Intermediate Book Ecl English Course

ECL

ENGLISH COURSE

INTERMEDIATE

English as a crucial language.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 2

2

Acknowledgments

Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary – Electronic Edition. Version 1.1.

Courtney, Rosemary - Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs.

Fisk English Course – Books – Basic one / two, Book four, Book five, Book six,

Advanced two, Free Conversation.

Longman Dictionary of English Idioms.

Swan, Michael and Walter, Catherine – How English Works – A Grammar Practice

Book With Answers. Oxford.

Planned and Prepared by

Ricardo Fernandes Marques

Copyright

RICARDO FERNANDES MARQUES

Rua Antônio Gonçalves 109 Porto Velho

São Gonçalo, R.J

Brasil

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


3

CONTENTS

LESSON ELEVEN

LESSON TWELVE

LESSON THIRTEEN

LESSON FOURTEEN

LESSON FIFTEEN

LESSON SIXTEEN

SHORT ANSWERS == ALL THE TENSES PRESENTED UP TO NOW.

MODAL VERBS == MAY, MIGHT,CAN,COULD,SHOULD,OUGHT, MUST AND

MUSTN`T

PHRASAL VERBS ( IN/ OUT )

TAG QUESTIONS == ALL THE TENSES PRESENTED UP TO NOW.

PHRASAL VERBS ( OUT )

PERFECT TENSES == PART I, AND THEIR USAGES.

HOW LONG

PHRASAL VERBS ( ON / OFF )

PERFECT TENSES == PART II, AND THEIR USAGES.

PHRASAL VERBS ( ON / OFF )

HOW MUCH AND HOW MANY

SOME / ANY / NO AND DERIVATES

PHRASAL VERBS ( UP / DOWN )

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON SEVENTEEN

LESSON EIGHTTEEN

LESSON NINETEEN

LESSON TWENTY

IF CLAUSES == ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES.

PHRASAL VERBS ( UP / DOWN )

DIRECT AND INDERECT == USING ALL OF THE TENSES PRESENTED.

PHRASAL VERBS ( BACK /AWAY )

RELATIVE PRONOUNS == ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES.

TOO AND SO=ALSO (AFF) EITHER AND NEITHER=ALSO (NEG)

PHRASAL VERBS ( OVER )

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS== ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES.

PHRASAL VERBS

GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 11

Verb Tenses

Do I study English every day?

Does he speak German every other

day?

Did she travel to England last night?

Will you have to work tonight?

Would they need to study every day?

Are you happy today?

Were you tired yesterday?

Is she playing chess with him at the

moment?

Was he doing his homework last night?

Are they going to buy some food later?

Were you going to sell those CDs last week?

Is there anybody at your house now?

Are there many tasks to do this

afternoon?

Will there be a party at the

club

tonight?

Would there be an answer for

this question?

Is there going to be an important

game

tonight?

Was there going to be a meeting here this evening?

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 11

Short Answers

Yes you do. No you don’t.

Yes he does. No he doesn’t.

Yes she did. No she didn’t.

Yes I/we will. No I/we won’t.

Yes they would. No they wouldn’t.

Yes I/we am./are. No I am not./aren’t.

Yes I/we was./were. No I wasn’t./weren’t.

Yes she is. No she isn’t.

Yes he was. No he wasn’t.

Yes they are. No they aren’t.

Yes I/we was./were. No I/we wasn’t./weren’t.

Yes there is. No there isn’t.

Yes there are. No there aren’t.

Yes there will. No there won’t.

Yes there would. No there wouldn’t.

Yes there is. No there isn’t.

Yes there was. No there wasn’t.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 11

Substitution Drills

1. Do you__________ ____ _____________ every day?

2. Will _______ __________ ___ ________ tomorrow?

3. Will I ____________ ___________ _____________?

4. Would _____ ________ to __________ with ______?

5. Do ____ always_________ to _________ the ______?

Expressions and Useful Phrases

I’m damn right / I’m fucking right

What the hell are you doing there?

Whoever/Wherever/Whenever/Whatever

What good would it do?

Keep track of # Lose track of

To make certain that you know what is happening or has happened to someone or

something

Take into account = To consider or remember when judging a situation.

Important Note

Phrasal Verb

A phrase which consists of a verb in combination with a preposition or adverb or

both, the meaning of which is different from the meaning of its separate parts:

'Look after', 'work out' and 'make up for' are all phrasal verbs.

CAMBRIDGE ADVANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 11

Exercise

1. Make questions for the answers and answers for the questions in

the following dialogue.

a. ________________________________________________________________________________?

b. No, I wouldn’t.

b. How about ____________________________________________________________________?

a. ________________________________________________________________________________

a. Where ________________________________________________________________________?

b. _________________________________________________________________________________

b. After going to _________________________________________________________________

a. Cool! That’s a very nice idea...

a. At what time __________________________________________________________________?

b. _________________________________________________________________________________

a. See you!

b. ___________________________________________________________________________________

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 12

Modal Verbs

Expressing the same idea:

Expressing Possibility

May I open the

window?

It is too hot

here!

Permission - Formal

Can I open the

window?

It is too hot

here!

Permission - Informal

Could I open the

window?

It is too hot

here!

Permission - Polite

Can you drive well? Ability Present or

Future

Could you speak

English

three

months

ago?

Ability Past or

Conditional

Should she drive less and walk

more?

Recommendation

Must he finish all his

homework

today? Obligation

Should Ought to

Must Have to

May Strong possibility- affirmatives

and negatives

For questions we use the expression

to be + likely

Might Weak possibility- affirmatives and

negatives

Are you likely to travel?

Can

Possibility-affirmatives, negatives

and interrogatives (informal)

It can be a good idea.

Can she come here tomorrow?

Do you think she can win?

Could Slight or uncertain possibility. It could be a good idea.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 12

Asking Favors

Prohibition

Substitution Drills

1. _______ he__________ _______ __________ every day?

2. Could she ________ ________ ________ every _______?

3. ________ ______ help her (to) ________ ____ _______?

4. ________ _____ ________ to ________ ______ _______?

5. ________ ________ ___________ _______ __________ ?

Yes/No you may/may not open the

window.

Yes/No you can/can’t open the

window.

Yes/No you could/couldn’t open the

window.

Yes/No I/we can/can’t drive well.

Yes/No I/we could/couldn’t speak

English

three months

ago.

Yes/No she should/shouldn’t drive less and walk

more.

Yes/No he must/ doesn’t

have to(need to)

finish all his

homework

today.

Can Informal Can you help me with the homework?

Could Formal Could I trouble you to open the window?

Mustn`t You mustn`t park your car here!

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 12

Expressions

Along with / together with = accompany, emphasizes closeness in time or space

Instead of = in substitution

According to = as stated or in conformity

In spite of = in defiance of, notwithstanding

Due to / On account of / Because of = idea of cause

How to use them?

Too Very

High degree - intolerable High degree but tolerable

Phrasal Verbs

Call in To invite to enter.

Call out To shout something loudly.

Send in To order to enter.

Send out To cause (someone) to go outside.

Drop in To visit.

Drop out (of) To fall out / To choose to leave school, etc.

Push in To penetrate or cause penetration

Push out To make (something or someone) move

outwards by pushing it.

Stay in At home, inside.

Stay out Not at home, outside.

Eat in At home, inside.

Eat out Not at home, outside.

Be in At home, inside.

Be out Not at home, outside.

Get in To enter

Get out To leave

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 12

Exercises

1. Make questions for these answers below.

a. ________________________________________________________________________________?

He wouldn’t like to eat a lot at the restaurant, because of his health problem.

b. ________________________________________________________________________________?

He will travel instead of staying in next summer.

c. ________________________________________________________________________________?

She drops him in every other week.

d. ________________________________________________________________________________?

Mark changed his mind and won’t drop out of school anymore

2. Give long answers for these questions below.

a. Does she eat out every weekend?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

b. Is your mother out?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

c. Does she like to stay out now and then?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

d. How often do you eat out?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

e. Why don’t you call her out so that she can help you out?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

f. Is he usually in on the weekends?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 13

Tag Questions

I study Spanish every day, don’t I?

He speaks French every other

day,

doesn’t he?

She traveled to Australia last night, didn’t she?

You will have to work tonight, won’t you?

They wouldn’t need to study every day, would they?

You are busy today, aren’t you?

You weren’t tired yesterday, were you?

She is playing chess with

him

at the

moment,

isn’t she?

He was doing his

homework

last night, wasn’t he?

They are going to buy some

food

later, aren’t they?

You were going to sell those

CDs

last week, weren’t you?

There is somebody at your

house

now, isn’t there?

There are many

tasks

to do this

afternoon,

aren’t there?

There will be a party at

the club

tonight, won’t there?

There would be an answer

for this

question,

wouldn’t

there?

There is going to be an

important

game

tonight, isn’t there?

There was going to be a meeting

here

this

evening,

wasn’t there?

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 13

Yes/No you study / don’t study Spanish every day.

Yes/No he speaks / doesn’t speak French every

other day.

Yes/No she traveled / didn’t travel to

Australia

last

night.

Yes/No I/we will / won’t have to work tonight.

Yes/No they would / wouldn’t need to study every day.

Yes/No I/we am - are / am not - aren’t busy today.

Yes/No I/we was - were / wasn’t - weren’t tired yesterday.

Yes/No she is / isn’t playing chess with

him

at the

moment.

Yes/No he was / wasn’t doing his

homework

last

night.

Yes/No they are / aren’t going to buy some

food

later.

Yes/No I/we was - were / wasn’t - weren’t going to sell those

CDs

last week.

Yes/No there is / isn’t somebody/anybody at my

house

now.

Yes/No there are / aren’t many tasks to do this

afternoon.

Yes/No there will / won’t be a party at

the club

tonight.

Yes/No there would / wouldn’t be an answer

for this

question.

Yes/No there is / isn’t going to be an

important

game

tonight.

Yes/No there was / wasn’t going to be a meeting

here

this

evening.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 13

Substitution Drills

1. He________ ___________ yesterday, ___________ ___________?

2. She ___________ ______________, ___________ _____________?

3. You ______________ meat, ________________ ______________?

4. ______ ________ to England ________ _______, _______ _____?

Phrasal Verbs

Figure out To calculate. To understand.

Find out To discover.

Pick out To choose. To select.

Put out To extinguish fire. To turn off lights. To put

(something or someone) outside. To produce.

Throw out To cast out. To get rid of (something or

someone).

Turn out To result.

Work out To find a solution. To understand. To

succeed. To result. To calculate. To exercise.

Help out To help.

Try out To test. To experiment.

Make out To understand (something or someone). To

decipher.

Come out To come outside. To be published. To be

expressed in speech. To reach a result.

Look out To be careful (usually in the imperative

form).

Run out of To leave a place by running. To lack

something.

Break out of To escape from.

Check out

to examine something or get more

information about it in order to be certain

that it is true, safe or suitable

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 13

Special Tag Questions

I am right, aren’t I?

Close the door, will you?

Don’t forget, will you?

Sit down, won’t you?

Let’s have a party, shall we?

Old and Useful Sayings

“All is well that ends well.” “All that glitters is not gold.”

“A good example is better than a

sermon.”

“When poverty comes in the door, love

flies out the window.”

“Money is the root of all evil.” “There’s no smoke without fire.”

“Many hands make light work.” “Don’t bite the hand that feeds you.”

Half a loaf is better than no bread.” “Birds of a feather flock together.”

Informal questions / requests often use negative sentence + question tag.

You can’t lend me some money, can you?

After imperatives, we can use WON`T YOU? to invite people to do things, and WILL /

WOULD / CAN / CAN`T /COULD YOU? (Informal) to tell or ask people to do things.

After negative imperative we use WILL YOU?

After Let’s we use SHALL WE?

We use THEY to refer to nobody, somebody and everybody (and no one etc.).

We use non-negative tags after NEVER, NO, NOBODY, HARDLY, SCARCELY, LITTLE.

We use IT in question tags to refer to NOTHING.

Idiomatic Expressions and Useful Phrases

Look out you don’t get robbed. = Be carefull not to get robbed.

One’s cup of tea = What one likes. E.G. Soccer is not my cup of tea.

On the tip of one’s tongue. = To be about to say something. E.G. Wait, Wait! I have

got his name on the tip of my tongue.

On purpose = Intentionally # By chance = not intentionally.

E.G. Do you think he did that on purpose?

Be cut out (for) = To be suited for, have talent for E.G. I’m not cut out for this

kind of work. I prefer something lighter.

By the looks of things… = According to what I can see…

E.G. By the looks of things, long skirts are coming in again

Come in = Become fashionable / seasonable

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 13

Exercises

1. Make sentences with tag questions for these answers below.

a. _________________________________________________, ______________________________?

Yes, I am cooking tonight.

b. ________________________________________________, _______________________________?

Yes, he is a lovely little boy.

c. ________________________________________________, _______________________________?

No, she didn’t work hard last night.

d. ________________________________________________, ______________________________?

Of course!

2. Complete the sentences below with the right tag questions.

a. The policeman came to school yesterday, ______________________________________?

b. The teacher broke his leg last weekend, ________________________________________?

c. She likes to play with you, ___________________________________________________?

d. Joanne doesn’t like to work here, ______________________________________________?

e. He will ask her out next time he sees her, _____________________________________?

f. He would enjoy going out with us, ___________________________________________?

g. Everybody’s here, ______________________________________________________________?

h. You’re never happy, ____________________________________________________________?

i. There’s no milk, _______________________________________________________________?

j. Nothing matters, ______________________________________________________________?

k. She hardly spoke, _____________________________________________________________?

l. There’s scarcely enough time, _________________________________________________?

m. You never wrote her a letter, ___________________________________________________?

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 14

The Perfect Tenses Part I

Have

you

worked

hard

lately?

# 1. Pres. Perf. Something that

started in the past and comes up to

the present.

Has

he

gotten

good grades

recently?

# 1. Pres. Perf. 3rd person singular.

Have

you

sold

your car?

# 2. Pres. Perf. Indefinite Past

Time.

Has

he

moved?


Have

you

eaten

a lot

today?

# 3. Pres. Perf. Used with periods of

time not finished at the moment of

speaking. The action may repeat or

continue.

Has

he

traveled

this

month?


Have

you

been

studying

hard

this

semester?

Pres. Perf. Cont. Something that

started in the past and comes up to

now. It is also used to give emphasis.

Has

she

been

doing her

homework?

Pres. Perf. Cont. 3rd person singular.

Had

they

already

painted

the house

when you

arrived?

Past Perf. Used when we want to refer

to a past action that happened before

another one.

Had

she

left

home

when you

arrived?

Past Perf. 3rd person singular.

Had

you

been

working

out

when she

arrived?

Past Perf. Cont. Used when we want

to refer to a past action that was

completed or interrupted before

another one. It is also used to give

emphasis.

Had

she

been

trying to

hide this

secret

when you

found out

the truth?

Past Perf. Cont. 3rd person singular.

Don’t be so worried about

these little things. You’ll

see they are not so difficult.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


19

LESSON 14

Yes/No

I/we

have / haven’t

worked

hard

lately.

Yes/No

he

has / hasn’t

gotten

good

grades

recently.

Yes/No

I/we

have / haven’t

sold

my/our

car.

Yes/No

he

has / hasn’t

moved.

Yes/No

I/we

have / haven’t

eaten

a lot

today.

Yes/No

he

has / hasn’t

traveled

this month.

Yes/No

I/we

have / haven’t

been

studying

hard

this

semester.

Yes/No

she

has / hasn’t

been

doing her

homework.

Yes/No

they

had / hadn’t

already

painted

the house

when I/we

arrived.

Yes/No

she

had / hadn’t

left

home

when I/we

arrived.

Yes/No

I/we

had / hadn’t

been

working

out

when she

arrived.

Yes/No

she

had / hadn’t

been

trying to

hide this

secret

when I/we

found out

the truth.

Be happy! Give

it a Try. Don’t

be so pessimistic!

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 14

Substitution Drills

1. Had _______ ______ ________ before _________ ____ ______?

2. Has _________ ______________ ____________________ lately?

3. _______ you ___________ _____________ books ___________?

4. We ________ ___________ a__________, __________ _______?

5. They _______ had ___________ ___________, haven’t _______?

How long have you worked here? I’ve worked here for three months.

How long have you worked here? I’ve worked here since January.


“Water dripping day by day wears the

hardest rock away.”

“Where there’s a will there’s a way.”

“Don’t put the cart before the horse.” “Don’t bite off more than you can chew.”

“Beauty lies in lover’s Eyes.” “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.”

“Handsome Is as handsome does.” “Like father like son.”

“Money doesn’t grow on trees.” “First come, first served.”


For good = Forever.

Kick (a) habit = To stop, break off a habit.

Put one’s foot into it = To say something stupid and embarrassing.

Be a steal = Something sold very cheaply; be a great bargain.

Be Greek to = To be incomprehensible.

Build castles in the air = To plan things which will probably not succeed, daydream.

Come off it! = Stop lying, joking, or being pretentious.

Waste one’s breath = To speak without result.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 14

Present Perfect Usage

Have you ever fallen in love?

This is the best food I have ever eaten.

Used in questions – Uncommon things

or in affirmatives to emphasize.

Yes I have already fallen in love. Used in affirmative answers to confirm

an “ever” question or to emphasize.

No I haven’t fallen in love yet. Used when the answer is negative but

there is intention of doing.

No I have never fallen in love. Used when the answer is negative and

there’s no intention of doing.

Yes I have just fallen in love Used to say that something happened

now, very soon, or very recently

Phrasal Verbs

Send on To send something from someone's old

address to their new one

Send off/away

(to / for)To write to an organization or place

to ask them to send you something:

I've sent off for a catalogue.

We had to send off to Ireland for a

replacement part.

Keep on To continue doing something without

stopping, or to do it repeatedly.

Keep off

To not go onto an area, or to stop someone or

something going onto an area. To stop

something touching or harming someone or

something. To not eat, drink or use

something that can harm you, or to stop

someone else from doing this;

Stay on To continue to be in a place, job or school

after the other people who were with you

have left.

Stay off

= To keep off - to not eat, drink or use

something that can harm you. To continue to

be at a distance from something. To continue

not to attend, (something such as school).

Get on

To go onto a bus, train, aircraft or boat. To

continue doing something, especially work.

Get off To leave a train, bus or aircraft. to leave a

place, usually in order to start a journey.

Jump on

To criticize someone as soon as they have

done something wrong or said something

that you disagree with.

Jump off To leave a place or something with a

springing movement. To start ( military)

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


22

LESSON 14

Exercises

1. Make questions for these answers below.

a. ________________________________________________________________________________?

No, he hasn’t been there yet.

b. ________________________________________________________________________________?

He has brought those new tapes for you.

c. ________________________________________________________________________________?

They have read that book because of the paper they are preparing.

d. ________________________________________________________________________________?

She has been there lots of times this month.

e. ________________________________________________________________________________?

They have been trying to fix the bus since morning.

f. ________________________________________________________________________________?

He had already come back from London when she decided to ask him to bring

some books for her.

g. ________________________________________________________________________________?

I had been running for thirty minutes when you called me out.

h. ________________________________________________________________________________?

She has been reading that book for more than three months.

i. ________________________________________________________________________________?

Traveling abroad is what I have ever wanted.

j. ________________________________________________________________________________?

I have never tried to do something illegal.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


23

LESSON 14


a. What has she just done?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

b. Where have you been lately?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

c. Why had she sold the furniture before phoning you?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

d. How long have you been talking over that problem with that girl on the phone?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

e. Have you ever had to do something you really hated? What? Why?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

f. Have you already had lunch?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

g. Where have you been running these days?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

h. What had she done before you told her the truth?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

i. Have you ever had an affair?

____________________________________________________________________________________

j. Have you ever thought about living abroad? Where?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


24

LESSON 14

3. Complete the text below with the appropriate verb tense.

A long time ago, on a distant land there _____________ a man

who _____________ beyond the woods. He ______________ to be the wisest wizard in that

old world. Once he ______________ to_______________ with an old and powerful dragon.

He ____________ never ____________ a creature as dangerous and wicked as the seven-

head dragon. Many powerful and wise knights _______________ already ______________

to _____________ the Beast before him, but none ___________________.

He ______________ himself for the great battle. He

_________________ the great wizard book. Merlin, himself, ___________________ him a

visit in order ___________ ______________ his sorceries ______________, believing that it

could be helpful.

After some moons the Day finally ________________. He could

not _______________ what he ________________ inside his heart, in his soul. The dragon

____________ ______________ to ________________ his head and ______________ his viscera.

It _______________ almost a week and after storms, thunders

and groans the victor _____________ ________________ tall in the middle of the

battlefield.

For those who _________________ the winner____________ the

wizard, I’m so sorry __________ _________________ the winner was the seven-head

dragon.

That’s a real ending. We must try to face the truth.

Life is not a fairy tale. We must bear in mind life is made of victories

and defeats. Be prepared for both of them.

To manage To feel To try To reveal To fight

To have To face To live To claim To prepare

To read To pay To come To give away To defeat

To swallow To smash To hide To be To promise

To be To take To stand To believe

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


25

LESSON 15

The Perfect Tenses Part II

What

will

you

have done

by the end of

the year?

Fut. Perf. Used to describe an

action which, at some time in the

future, will be past or completed.

Whom

would

you

have gone

with

if they had

invited you for

the party?

Cond. Perf. Unreal past situation

What

may

have

happened

to the

book?

it is not here on

the desk.

Possibility in the past weaker than

MUST HAVE.

What

might

have

happened

to him

if he had

jumped out of

the window?

Cond. Perf. Unreal past situation

or Criticism (You might have told

me about that!). Possibility in the

past weaker than MUST HAVE.

What

could

have

happened

if you hadn’t

turned down

that proposal?

Cond. Perf. Slight or uncertain

possibility in the past. Unreal past

situation. Criticism (You could

have helped me!)

Whom

should

you

have

talked to?

Recommendation

(past action)

Where

must

she

have left

her purse?

Strong probability or Conclusion

of a past action.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


26

LESSON 15

I / We

will

have

graduated

by the end of the year.

I / We

would

have

gone with

Martha

if they had invited me / us

for the party.

It

may

have

fallen

behind the

desk.

Have you already checked it

out?

He

might

have

broken his

leg

if he had jumped out of the

window.

I / We

could

have lost

lots of

money

if I / we hadn’t turned

down that proposal.

I / We

should

have

talked to

Jaime’s

sister.

She

must

have left

her purse

inside my

car.

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27

LESSON 15

Phrasal Verbs

Switch on

To use a switch to change a device from

one state or type of operation to another.

Switch the TV on.

If someone switches on a particular

emotion or behavior, they suddenly start

to feel or behave in that way, but usually

not sincerely.

Switch off

To use a switch to change a device from

one state or type of operation to another.

Switch the TV off.

To stop giving your attention to someone

or something.

Turn on

To change a device from one state or type

of operation to another. Turn the TV on.

To interest or excite you, especially

sexually:

Short girls really turn me on.

Turn off

To change a device from one state or type

of operation to another. Turn the TV off.

To stop someone feeling interested or

excited, especially sexually.

Put on

To cover part of the body with clothes,

shoes, make-up or something similar. To

make a device operate, or to cause a

device to play something, such as a CD or

video, by pressing a switch. To pretend to

have a particular feeling or way of

behaving which is not real or natural to

you:

Why are you putting on that silly voice?

If people or animals put weight on, they

become heavier.

Put off

To decide or arrange to delay an event or

activity until a later time or date. To tell

someone that you cannot see them or do

something for them, or stop them from

doing something, until a later time. To

take someone's attention away from what

they want to be doing or should be doing.

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LESSON 15

Phrasal Verbs

Go on

To start operating. To continue or move

to the next thing. To talk in an annoying

way about something for a long time. To

start talking again after a pause.

INFORMAL something that you say to

encourage someone to say or do

something. To continue or pass. Used

when encouraging or asking someone to

do something. Something that you say in

order to agree to do or allow something

that you did not want to do or to allow

before:

"Are you sure you don't want another

slice of cake?" "Oh go on then, but just a

small one.

Go off

If a light or a machine goes off, it stops

working. If a bomb goes off, it explodes. If

a gun goes off, it fires. To happen in a

particular way:

The protest march went off peacefully

with only two arrests.

UK If food or drink goes off, it is not good

to eat or drink any more because it is too

old. If a warning device goes off, it starts

to ring loudly or make a loud noise. To

become worse in quality. To leave a wife,

husband or partner in order to have a

sexual or romantic relationship with

someone else.

Call on

To visit someone for a short time. To use

something, especially a quality that you

have, in order to achieve something.

Call off

(sth off) To decide that a planned event,

especially a sports event, will not happen,

or to end an activity because it is no

longer useful or possible. To order a dog,

or sometimes a person, to stop attacking

someone or something.

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LESSON 15

Position of Prepositions

Complete the following questions with the suitable clauses.

1. Could he________________________ if he hadn’t broken his leg?

2. Would _________________________________if I had called you?

3. Will _______________________________________ by December?

4. What should ______________________________ last night before

going to bed?

We generally place the preposition directly before its object; however, sometimes it

may be placed at the end of the sentence. Take a look at the examples:

What do you want it for?

I don’t know what he needs it for.

What will I write about?

Which house did you go to?

Whom is the girl Mark is talking to?


“Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.”

“All is fair in love and war.”

“Better late than never.”

“You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink.”

“Never look a gift horse in the mouth.”

“It's no use crying over spilt milk.”

“The road to hell is paved with good intentions.”

“It never rains but it pours.”

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LESSON 15

Exercises

1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right

verb tense.

a. Come on! Why don’t you just _________________ __________________ the meeting?

b. Why did she refuse to ________________________ ___________________ her cigarette?

c. I can’t believe we have just _______________ ___________ __________ gasoline again!

d. She told me she had already _____________ __________ what happened that night.

e. I can’t believe! You have __________________________ ________________________ a lot!

f. Don’t forget to ______________________ ______________ the car before you buy it!

g. Have you been __________________________ ________________________ this summer?

h. Hey! Jane has just finished preparing something in the kitchen. It’s better to

____________________ it ___________________.

i. How often do you _____________________________ ________________________________?

j. When was the last time you _____________________________ __________ somebody?

k. How long have you_________________________ ________________________ doing this?

l. Where did you ______________________________ __________ these beautiful flowers?

m. Well at least it ________________ _________ to be a good solution for that problem.

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LESSON 15

2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then

create sentences.

a. PUT ___________________________________________________________________________

b. CALL __________________________________________________________________________

c. PUT ____________________________________________________________________________

d. TURN __________________________________________________________________________

e. MAKE__________________________________________________________________________

f. STAY___________________________________________________________________________

g. TRY ____________________________________________________________________________

h. GO _____________________________________________________________________________

i. SEND __________________________________________________________________________

j. RUN ___________________________________________________________________________

ON OFF OUT IN OUT OF

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LESSON 16

The Countable and Uncountable nouns

How many

books

do you

read

a month?

How much

beer

do you

usually drink

on the weekends?

How many

brothers or

sisters

do you

have?

How much

money

does she

have in her

pocket?

How many

times

a month

do you

go to the

beach?

How much

do you

spend

when you go to

the beach?

How many

CDs

do you

usually buy

a month?

How long

do you

work out

a day?

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LESSON 16

I / We

read

lots of books

a lot of books

a few books

few books

two books

a month.

Many is

mainly used

in negatives

and

questions.

I / We

usually

drink

a lot

(just) a little

little

two cans of beer

on the

weekends.

Much is

mainly used

in negatives

and

questions.

I / We

have

don’t have

a few.

few.

none.

many.

brothers or

sisters.

She

has

doesn’t have

lots of money

a lot of money

(just) a little

little

two bucks

much money

in her pocket.

I / We

go to the

beach

once

twice

three times

a month.

I / We

spend

don’t spend

lots of money

a lot of money

(just) a little

little

two bucks

much money

when I / we go

to the beach.

I / We

usually buy

don’t buy

lots of CDs.

a lot of CDs.

a few CDs.

few CDs.

two CDs.

many CDs.

(a month)

In this case

it’s more

common to

omit the time

expression.

I / We

work out

for two hours

a day.

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LESSON 16

Complete the following questions.

1. ___________ ___________ cars ________________________?

2. ___________ ___________ time ________________________?

3. ___________ ___________ times _______________________?

4. How much _________________________________________?

5. How many _________________________________________?

Indefinite Pronouns

Some

Somebody

or Someone

Something

Somewhere Affirmative sentences.

Questions, when we expect a

positive answer.

Offers.

Any Anybody or

Anyone

Anything Anywhere General questions.

Negative sentences, with verbs

in the negative form.

Affirmative sentences.*

No Nobody or

No one

Nothing Nowhere Negative sentences, with verbs

in the affirmative form.

Yes I have some plans for tonight.

Do you have any plans for tonight? No I don’t have any plans for tonight.

No I have no plans for tonight.

Would you like some help? Oh! I’d love to.

Could you bring me some water? Sure!

Some

A PART OF SOMETHING.

I like some Italian restaurant.

(Not all of them.)

Any*

NOT IMPORTANT WHICH.

I like any Italian restaurant.

(All of them.)

No

NOT ANY.

I like no Italian restaurant.

(I don’t like Italian food / cuisine.)

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LESSON 16

Exercises

1. Make questions using how much our how many for these answers

below.

a. ________________________________________________________________________________?

He sold lots of old books last week.

b. ________________________________________________________________________________?

He doesn’t have much money.

c. ________________________________________________________________________________?

I’ve spent lots of time doing the exercises.

d. ________________________________________________________________________________?

Mark likes just a little sugar in his coffee.

e. ________________________________________________________________________________?

Hugh spent ten dollars buying new pencils.


a. How many times have the policemen come here this week?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

b. How much has she spent lately?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

c. How many hours do you usually spend to come here by train?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

d. How much is it?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

e. How much did it cost?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON 16

Phrasal Verbs

Go up

To move higher, rise or increase. To

reach as far as something:

The path going up to the back door is

very muddy.

Go down

To move down to a lower level or place. to

reach or go as far as:

Its roots can go down three metres. When

the sun goes down, it moves down in the

sky until it cannot be seen any more. To

be reduced in price, value, amount,

quality, level or size. If a computer system

goes down, it stops working. If an event

such as a crime or a deal goes down, it

happens. (on)SLANG

To use the tongue and lips to touch

someone's sexual organs in order to give

pleasure.(with) = come down with

Turn up

To arrive or appear somewhere, usually

unexpectedly or in a way that was not

planned. If something that you have been

looking for turns up, you find it

unexpectedly. If a better situation or an

opportunity to do something turns up, it

happens or becomes available

unexpectedly or in a way that was not

planned.

Turn down Turn sth/sb down to refuse an offer or

request.

Bring up

To care for a child until it is an adult,

often giving it particular beliefs. To start

to talk about a particular subject.

Bring down

To cause someone in a position of power

to lose their job. To reduce the level of

something.

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LESSON 16

Phrasal Verbs

Get up

To wake up and get out of bed, or to tell

or help someone to do this. To stand up.

To organize a group of people to do

something. If the wind gets up, it starts to

grow stronger.

Get down

If something gets you down, it makes you

feel unhappy and dissatisfied. To write

something, especially something that

someone has said. To swallow. (to) To

start to direct your efforts and attention

towards something.

Come up

To move towards someone. To be

mentioned or talked about in

conversation. If a job or opportunity

comes up, it becomes available. To

happen, usually unexpectedly. When the

sun or moon comes up, it rises. If

information comes up on a computer

screen, it appears there. (against) To have

to deal with a problem. (to) To reach the

usual or necessary standard. (with) To

suggest or think of an idea or plan.

Come down

To fall and land on the ground. If a price

or a level comes down, it becomes lower.

INFORMAL to feel less excited after a

very enjoyable experience. If a person

comes down from a drug, they stop

feeling its effects. (on) To punish or

criticize a person or activity very

strongly. (with) To start to suffer from an

illness, especially one that is not serious.

Break up

To divide something into many pieces. If

someone who is talking on a mobile phone

is breaking up, their voice can not fully be

heard. (with) If a marriage breaks up or

two people in a romantic relationship

break up, their marriage or their

relationship ends.

Break down

If a machine or vehicle breaks down, it

stops working. If a system, relationship or

discussion breaks down, it fails because

there is a problem or disagreement. To be

unable to control your feelings and to

start to cry.

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LESSON 16

Exercises


verb tense.

a. Now that Andrew’s parents died, who will _________________ him ______________?

b. Why did she ____________________________ ________________________ that proposal?

c. I can’t believe we have just _____________________ _______________, I’m still sleepy!

d. Hey asshole! ____________________ _______________ ____________what you’re doing!

e. I can’t believe! You _______________________ __________________ _______________ her!

f. Don’t forget to get a coat or you may ______________ ___________ _________ a cold!

g. Do you know why the boss is upset with you?

Yeah! I haven’t________________ ________________ ____________ good results lately.

h. When was the last time this washing machine __________________ _____________?

i. When was the last time you _________________ ____________ __________ somebody?

j. Can you hear what he is speaking?

Yeah!

Oh I can’t. Could you please ______________________ it __________________ for me?

k. The food didn't ________________________ ____________ __________ my expectations

l. Some people didn’t like my book. Well at least they didn’t ____________________

_____________ _____________ me.

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LESSON 16


create sentences.

a. COME _________________________________________________________________________

b. COME __________________________________________________________________________

c. TURN __________________________________________________________________________

d. TURN __________________________________________________________________________

e. GET ____________________________________________________________________________

f. GET_____________________________________________________________________________

g. BRING_________________________________________________________________________

h. GO _____________________________________________________________________________

i. BREAK ________________________________________________________________________

j. BREAK ________________________________________________________________________

UP UP WITH DOWN DOWN WITH / ON / TO

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LESSON 17

Future Possible

If you meet him tomorrow, What will you do?

If she is late, What can we do?

If it rains, Where can we go?

What are you going to do if he calls you tonight?

Where can we go if we don’t have any money?

Do you think she may get worse if she doesn’t take the medicines?

Present Unreal

If you had lots of money What would you do?

If you received a strange phone call What would you do?

If they studied hard What could happen to them?

Where would you take her to if you could ask her out?

How late would you wake up if you didn’t have to work?

Do you think they might work there if they spoke good English?

Past Unreal

If you hadn’t missed the party Whom would you have flirted with?

If she hadn’t broken up with you Where could you have taken her to?

If he hadn’t stopped drinking What could have happened to us?

What would she have done if she had seen you with that girl?

Where could you have gone if you hadn’t woken up so late?

Do you think he might have won if he had bet?

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41

LESSON 17

Future Possible

If I / we meet him tomorrow, I / We will invite him for the party.

If she is late, We / You can do nothing.

If it rains, We / You can / may go to the movies.

I’m going to make things clear if he calls me tonight.

We / You can go nowhere if we / you don’t have any money.

I think she may / can die if she doesn’t take the medicines

Present Unreal

If I / we had lots of money I / We would travel around the world.

If I / we received a strange phone call I / We could call the police.

If they studied hard They could / might get better grades.

I / We would take her to heaven if I / we could ask her out.

I/ We would wake up at about 9:00 A.M if I / we didn’t have to work.

Oh! I think they might / could work

there

if they spoke good English.

Past Unreal

If I /we hadn’t missed the party I /we Would have flirted with

everything in a skirt.

If she hadn’t broken up with me I could have taken her to Paradise.

If he hadn’t stopped drinking We could / might have died.

She would have slapped me if she had seen me with that girl.

I / We could have gone to the zoo if I / we hadn’t woken up so late.

Oh! I think he might / could have won if he had bet.

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LESSON 17

Exercises

1. Complete the sentences below with the right clause.

a. If_______________________________________________________, I will buy new clothes.

b. If________________________________________________, she would give him a chance.

c. If___________________________________________________, they could have gone there.

d. If____________________________________________________, we would have helped her.

e. If__________________________________________________, I would tell you everything.

f. If_______________________________________________, he won’t trouble you anymore.

g. If she is here, ___________________________________________________________________.

h. If they came here more often, __________________________________________________.

i. If he had paid attention to her, _________________________________________________.

j. If they had finished the project, ________________________________________________.

k. If I worked out more often, _____________________________________________________.

l. If you are feeling lonely, ______________________________________________________.

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LESSON 17

2. Make If-Clause questions for these answers below.

a. ________________________________________________________________________________?

I will do my best.

b. ________________________________________________________________________________?

She would help me with this.

c. ________________________________________________________________________________?

He would have tried to call off the meeting.

d. ________________________________________________________________________________?

They can help people.

e. ________________________________________________________________________________?

I would never hurt you.


a. What would you do if your girlfriend/boyfriend cheated on you?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

b. What would you have done if you had had money 10 years ago?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

c. Where will you go on your next vacation if you have money?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

d. What would you do if you lost your job?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

e. Where could you have gone if your friends had called you?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

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44

LESSON 17

Phrasal Verbs

Climb up To go up.

Climb down To change your opinion or admit that you

were wrong (over).

Sit up

To sit with a straight back. To stay awake

and not go to bed although it is late. To

show interest or surprise: The news that

he was getting married really made her

sit up.

Sit down To move your body so that the lower part

of it is resting on a seat or on the ground.

Add up

Add (sth) up to calculate the total of two

or more numbers. Add up to sth

(AMOUNT) to become a particular

amount. To have a particular result or

effect:

It all added up to a lot of hard work for

all of us.

Grow up

(Person)To gradually become an adult.

(City) If a town or city grows up in a

particular place or way, it develops there

or in that way.

Hurry up

hurry (sb/sth) up

To move or do things more quickly than

normal or to make someone do this.

Speed up To happen or move faster, or to make

something happen or move faster.

Think up To produce a new idea or plan. To invent.

Hold down

Hold sb/sth down to keep someone or

something in a particular place or

position and to stop them from moving.

Hold sth down to keep something,

especially costs, at a low level.

Fall down

To fall to the ground. To fail. To not be

good at something in comparison with

another thing:

I'm quite good at speaking Chinese, but I

fall down on the written work.

Let down Let (sb) down (DISAPPOINT).

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45

LESSON 17

Phrasal Verbs

Make up To invent. To prepare. To Complete. To

replace. (for) To compensate for.

Cut down

To make a tree or other plant fall to the

ground by cutting it near the bottom. (on)

To reduce.

Slow down

To become slower, or to make someone or

something become slower. To be less

active and relax more.

Set up

To arrange for an event or activity to

happen. to formally establish a new

company, organization, system, way of

working, etc. To establish someone or

yourself in a business or position:

After he left college, his father set him up

in the family business. To prepare

something for use, especially by putting

the different parts of it together.

Set down

To write or print something, especially to

record it in a formal document. If a

vehicle sets down a passenger, it stops so

that the passenger can get out.

Start up

If a business or other organization starts

up, or if someone starts one up, it is

created and starts to operate. If a vehicle

or engine starts up, or someone starts it

up, it starts to work.

Catch up

(with) To reach someone in front of you

by going faster than them. To reach the

same quality or standard as someone or

something else.

Settle down

(in) To become familiar with a place and

to feel happy and confident in it. To start

living in a place where you intend to stay

for a long time, usually with your partner.

To become quiet and calm, or to make

someone become quiet and calm.

Look down on To despise, consider someone inferior.

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LESSON 17

Exercises


verb tense.

a. Now that Andrew passed the exams and I flunked, I think I won’t___________

_______________ __________ him.

b. Lea needs money. Why doesn’t she ____________ _________ ________ her expenses?

c. I can’t believe she _____________________________ ______________________ that story!

d. She is the kind of girl who likes to ______________ __________ _________ poor boys.

e. The car didn’t ____________________________ ______________________ this morning!

f. I went to the doctor and he told me ________________ ______________ _____________.

g. I’ve got to _______________ __________ something really good to increase the sales.

h. Hey! ______________________________ _______________________ or we’ll miss the bus!

i. Mr. Smith asked us to _______________________________ _____________ production.

j. Have you finished _______________________________ _______________ the numbers?

k. I’ll never __________________________________ you ________________________________!

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LESSON 17


create sentences.

a. GROW ________________________________________________________________________

b. MAKE _________________________________________________________________________

c. THINK _________________________________________________________________________

d. CATCH _________________________________________________________________________

e. SIT _____________________________________________________________________________

f. CUT ____________________________________________________________________________

g. BRING_________________________________________________________________________

h. SLOW__________________________________________________________________________

i. LET ____________________________________________________________________________

j. CLIMB _________________________________________________________________________

UP DOWN

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


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LESSON 18

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

He said: “I work hard every day.” He said he worked hard every day.

He said: “I don’t work hard every day.” He said he didn’t work hard every day.

He said: “I played soccer yesterday.” He said he (had) played soccer the day before.

He said: “I didn’t play soccer yesterday.” He said he (hadn’t) didn’t play(ed) soccer the day before.

She said to me: “I will travel tomorrow.” She told me she would travel the following day.

She said to me: “I won’t travel tomorrow.” She told me she wouldn’t travel the following day.

She said: “I’m going to travel tonight.” She said she was going to travel that night.

She said: “I’m not going to travel

tonight.”

She said she wasn’t going to travel that night.

She said: “I was going to buy a car.” She said she was going to buy a car.

She said: “I wasn’t going to buy a car.” She said she wasn’t going to buy a car.

He said: “I’m studying now.” He said he was studying that moment.

He said: “I’m not studying now.” He said he wasn’t studying that moment.

He said: “I was studying.” He said he had been studying.

He said: “I wasn’t studying.” He said he hadn’t been studying.

He said: “I’ve studied a lot.” He said he had studied a lot.

He said: “I haven’t studied a lot.” He said he hadn’t studied a lot.

She said: “I’ll have finished it by

afternoon.”

She said she’d have finished it by afternoon.

He said: “I can drive.” He said he could drive.

He said: “I can’t drive.” He said he couldn’t drive.

He said: “I must study hard.” He said he had (needed) to study hard.

He said: “I don’t have (need) to study

hard.”

He said he didn’t have (need) to study hard.

He said: “It may be a good idea!” He said It might be a good idea!

He asked me: “will you come tonight?” He asked me if I would come that night.

He asked me: “what are you doing?” He asked what I was doing.

He asked: “Close the door!” He asked to close the door.

He said to me: “Don’t close the door!” He told me not to close the door.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE


49

LESSON 18

Tense Changes

Simple Present Simple Past

Simple Past Simple Past or Past Perfect

Future Conditional

Immediate Future Future in the Past

Future in the Past Future in the Past

Present Continuous Past Continuous

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Past Perfect

Future Perfect Conditional Perfect

Can Could

Must Had to / Needed to

Don’t have to(need to) Didn’t have to (need to)

May Might

Questions (with a question word) The Question word + an Aff. or Neg. structure,

according to the previous question.

Questions (with no question word) If or Whether + an Aff. or Neg. structure,

according to the previous question.

Affirmative imperative To + verb( Infinitive )

Negative imperative not to+ verb( Negative infinitive )

Might Might

Could Could

Should/ought to Should/ought to

Would Would

Past Perfect Past Perfect

Yes/no questions are reported with if or whether. The driver asked if/whether I wanted to go

downtown.

It’s preferable to use whether before or, especially in a

formal style.

I enquired whether she was coming by road or

by air.

Tenses don’t change after present, future or present

perfect reporting verbs, because there’s no important

change of time.

He says he doesn’t like flowers.

I’ll tell her your idea is great.

The government has announced that taxes will

be raised

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50

LESSON 18

Word Changes

Verbs that imply a certain direction may also have to be changed.

Examples: come go

bring take

No and Yes are eliminated in indirect speech.

Last week The week before

Next week The following week/The next week/The week after

Now Then / That day/right away/At that moment

This morning That morning

This afternoon That afternoon

This evening That evening

Today That day

Tonight That night

Yesterday The day before

Tomorrow The following/next day

LAST… THE… BEFORE

NEXT… THE NEXT/FOLLOWING…

Ago Before

This/these That/those

Here There


How do you like…? = What’s your impression of…?

E.G. How do you like our weather? I think it’s very hot or I find it really hot.


“Speak of the devil and he appears.”

“He put his foot in his mouth.”

“A word to the wise is enough.”

“Out of sight, out of mind.”

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LESSON 18

Phrasal Verbs

Stay away

To avoid. To keep away. To not go

somewhere or near something, or to prevent

someone from going somewhere or near

something.

Turn away

Turn sb away: to not allow someone to enter

a place. To move your face so you are not

looking at something.

Get away

To leave or escape from a person or place,

often when it is difficult to do this. To go

somewhere to have a holiday, often because

you need to rest. (with) To succeed in

avoiding punishment for something: If I

thought I could get away with it, I wouldn't

pay any tax at all.

Take away

Take sth away: to remove something. To

subtract a number.

Throw away

Throw sth away/out:to get rid of something

that you do not want any more. Throw sth

away: to waste a skill or opportunity.

Give away

To give sth free of charge. To tell people

something secret, often without intending to.

To show someone's secret feelings.

Run away

To leave a place or person secretly and

suddenly. (from) To avoid dealing with a

problem or difficult situation. Run away

(with) sb (FEELING).If a feeling or idea

runs away with you, you cannot control it

and it makes you behave stupidly:Sometimes

my imagination runs away with me and I

convince myself that they are having an

affair.

Break away To escape from someone, free oneself of.

Clear away To remove things from a table after a meal.

Die away (of sound, light, wind) To diminish gradually

until it ceases.

Put away To put things back in their place.

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LESSON 18

Phrasal Verbs

Answer back To reply to someone rudely.

Fall back (on) To make use of sth in an emergency = to

turn to someone for help.

Hold back To control (feelings)

Keep back To have sth as a secret.

Think back To remember.

Look back (on) To think about the past.

Take back To retract sth said or written.

Turn back (To begin to) return.

Get back

To return to a place after you have been

somewhere else. get sth back (BE GIVEN)

To be given something again that you had

before. Get sb back. (ALSO get back at

sb) INFORMAL: to do something

unpleasant to someone because they have

done something unpleasant to you. Get

back (to)sth: to start doing or talking

about something again. Get back (to) sb:

to talk to someone again, usually on the

telephone, in order to give them some

information or because you were not able

to speak to them before.

Send back

Send sth back: to return something to the

person who sent it to you, especially

because it is damaged or not suitable.

Give back Give sth back: to return something to the

person who gave it to you.

Call back

Call back (RETURN): to return to a place

in order to see someone or collect

something. Call sb back (TELEPHONE):

to telephone someone again, or to

telephone someone who called you earlier.

Put back

Put sth back (REPLACE): to return an

object to where it was before it was

moved.

Bring back

Bring sth back (RETURN): to return

from somewhere with something.

(REMEMBER): to make someone think

about something from the past.

(DO AGAIN): to start to do or use

something that was done or used in the

past.

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LESSON 18

Exercises

1. Change into indirect (Reported) speech.

a. He said: “I like music.”

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. She asked them: “What are you going to do this afternoon?”

_________________________________________________________________________________

c. They said to me: “We must study hard.”

_________________________________________________________________________________

d. She asked me: “Have you studied a lot lately?”

_________________________________________________________________________________

2. Change into direct speech.

a. She told me she wouldn’t miss this class.

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. She asked them if they were able to finish the project.

_________________________________________________________________________________

c. They told me to calm down.

_________________________________________________________________________________

d. He said he had already painted the house.

_________________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON 18


verb tense.

a. Now that I’m alone I don’t know who I will _________________ __________ _________

b. I’ve been trying to ____________________________ _______________________ my tears.

c. I can’t believe that! Why don’t you __________ __________ ______ your childhood?

d. Hey just a second, I’ve gotta hang up but in a few minutes I’ll ________________

_________ _________you.

e. When you finish reading this book, _____________________________ it ___________!


create sentences.

a. THROW _______________________________________________________________________

b. RUN ___________________________________________________________________________

c. ANSWER______________________________________________________________________

d. CALL __________________________________________________________________________

e. PUT ____________________________________________________________________________

BACK AWAY

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LESSON 19

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Jane always helps her mother.

She loves cooking.

WHO – People

We use to join sentences replacing the

subject.

Jane, who loves cooking, always helps her mother.

The dog is mine.

It doesn’t like to play.

WHICH – Things and animals.


subject or the object. In this case subject.

The dog which doesn’t like to play is mine.

Joe needs to travel.

His mother won the

lottery.

WHOSE – People, things and animals.


possessive adjective or any other word

that indicates ownership.

Joe, whose mother won the lottery, needs to travel.

Jane is sad. I talked to her yesterday. WHOM – People.


object.

Jane, whom I talked to yesterday, is sad.

The cat is yellow. I’ve taken care of him

since it was born.

WHICH – Things and animals.


subject or the object. In this case object.

The cat which I’ve taken care of since it was born is yellow.

Where, When, What and Why can also be used as relative pronouns.

The city where I was brought up is far from here

He’ll never forget the day when he got his first job.

I couldn’t notice what she did at the party.

I can’t understand why she did that.

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LESSON 19

Defining and non-defining relative clauses

Omission of relative pronouns

Relative pronouns can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause.

The girl who(m) / that I love is cute.

The girl I love is cute.

The girl who loves me is cute.

In this case it cannot be omitted, because who is the subject of the relative clause.

WHOSE can never be omitted.

How to use them?

“TOO” AND “SO” USED IN SHORT “EITHER” AND “NEITHER”

AFF. SENTENCES = “ALSO” USED IN SHORT NEG. SENTENCES = “ALSO”

She will travel. She doesn’t like him.

I will too. (or)So will I. I don’t either. (or) Neither do I.

Relative

Clause

Use Punctuation Example

Defining

provides essential information

about the subject or object.; can’t

be omitted

without commas

The drivers who were drunk

were arrested. (not all, but only

the ones who were drunk).

Non-

definig

povides additional information

about the subject or object; can

be omitted withou distorting the

meaning.

between commas

The green racing car, which is

an old model, crashed into the

wall. (an old model is irrelevant

to the identification of the car.)

THAT cannot be used in non-defining relative clauses.


“It takes two to make a fight.”

“Make do with what you have.”

“Don’t wash the family’s dirty linen in public.”

“A burnt child dreads the fire.”

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LESSON 19

Phrasal Verbs

Go over To examine.

Talk over

To discuss a problem or situation with

someone, often to find out their opinion or

to get advice before making a decision

about it.

Look over To quickly examine something or

someone.

Think over To consider carefully.

Run over

If a vehicle or its driver runs over

someone or something, the vehicle hits

and drives over them.

Jump over To jump from one side to another.

Do over To redecorate. Do sth over (DO AGAIN).

Come over

To come to a place, move from one place

to another, or move towards someone. To

seem to be a particular type of person: I

watched the interview and felt he came

over as quite arrogant.

Get over To recover from.

Knock over To make fall by pushing or hitting.

Boil over To flow over the side.

Fall over

If someone falls over, they fall to the

ground:She tripped and fell over. Fall

over sth/sb (COVER) LITERARY:

to cover something or someone:

A shadow fell over her work and she

looked up to see who was there.

Expressions

In time = early enough.

On time = at exactly the right time.

For the time being = for now, temporarily

Step on one`s toes = To offend someone, to hurt someone`s feelings

Otherwise = if not; or else

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LESSON 19 Exercises

1. Join the sentences using a relative pronoun.

a. Jane is tired. She works a lot.

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. The boy is sick.I need to talk to him.

_________________________________________________________________________________

c. Debby is traveling. Her cat died.

_________________________________________________________________________________

d. The dog underwent surgery. Its owner is worried.

_________________________________________________________________________________

e. Janet became very famous. Her stories are always interesting.

_________________________________________________________________________________

f. Phil and Joane bought an old house. They love old things.

_________________________________________________________________________________

g. The dress is beautiful. She bought it last week.

_________________________________________________________________________________

h. That employee was promoted. He was about to travel on vacation.

_________________________________________________________________________________

i. His tie cost a lot of money. It was imported from Italy.

_________________________________________________________________________________

j. The ladder is much bigger. It belongs to John.

_________________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON 19


verb tense.

a. Tina hates her bedroom. I think it`s time to ____________________ it ____________.

b. I’ve been ________________ it __________, but up to now I found no solution to this.

c. I can’t believe you _____________ _________ _______ your test before handing it in!

d. Hey! be careful ________ __________ ___________ ____________ the glass beside you!

e. What were you ______________________ ____________________ on the phone last

night?


create sentences.

a. THINK ________________________________________________________________________

b. LOOK___________________________________________________________________________

c. FALL ___________________________________________________________________________

d. GO _____________________________________________________________________________

e. DO _____________________________________________________________________________

OVER

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LESSON 20

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

SUBJECT PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

I MYSELF

YOU YOURSELF

HE HIMSELF

SHE HERSELF

IT ITSELF

WE OURSELVES

YOU YOURSELVES

THEY THEMSELVES

How to use them?

Subject = Object Emphasis Preceded by “by”

It Means alone or without help

She hurt herself while cooking. I talked to the director myself. He traveled to England by himself.

He looked at himself at the mirror They themselves wrote the letter. I fixed the car by myself.

We use the reflexive pronouns in three situations:

Stop loving

yourself and

work, you fool!!!

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LESSON 20

Exercises 1. Complete the following sentences with the suitable reflexive

pronouns and cases

a. He ________________________________________________ fixes the meals in his house.

b. She would like to live _________________________________________________________.

c. They painted their houses _____________________________________________________.

d. I don’t like pork ________________________________________________________________.

e. We ______________________________________________________should talk to the boss.

f. They need to stay awhile ______________________________________________________.

2. Create sentences using the following pronouns:

a. She / them / herself.

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. He / Her / himself .

_________________________________________________________________________________

c. They / us / their / themselves.

_________________________________________________________________________________

d. I / my / by myself.

_________________________________________________________________________________

e. We / our /by ourselves.

_________________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON 20

Phrasal Verbs

Settle for

To accept or agree to something or to decide to

have something, although it is not exactly what

you want or it is not the best: She never settles

for second best.

Major in

To study something as your main subject at

university:

She majored in philosophy at Harvard.

Sneak away To leave secretly.

Carry away

Also carry off. To take (sth)or (someone) away.

To remove: Trash left on the beach during the

day is carried away (= removed) at night by

the tide.

Stand up

To be in a vertical state or to put into a vertical

state, especially (of a person or animal) by

straightening the legs.

Wash off To remove by washing.

Take off

Take sth off (REMOVE):

to remove something, especially clothes.

Take off (FLY) phrasal verb.

If an aircraft, bird or insect takes off, it leaves

the ground and begins to fly.

Lay down To place (something, someone or oneself)

down, as on the ground, furniture, etc.

Carry in To transport or take something toward the

inside of a container, place or area.

Look into To investigate.To examine the facts about a

problem or situation.

Look for To try to find (something or someone, often

that is lost).

Do without To manage without having something: I can’t

do without your love.

Take over To assume the responsibility.

Get along with To be friendly to.

Back up To support or help someone.

Give up To quit. To stop.

Run into

To meet by chance.To drive a vehicle

accidentally into an object or a person in

another vehicle:I had to brake suddenly, and

the car behind ran into me.He ran his

motorbike into a tree.

Turn in To go to bed ( to sleep ).

Try on To put on a piece of clothing to discover if it

fits you or if you like it.

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LESSON 20

Exercises 1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right

verb tense.

a. I can’t believe you ____________ ___________ _____________ ________ your parents!

b. You wouldn’t guess who I _________________ ______________ on the bus yesterday.

c. Wherever you go, whatever you do I ____________ always___________ you _______.

d. At what time _______________ you usually _____________________ _______________?

e. What can’t you __________________________________ ____________________________ ?


create sentences.

a. LOOK___________________________________________________________________________

b. LOOK___________________________________________________________________________

c. LAY____________________________________________________________________________

d. BACK __________________________________________________________________________

e. DO _____________________________________________________________________________

UP WITHOUT INTO FOR DOWN

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LESSON 20

GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES:

Exercise 1. Put the words in parentheses in the correct order:

a. When will ____________________________________call back? (young nice that girl)

b. Where is________________________sneaking away to?(old man that little white)

c. Did _________________dog carry away_____________________meat?

(brown big the) (old tough that)

d. Why doesn’t________________________________ stand up? (little that parrot green)

e. Is this __________________________________ neighbor? ( young our very attractive)

Determ

iner

Ordinal

number

Quality word Size Age Color Noun

the first clean big young brown horse

a second attractive little old grey city

this 27th handsome small antique blue ring

that last nice tall middle-aged man

these dirty short 6-year-old boxes

those foolish under-aged couples

my crazy tiny 1-month-old green parrot

your rich slender girlfriend

poor stout widower

delicious huge fresh white cake

unusual ancient ship

tender thin ham

tough fat steak

ripe red fruit

odd boys

large modern dark building

immense old golden statue

“Very” – Should be placed before the modifier we wish to emphasize: VERY BIG, VERY OLD, VERY

STOUT, VERY TALL, ETC.

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LESSON 20

GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES:

Exercise 1. Put the words in parentheses in the correct order:

a. Is she going to put on ______________________________________sweater? (hot that

wool yellow)

b. Why doesn’t he wash off _______________________________spoon? (old soup that

greenish)

c. Why is she taking off ___________________________ stockings? (light new silk

very those)

d. When are they going to lay down________________________________________rug?

(that brownish new rectangular nylon)

e. They couldn’t carry in ______________________________cloth. (cotton that dark)

Determiner Age or

Temperature

Shape Color Material Origin

Gerund

Noun

a new odd-shaped dark steel English knife

an cool square light iron gate

this hot rectangular bluish gold watch

that cold round green silver chain

these warm broad yellowish wool sweater

those old narrow greenish silk stockings

our wide brownish synthetic material

his flat reddish

wooden floor

her plastic dish

leather coat

nylon rug

German refrigerator

French salad dressing

washing machine

ironing board

Japanese car

American egg beater

Intermediate Book Ecl English Course

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