know when time’s up!

The best place to set these messages is the GameController script. However, the finish line detection code is in

another script: FinishLineDetection.

One way you can handle this is to define a function in GameController that the FinishLineDetection script can call

when the player crosses the line. This function can then trigger the desired message display via

theOnGUI() function.

Add two private variables to the GameController script. One will track the time to complete the challenge and the

other will flag a successful mission (the following code can go below the other existing private variables):

private var missionCompleted : boolean = false; private var missionCompleteTime : float = gameTimeAllowed;

Then add the following code to the end of the GameController script: function MissionComplete() { if (!gameRunning) return; missionCompleted = true; gameRunning = false; missionCompleteTime = gameTimeAllowed - gameTimeRemaining; }

MissionComplete() checks if the game is running. If it is, it sets a private missionCompleted flag to true and

the gameRunning flag to false. The time it took to complete the mission is then saved.

Now modify OnGUI() and add the success case (as shown below) to show the time it took to complete the message.

The new code goes just after the var text : String = “”; line and alters the existing if condition: if (missionCompleted) { text = String.Format( "{0:00}:{1:00}", parseInt( missionCompleteTime / 60.0 ), parseInt( missionComple gameMessageLabel = "Mission completed in: " + text; } else if (timedOut) { gameMessageLabel = "Time's up!!"; ...

Switch to the FinishLineDetection script and modify it as follows (the additions are marked with comments): #pragma strict var gameControllerScript : GameController; // 1: new function OnTriggerEnter(other : Collider) { if (other.gameObject.tag == "Player") { Debug.Log("You made it!!!"); gameControllerScript.MissionComplete(); // 2: new } } @script RequireComponent(Collider)

The new code is numbered and does the following:

1. Defines a public variable that points to the GameController script. You’ll assign this shortly.

2. Calls MissionComplete() in the GameController script to trigger the success case.

To assign the gameControllerScript variable, select the Goal GameObject, then select Inspector\Finish Line

Detection and click the circular icon next to the Game Controller Script. In the pop-up dialog, select the Main

Camera GameObject and close the dialog.

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Transformer-ing the Display Font You may have noticed, particularly if you have tested the game using Unity Remote or your iOS device, that the

font displaying the game messages is very small. This is as good an excuse as any to learn about importing fonts into

Unity.

There are a wealth of fonts you can get from sites such as http://dafont.com. The sample you’re going to use was

built with the free Transformers Font. Yes, it’s the original font from the Transformers movie! Maybe your Cube

and blocks are hiding alternate personalities. :]

I added the above font (and a few other resources you’ll need later) to a Resources.zip file that you canhere.

Download the resource archive and extract its contents. Find the font file and drag the Transformers Movie.ttf into

your Project View\Assets folder to import it. Select the Transformers Movie asset in the Project View. The

Inspector shows the import settings. Change the Font Size setting to 36. Click Apply.

You’ve just imported your custom font and it’s ready for use in your project.

Open the GameController script to modify the message font. Define a public variable to set the font: var gameMessageFont : Font;

Change the font used for display labels by modifying OnGUI(), as shown below: function OnGUI() { GUI.skin.font = gameMessageFont; GUI.color = Color.yellow; ...

You assign the gameMessageFont public variable to GUI.skin.font to change the font.

Now select the Main Camera GameObject. Assign gameMessageFont to your newly imported font by dragging the

font asset into the gameMessageFont variable.

Preview the game and verify that the messages are displayed using the new font.

Ah, much better!

It’s Always Play Time! Next, create an in-game button that will control the start of the game and allow the player to restart after a success or

failure. You’ll display the button whenever the game is not running. Recall that you defined agameRunning flag

that you can use to control the button’s visibility.

To create the play button and related functionality, you must modify the GameController script. First define a

private variable that controls the play button text: private var playButtonText = "Play";

Then add a new function called startGame() that sets up a new game: function startGame() { // Reset if starting a new game gameTimeRemaining = gameTimeAllowed; timedOut = false; missionCompleted = false; // Change button text after the initial run playButtonText = "Play Again"; // Kick off the game gameRunning = true; }

Now modify OnGUI() to show the button when the game is not running by adding the following code to the end

of OnGUI() (after all the existing code): // The menu button if (!gameRunning) { var xPos = Screen.width / 2 - 100; var yPos = Screen.height / 2 + 100; if( GUI.Button( new Rect( xPos, yPos, 200, 50 ), playButtonText ) ) { startGame(); } }

Finally, set the gameRunning flag to false. Just modify the existing line for the variable to switch the initial value

from true to false: static var gameRunning : boolean = false;

OnGUI() places a button using the GUI.Button() function. The button text is a variable, so it says “Play” initially

and “Play Again” every subsequent time.

GUI.Button() is wrapped in an if statement. This returns true if the button is clicked. When the user clicks the

button, you kick off the game. startGame() first initializes the game, changes the play button text and finally sets

the gameRunning flag to true.

Preview the game in the Unity Editor. Verify that the play button is initially visible and is hidden after you click on

it. Verify also that when a run is completed, the play button becomes visible once again and that the text has

changed from “Play” to “Play Again”. Note that each time you click on the play button after the first time, the time

is reset and the countdown starts afresh.

But also notice that the player can move even before the play button is tapped. That’s a little annoying, isn’t it?

Don’t let your Heroic Cube get a head start!

To take care of that detail, make use of the gameRunning variable, which is a global variable by virtue of the static

modifier. Add the following code to the top of Update() in the MoveAround script: if (GameController != null && !GameController.gameRunning) return;

You should also disable the launcher from dropping obstacles when the game is not running. Add the following code

at the top of Update() in the ObstacleLauncher script: if (GameController != null && !GameController.gameRunning) return;

Preview the game to ensure that when the game is not running, the player can’t move and obstacles are not

launched.

Every Cube Deserves a Fresh Start While the play button works correctly now, you may notice that even though the timer is reset when a new game is

started, other aspects of the game are not reset.

The obstacles stop falling, as they’ve probably reached the maximum spawn count, but they don’t disappear. Nor

does the Heroic Cube revert back to its original position. A true reset requires that the game start fresh, i.e., the

obstacles are cleared and reloaded and the player position is reset.

The ideal way to accomplish this is to send a message to all interested parties to reset themselves. The Heroic Cube

would then slink back to its original position and the launcher would reload.

One way to do this is to have a reset function defined in a script that handles the reset

behavior.GameObject.SendMessage() can then be used to call this reset function in the hope that a component (a

script) attached to the GameObject handles the function call.

Here’s how you’ll implement this:

1. You’ll define a function called resetGame() in the MoveAround script that resets the player’s position to the

original position when the game started.

2. You’ll define a function called resetGame() in the ObstacleLauncher script to reset the obstacle count to

zero.

3. You’ll loop through a given list of GameObjects that include the player and launcher GameObjects,

calling GameObject.SendMessage(“resetGame”, …) to initiate the reset.

4. You’ll add the reset logic in GameController when the user resets the game.

But code speaks louder than words. First, open the MoveAround script and add the following variables and

functions to it: var originalPosition : Vector3; var originalRotation : Quaternion; function Awake() { originalPosition = transform.position; originalRotation = transform.rotation; } function resetGame() { // Reset to original position transform.position = originalPosition; transform.rotation = originalRotation; }

Then open the ObstacleLauncher script and add this new function: function resetGame() { // Reset to original data numObstaclesLaunched = 0; }

Next open the GameController script and add the following variable: var gameObjectsToReset : GameObject [];

The above line defines an array of GameObjects that will have the resetGame function called on them to initiate a

reset.

Now replace the existing startGame() function with the following (or just update the code to match): function startGame() { // Reset if starting a new game gameTimeRemaining = gameTimeAllowed; timedOut = false; missionCompleted = false; // Change button text after the initial run playButtonText = "Play Again"; // Clean out any enemy objects var enemies = GameObject.FindGameObjectsWithTag("Enemy"); for (var enemy : GameObject in enemies) { Destroy ( enemy); } // Call all game reset methods for (var gameObjectReceiver : GameObject in gameObjectsToReset) { gameObjectReceiver.SendMessage("resetGame", null, SendMessageOptions.DontRequireReceiver); } // Kick off the game gameRunning = true; }

The new code clears out all enemy instances by looking for GameObjects with the Enemy tag. Destroy() is called on

the enemy GameObjects. This clears out the obstacles in the scene.

Then the code processes the gameObjectsToReset array and sends a message to each GameObject to

callresetGame(). It is not mandatory for a component in the array to have implemented resetGame(). You need to

assign the objects to process.

Now select the Main Camera object and note the new public variable for Game Objects To Reset:

Set the Size to 2. The array elements will expand. Assign the Player GameObject to Element 0 and

theLauncher GameObject to Element 1.

Preview the game and verify that the game fully resets itself after a success or failure. Verify that the player position

resets to the original one, that the obstacles are cleared, and that the obstacles start falling once more when the game

is restarted.

This Message Won’t Self-Destruct Your basic gameplay functionality is now complete, but it would be a nice additional touch to show some info about

the game when it’s first launched. All you’re currently showing is a play button. The user doesn’t know what they’re

in for.

Adding some welcome text and a super-short explanation of what the game’s about will make it a lot more user-

friendly. :] The welcome text will use the Transformers font you imported. For the description text, you’ll use the

Arial font that is bundled with Unity.

Create an empty game object, name it Intro and set the Transform Position to 0,0,0.

Select GameObject\Create Other\3D Text to create a 3D Text GameObject and name it Description Text. Set

the Inspector\Text Mesh\Text property to “Get to the finish line before time runs out.” Set the initial Transform

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You want to hide the Intro GameObject (and its child objects) when the game is running. Open

theGameController script and make the following changes: var intro : Transform; ... function startGame() { ... // Turn off the intro text for (var child : Transform in intro ) { child.gameObject.renderer.enabled = false; } // Clean out any enemy objects ...

Here you add a new public variable to get a handle to the Intro GameObject. Then you modify startGame()to make

the Intro object invisible by turning off the renderers for its child GameObjects.

Now set the Intro variable by selecting Main Camera and dragging the Intro GameObject from the Hierarchy View

to the Inspector\Game Controller\Intro variable to assign it. Or use the circle dot icon, since it’s easier. :]

Preview the game to test that the text is hidden when the play button is clicked and the game begins.

Every Brave Cube Deserves a Soundtrack Audio plays a big part in the gaming experience, both by providing sensory feedback and creating mood. You’ll add

audio to further enrich the gameplay.

Sound effects will be triggered when the player crosses the line in time, fails their mission, or when an obstacle hits

the ground or bumps into anything. And of course, the game must have some background music! :]

Adding audio with Unity involves attaching an Audio Source component to a GameObject. The Audio Source

component has an Audio Clip property that you can assign to the sound you wish to play. The component has

additional properties that can control when the clip should be played and whether it should loop. The supported

audio file formats include .AIF, .WAV, .MP3, and .OGG.

The following two sites provided the royalty-free music that’s used in this tutorial:

http://incompetech.com/

http://freesound.org/ (registration required to download sounds)

The Resources.zip file you downloaded earlier contains all the audio files that you’ll be using. Feel free to create

your own audio effects instead of using the ones I’ve provided. :]

For your reference (and for the sake of attribution), the original links to the audio files included in the Resources.zip

file are as follows:

victory: 20784__wanna73__crowd-cheering-football-01.wav

defeat: 83916__timbre__benboncan-sad-trombone-tweaked.wav

impact: 30668__hardpcm__hardbassdrum002.wav

background: Gustav Sting.mp3

Do note though that the files in the Resources.zip file have been renamed for the sake of clarity and brevity. Go to

the folder where you originally extracted Resources.zip and import the audio files by dragging them into

your Project View\Assets folder.

When an audio file is imported into Unity, you can specify whether it should be compressed or remain as-is, i.e.,

native. (But note that MP3 and Ogg Vorbis audio are always imported in the compressed format.)

Why does this matter? Compressed files tend to be smaller, but they need to be decompressed as the game runs,

taking up CPU cycles. You generally want to compress background music. For short sound effects, native is better

and tends to provide better sound quality.

If the audio format is compressed, you can choose whether to handle the decompression using hardware, e.g.,

Apple’s hardware codec if running on an iOS device. Hardware is faster, but the hardware can handle one

compressed music file at a time.

You can also mark sounds as 3D. This means that when the sound is played, the effect will be relative to the 3D

position of the GameObject. For example, if the GameObject is far away, the sound will be quieter.

Select the background audio in the Project View to show the Import Settings. Unselect the 3D Sound option. Select

Hardware decoding. Click Apply to save the setting changes.

The other audio files are .WAV files and you do not need to modify the default Import settings, which should be set

to 3D and native audio format.

For sounds to be heard, your scene needs an Audio Listener component to be added to a GameObject. There can

only be one Audio Listener in the scene. The listener will pick up sounds from the audio sources close to it and send

it to the device speaker.

By default, an Audio Listener is attached to the Main Camera. You can leave it there or attach it to a different

GameObject: the player, for example.

In this game, you’ll keep the Audio Listener on the Main Camera, but you can experiment with the different options

when you build your own games.

The Sounds of Victory and Defeat You’re going to attach audio to the Goal GameObject that simulates a crowd cheering or jeering at the finish line.

Select the Goal GameObject in the Hierarchy View and add an audio source by selectingComponent\Audio\Audio

Source. Set the victory audio asset to the Inspector\Audio Source\Audio Clip property. De-select the Play on

Awake option.

Now create a new JavaScript asset that will be used to play either a victory sound or a defeat sound. Name the new

script FanReaction. Open the new script, remove the stub functions and add the following code: var audioVictory : AudioClip; var audioDefeat : AudioClip; var volumeVictory : float = 2.0; var volumeDefeat : float = 2.0; function playSoundOfVictory(isVictory : boolean) { // Stop any current audio if (audio.isPlaying) audio.Stop(); // Play either the sound of victory or defeat. audio.clip = isVictory ? audioVictory : audioDefeat; audio.volume = isVictory ? volumeVictory : volumeDefeat; audio.Play(); } function resetGame() { // Reset to original state, stop any audio if (audio.isPlaying) audio.Stop(); } @script RequireComponent(AudioSource)

The script takes in two audio clips, one for victory and one for defeat. The playSoundOfVictory() function first

stops any audio that’s currently playing, then plays the required audio based on the isVictory input.

The resetGame() function stops any audio that’s playing. You’ll shortly wire up the GameController to

callresetGame() every time the game is restarted.

Attach this new script to the Goal GameObject. Set the victory audio asset to the Audio Victory variable. Set

the defeat audio asset to the Audio Defeat variable.

Edit the GameController script and make the following changes: var fanReactionScript : FanReaction; ... function Update() { if (!gameRunning) return; // Keep track of time and display a countdown gameTimeRemaining -= Time.deltaTime; if (gameTimeRemaining <= 0) { timedOut = true; gameRunning = false; // Play the sound of defeat fanReactionScript.playSoundOfVictory(false); } } ... function MissionComplete() { if (!gameRunning) return; missionCompleted = true; gameRunning = false; // Play the sound of victory fanReactionScript.playSoundOfVictory(true); missionCompleteTime = gameTimeAllowed - gameTimeRemaining; }

The code defines a new public variable that references the FanReaction script. You modifyMissionComplete() to

call playSoundOfVictory(), passing in true to play the victory sound. You also modify Update() to

call playSoundOfVictory(), passing in false to play the defeat sound.

You can now link the FanReaction script in the Goal GameObject with the variable in the Main

Camera‘sGameController script component. Select Main Camera and then click on the circular icon next to the

fanReactionScript variable under the GameController component in the Inspector. In the dialog that pops up, select

the Goal GameObject, then close the pop-up.

To call resetGame() in FanReaction, select the Main Camera Object. In the Game Controllercomponent section in

the Inspector, increase the Game Objects To Reset array size from 2 to 3. Set theGoal GameObject to Element 2.

Preview the game and test out the victory and defeat scenarios to make sure the game plays the correct sounds.

Verify that the sounds are stopped when you hit Play Again.

Thud in 3D It would also be nice to have some sort of a sound when obstacles hit the ground. To achieve this, you’ll attach an

audio source to the Obstacle Prefab, then detect collisions so you can play the impact audio when the obstacles fall

or bump into anything.

Add an Audio Source component to the Obstacle Prefab. Assign the impact audio to the Audio Clipproperty.

Create a new JavaScript asset and rename it to ObjectCollision. Edit the script, delete the stubbed functions and add

the following code: var impact : AudioClip; function OnCollisionEnter () { audio.PlayOneShot(impact); } @script RequireComponent(AudioSource)

The code implements the predefined OnCollisionEnter() event function and calls the audio.PlayOneShot()function

to play the impact audio clip. audio.PlayOneShot() illustrates another way to play audio, allowing you to pass in the

audio you wish to play.

Attach the script to the Obstacle Prefab. Set the impact audio asset to the Impact variable in the script.

Preview the game and verify that you hear a pleasing thud sound when obstacles hit the ground or another object.

Note that closer the obstacles are to the player, the louder the sounds.

A Little Cube Music Your game’s almost complete. But there’s one thing missing – some background tunes.

Music does a lot to set the mood for a game. It can get a user’s adrenaline flowing and help them “feel” the game

environment by providing contextual clues like bird sounds or wolves howling. So add some music!

Add an Audio Source component to the Main Camera GameObject. Set the background audio asset to the Audio

Clip property.

Select the Play on Awake and the Loop options. These ensure that the background music starts as soon as the game

starts and that it will play continuously.

Adjust the volume property to 0.1 so it doesn’t drown out the other sounds. If you’re using your own sounds, tweak

the volume level depending on your music’s default volume level to achieve the same goal. Users should be able to

hear all the sound effects while the background music is playing.

Preview the project in the Unity Editor. When completely satisfied, deploy the project to your iOS device. You’ll

need to add the Level_3 scene in the Build Settings.

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