Intermediate 1 / 2 Physical Education

Skills and Techniques Revision Materials

October 2011

For your prelim, you MUST answer any Skills and Techniques Question on….

Gymnastics

Know what you are going to answer on, and DO

NOT stray from this!!!!!

Important Theory Concepts

• Methods of Practice• Stages of Learning• Methods of Data Collection• Classification of Skills• Motivation/Concentration/Feedback• Model Performance• Goal/Target Setting• Progression of Training• Information Processing Model (Intermediate 2)

In No particular order – you need to brush up on your knowledge of ALL of these areas!!!

But 1st………

• What is the Purpose of the Skills and Techniques block??

To Become a Better performer by becoming more skilful!

How do we achieve this?

Stage 1 - Investigate

Stage 2 - AnalyseStage 4 - Evaluate

Stage 3 - Develop

Cycle of Analysis

Better Performer

Cycle of AnalysisStage 1 - Investigate

• Collection of Initial Data on your performance (Methods of Data Collection)

• Gathering Results

Cycle of AnalysisStage 2 - Analyse

• Analysis of Data Collected

• Forward Planning (Goal/Target Setting)

• Model Performance

Cycle of AnalysisStage 3 – Develop (Training Programme)

• Planning a purposeful Training Programme (Methods of Practice/ Stages of Learning

• Monitoring and Evaluating your training through use of your Training Diary (Motivation, Concentration and Feedback)

• Adapting/Progressing your training

Cycle of AnalysisStage 4 – Evaluate

• Re-testing and contrasting (Pre and Post Training Data now available)

• Evaluating your goals/targets

• Where next???– Remember, the COA is an on-going process

What is a skill??

• A movement with a purpose.

• For example, a Headstand, a forward Roll, a Handspring,.

• Non Gymnastics Related – passing, dribbling, shooting, forehand.

What is a technique then?

• A technique is a way of carrying out a particular school (DO NOT CONFUSE THE TWO)

• For example – Bent leg headstand, straight leg handstand, forward roll to straddle, bent arm handspring

• Non Gymnastic related examples – driven shot, chipped pass, instep pass, driven pass, topspin forehand, driven forehand, sliced forehand. Skill – What you do

Technique – how you do it

It is important to understand what you are doing, and the process

you have gone through to get to it

Right – lets get started!

Methods of Practice

These are different methods we use when we are practicing a specific skill. Each will be used depending on what

Stage of Learning you are at (We will come back to this!!)

Solo Practice• Working on Your own

• Helps you understand the pattern of movements

• Under no Pressure when working individually

E.g - Headstand against wall

Partner Practice

• Working cooperatively with a partner• Only works if you are both working on the same

skill/technique• Can motivate each other• Copy each others successes• Gives natural W:R intervals• Can be used to support, count, encourage,

provide feedback etc– Partner support Headstand

Gradual Build Up

• Used when learning skills which are complex and/or carry a degree of risk (Heavily used in Gymnastics)

• Start with the basics, then gradually make the practices more demanding .

• Allows you to develop high levels of confidence• Challenges need to be achievable, meaningful and

realistic to your level of performance– E.g elephant balance, triangle base to kick up,

headstand against wall, with support, full headstand.

Imagine I asked you to perform me this on our 1st gymnastics lesson…..

Repetition Drills

• Used to ‘Groove’ the technique

• Can be used to develop the whole skill or particular parts of technique

• The more often you practice something correctly, you will improve

– E.g Forward Roll down a slope

What method of practice is Andy using?

Stages of Learning

• As a performer, you will find yourself at a stage of learning.

• There are three stages, and the stage a person is at is very much individual to them.

• As you become more skilled, you will pass through the stages.

Planning / Cognitive StageStage 1

• Beginner Stage• Deep thought about the individual parts of the

skill and how they follow on in sequence.• Errors are high, success Low• In the very early stages, levels of Motivation,

Concentration should be high as you are just starting out and wanting to improve.

• Need a lot of positive and constructive feedback which is accurate.

Practice / Associative StageStage 2

• Focus is on practicing the correct technique• Technique beginning to be more refined,

through time large errors begin to become less frequent.

• Consistency gradually increasing, errors gradually lessening.

• May be in this stage for some time• Able to start analysing your own performance

and look at improvements

Automatic/Autonomous StageStage 3

• Perform with a high level of efficiency, accuracy and speed

• Don’t need to think too hard about the actions• Can begin thinking about strategies and

systems of the activity, what comes next.• High level of self analysis• Little/no errors, high percentage of success.• Model Performer

Model Performers?

There is a very important relationship between your Stage of Learning and the methods of practice you will use!

Planning/Cognitive

• Solo

• Shadow

• Partner

• Gradual Build Up

Practice / Associative

• Partner

• Group

• Repetition

• Gradual Build Up

Automatic / Autonomous

• Conditioned Games

• Small Sided Games

• Full Games

• Whole Part Whole

Past Paper QuestionsIntermediate 1• Name a method of practice __________

– Describe this method of practice.

• Select one method of feedback you received during the practice described in part (c)

• Method of feedback • (ii) Describe how you used this feedback to develop your weak

skill/technique.Intermediate 21) How did you ensure that the practices you used in your programme of work were effective? (4)

2(a) Describe, in detail, what you know about each of the stages of learning listed below. (4)

Preparation Stage (Cognitive) Practice Stage (Associative) Automatic Stage

• (b) Describe two different methods of practice you used for one of the stages listed in (a) (5)

Methods of Data Collection

We used a number of different methods to collect data on our current levels of performance.

Personal Reflection

General Observation Schedule

Specific Observation Schedule

Skills Test

Personal Reflection

• Your own opinion• A good starting point• Highlights what you think your Strengths and

Weaknesses are based on previous experience.

• Provides Subjective Data• Must have prior knowledge of what makes

successful performance

General (Basic) Observation Schedule

• Looks at the whole performance (every skill of the activity)

• Partner observes you, tally successful or unsuccessful based on success criteria. (What = successful completion)

• Highlights skills you are strong at, and ones you are weak at

• Objective Data which can confirm or contradict Personal Reflection

Specific Observation Schedule

• Observer watching you during a performance• Watches 1 particular skill• Observing each subroutine (Preparation,

Action, Recovery) and marks success/failure.• Gives specific (objective) information

regarding what part of the skill is letting you down.

• Guides you to a specific development need.

Skills Test (Movement Analysis)

• Specific Practice designed to test your ability to perform the whole skill with appropriate accuracy/power.

• Clear indication of Success/Failure.

Past Paper QuestionsIntermediate 1Choose one activity from your course.• Name of activity (a) Describe a method you used to gather information about your performance. (2)(b) Describe one skill/technique from your performance which was a strength.(3)(c) Describe one skill/technique from your performance which was a weakness.(3)

Intermediate 2• Describe how you gathered information on your selected skill or technique. (4)• Why were the method(s) used to gather information appropriate? (3)• Select a skill or technique which was a weakness in your performance. How did

you gather information on this skill or technique?(4)

Classification of Skills

Open Closed

Open Skills• Movement Patterns Change

due to the Nature of Performance

• Never the same situation• Can be impacted by an

external factor eg team mates or opponents

• E.g – Pass, Shooting, Dribbling, Overhead Clear, Spike, Dig

Closed Skills• Movement Patterns always the

same.

• You are fully in control of the execution of that skill

• Cannot be impacted by external factors such as your team mates or your opponents

• E.g Headstand, Forward Roll, High Serve, Golf Drive, Tennis Serve

Simple Complex

Simple Skills• Very few (1 or 2) Subroutines

• Simple to learn

• Easy to master

E.g – Pencil Roll, Teddy Bear Roll, Arabesque,

Closed Skills• Lots of Subroutines.

• Difficult Skill to Learn

• Takes a long time to achieve mastery

E.g Headstand, Forward Roll, Handspring, Front Somersault

Quick Questions

From one activity in your course, classify open and closed skills involved.

Explain the Complexity involved in the different skills from one activity in your course

Monitoring, Reviewing and

Evaluating Progress during Training

3 Important Factors

•Motivation•Concentration•Feedback

Motivation

• Your level of desire to succeed• Important in Learning all skills• Essential if you want to progress• If you are motivated, you are far more likely to

progress and succeed.• Motivation can come in 2 forms– Internal Motivation– External Motivation

Internal Motivation

• Your own level of desire• Essential if training schedule is heavy

(swimming)• Internal Motivation will have helped you

choose your activity already• Comes from inside

External Motivation

• Occurs when your involvement in an activity comes for reasons about more than participation.

• For example, earning money through participation

Wanting to do well in PE to get a good grade, access university or college may be an example of external motivation.

Concentration

• Focus• Paying attention to the various “cues”• Ability to focus your attention to the most

important parts of your performance– E.g a beginner would pay very close attention to

the most basic points of technique

Concentration

Feedback

• Information you collect about your performance

• Essential for performance improvement• Helps you plan improvements and provides

reinforcements of success.• Encourages work towards further improvement

• Comes in 2 formsInternal FeedbackExternal Feedback

Internal Feedback

• Also known as intrinsic feedback

• Comes from inside you

• Comes through body movements

• Must have a feeling and awareness of what a good performance is though

External Feedback

• Comes from a video, coach, team mate, opponent.

• Comes from an external source

• Those offering the feedback must have an understanding of what makes a successful performance.

Past Paper Questions – Int 1

• Select one method of feedback you received during the practice described in part (c).

• Method of feedback

(ii) Describe how you used this feedback to develop your weak skill/ technique (2)

Circle one of the following.• Motivation• ConcentrationDescribe how it was used in either of your practices to help you make progress. (2)

Past Paper Questions Int 2

• Select two of the factors listed below.Motivation Concentration Feedback• Explain why they were important when

carrying out your methods of practice. (4)

What is a model performer?

• An example of how the skill should look• Someone who executes the skill in question

every time with a high degree of success• What any performer should be aspiring to• When target setting, you should be aiming to

be closer to this level of performance• Can be used to assess where you are at

present by making comparison

Model Performer?

What makes a skilled performance?

• Maximum efficiency and a minimum of effort• Fluency• Control• Selecting Correct Options• Ability and Experience• Consistency• Successful

Skilled Performer?

Principles of Effective Practice• Clear Objectives• Focussed on weakness• Practice choice aimed at appropriate stage of learning• Practice choice aimed at current level of ability• Work to Rest Ratio• Progression of practices – why and how• Target setting – challenging but achievable/realistic

• Why each of these make a successful practice session/programme

WE APPLIED THESE PRINCIPLES THROUGHOUT EVERY ACTIVITY – THIS IS A MUST IF YOU WANT TO PROGRESS