Interesting case - Srinakharinwirot University

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Interesting case Pichaya Petborom M.D. Division of Respiratory Disease and Critical care, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, HRH princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center Hospital Srinakharinwirot University

Transcript of Interesting case - Srinakharinwirot University

Page 1: Interesting case - Srinakharinwirot University

Interesting case

Pichaya Petborom M.D.

Division of Respiratory Disease and Critical care,

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, HRH

princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center

Hospital Srinakharinwirot University

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• หญิงไทยคูอ่าย ุ39 ปี อาชีพ รับจ้างซกัผ้า รีดผ้า ภมูิล าเนา นครนายก

• อาการส าคญั: ไอเป็นเลือด 1 สปัดาห์ก่อนมา รพ.

• ประวตัิปัจจบุนั: 7 ปีก่อนมา รพ. ผู้ ป่วยมีไอเสมหะสีขาวมีเลือดเก่าๆ สีน า้ตาลปนปริมาณไมม่าก บางครัง้มีเลือดสดปน ไมมี่ไข้ ไมมี่เบ่ืออาหาร ไมมี่น า้หนกัลด มีอาการอยู ่1 เดือนมาตรวจท่ี รพ. CXR พบ increase opacity RLL with cavity สง่ sputum AFB negative x 3 days ได้ท า CT guided fine needle aspiration ท่ี RLL ผลตรวจไมพ่บเชือ้วณัโรคและมะเร็ง แพทย์วินิจฉยัวา่เป็น smear negative pulmonary TB ได้รับการรักษาด้วย 2 HRZE/7 HR หลงัรักษายงัมีไอเสมหะปนเลือดเก่าๆ สีน า้ตาล ปริมาณไมม่ากบางวนั

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• 7 เดือนก่อน มา รพ. มีไอเสมหะปนเลือดสดทกุวนั ครัง้ละประมาณ 1 ช้อนชา มีน า้หนกัลดลง 2 kg มีอาการ 1 สปัดาห์ มาพบแพทย์ CXR พบ increase opacity RLL ตรวจ sputum AFB –negative x 3 days, PCR for MTB-positive, C/S for mycobacterium – no growth แพทย์วินิจฉยัsmear negative pulmonary TB ได้รับการรักษาด้วย 2 HRZE/4 HR หลงัรักษาอาการดีขึน้ ไอลดลงเสมหะสีขาว ไมมี่เลือดปน น า้หนกัขึน้ 1.2 kg

• 1 สปัดาห์ก่อนมา รพ. ผู้ ป่วยไอเป็นเลือดสดทกุวนั ปริมาณครัง้ละ 1 ช้อนชาปนกบัเสมหะสีขาว ไมมี่ไข้ ไมเ่หน่ือย นอนราบได้ ไมเ่จ็บหน้าอก ไมเ่บ่ืออาหาร ไมมี่น า้หนกัลด ไมมี่เลือดออกผิดปกติท่ีอ่ืนจงึมา รพ.

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• ประวตัิอดีต: ปฏิเสธโรคประจ าตวัใดๆ เดิมแข็งแรงดีมาตลอด

• ประวตัิครอบครัว : ปฏิเสธวณัโรคปอด โรคมะเร็งในครอบครัว ไมมี่ใครมีอาการเหมือนผู้ ป่วย

• ประวตัิสว่นตวั : ปฏิเสธสบูบหุร่ี ดื่มสรุา ไมไ่ด้ใช้สารเสพตดิใดๆ

• ประวตัิยา: ปฏิเสธแพ้ยา ไมไ่ด้ใช้ยาใดๆ เป็นประจ า

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Physical examination

• V/S: T 37.3°C, BP 144/78 mmHg, P 84/min,

RR 16/min, BW 61 kg

• GA: Alert, not pale, no jaundice, no

tachypnea, no clubbing of fingers, no edema

• CVS: PMI at 5 th ICS left midclavicular line,

no heaving, normal S1, S2 no murmur

• RS: trachea in midline, equal chest

expansion, resonance on percussion both

lungs, normal BS, no adventitous sound,

equal vocal resonance

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• Abdomen: soft, not tender, liver and

spleen can’t be palpated, liver span 8 cm, splenic percussion sign-negative

• LN: no superficial lymphadenopathy

• Skin: no rash

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Problem list

• 1. Nonmassive hemoptysis 1 wk PTA

• 2. History of relapsed smear negative

pulmonary TB 7 years and 7 months PTA

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Differential diagnosis

• Infected bronchiectasis

• Aspergilloma

• CA lung

• Relapsed pulmonary TB

• Bleeding aneurysm (Rasmussen’s aneurysm)

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15/10/57

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1/12/57

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15/9/57

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• CBC(15/10/57): Hct 36.3 % , Hb 12.4 g/dL,

WBC 10,410, neutrophil 41%, lymphocyte

31.7%, eosinophil 10.4%, monocyte 8%,

platelet 376,000

(absolute eosinophil = 1,083)

• PT 11.6 s, aPTT 29.2 s, INR 0.99

• BUN 13.5 mg/dL , Cr 0.68 mg/dL

• Sputum AFB-negative x 3 days

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CT chest 30/10/57

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CT chest 30/10/57

• Hypodensity lesion internal air bubbles

at anterobasal segment of RLL

(measuring 1.3 x 1.3 cm), favoring lung

abscess or necrotizing pneumonia.

Subsegmental atelectasis of anteobasal

segment of RLL, no pleural effusion or

pneumothorax. No mediastinal or hilar adenophathy is seen.

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Sputum fresh smear

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Egg of Paragonimus westermani

Eggs range in size from 68-118 µm x 39-67 µm. They are yellow-brown and

ovoidal or elongated, with a thick shell. They are often asymmetrical, which

one end slightly flattened. At the large end. The operculum is visible

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• ประวตัิเพิ่มเติม ผู้ ป่วยรับประทานส้มต าปเูป็นประจ า เฉลี่ยอาทิตย์ละ 2 ครัง้ เพิ่งหยดุประมาณ 7 เดือน

• Stool concentration for parasite : not found

• Diagnosis: pulmonary paragonimiasis• Treatment: praziquantel 25 mg/kg po tid x 3 days

[praziquantel(600 mg) 2.5 tab po tid pc x 3 days]

• หลงัได้ยาอาการดีขึน้ ไอลดลง ไม่มีไอเป็นเลือด เสมหะสีขาวปริมาณไมม่าก

• F/U sputum fresh smear อีก 1 สปัดาห์ตอ่มา : not found paragonimus egg

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Clinical manifestations

• Incubation period may vary from 1 to 2 months

• Pulmonary paragominiasis is the commonest clinical

form occurring in 76-90% of cases

• Abdominal pain, diarrhea, and urticaria occur during

the acute phase (peroid of invasion and migration of

immature flukes)

• Initial symptoms are followed a few days later by fever,

cough, dyspnea, malaise, and sweats

• Acute phase usually persists for several weeks

Rosen MJ, et al. Chest. Jan 2006;129(1 Suppl)

T. Shantikumar Singh, et al. Indian J Med Res

136, August 2012

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• Chronic pulmonary symptoms consist of dry cough

followed by a cough productive of tenacious and

rusty brown sputum, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea

and occasional hemoptysis

• Pulmonary symptoms begin ~ 6 months after

infection and are often mistaken for symptoms of

tuberculosis

Rosen MJ, et al. Chest. Jan 2006;129(1 Suppl)

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• Clubbing of fingers occasionally occurs

• Lung are normally clear but rales, egophony, or

dullness on percussion may occur with complications

such as pneumonia or pleural effusion

• Extrapulmonary paragonimiasis divided into

cerebral, abdominal (liver, spleen, kidney, intestinal

wall, peritoneum), and miscellaneous forms

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Laboratory studies

• CBC reveals eosinophilia in 10-30%

• Obtain clinical samples for ova and parasites

- Definitive diagnosis requires detection of eggs in

sputum, feces, pleural fluid, cerebrospinal fluid

(CSF)

- Worms or eggs may be found in biopsies

• Egg detection rates is 25-35% for a single sputum

specimen, 50% with multiple examinations, 53-67%

via bronchoscopy

• Stool examinations are very useful to diagnose in

children because children tend to swallow sputum

Vidamaly S,et al. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Jan 2009 Tsang KW, et al. Respirolgoy. Nov 2008;13(7)

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Imaging studies

• CXR abnormalities in 80-90% of patients

• Three radiographic stages of pulmonary infection have

been described

- Migration of larvae result in pneumothorax with

consolidation or exudative pleural effusions

- During fluke maturation nodular or cystic lesions

predominantly develop in the periphery of the middle

and lower lobes. Bronchiectasis can also occur

- Following treatment lesions gradually disappear over

3-26 months

Tsang KW, et al. Respirolgoy. Nov 2008;13(7)

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A 47-year-old Korean woman with pulmonary paragonimiasis showing cysts within an area

of consolidation (A) CXR shows relatively well-defined patchy opacity in RUL that contains

cystic cavities (arrows). (B) CT scan shows air-filled cysts (arrows) within the mass-like

consolidation

(http://www.isradiology.org/tropical_deseases/tmcr/chapter22/radiological2a.htm

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Pulmonary paragonimiasis in a 39-year-old Korean man with sudden onset of

chest pain 3 weeks after eating pickled fresh-water crabs. CXR shows bilateral

hydropneumothoraces (arrows) . This radiograph was obtained at the time of

larval penetration into the visceral pleura.

Radiographics1993

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Other tests

• Serology tests aid in diagnosis extrapulmonary

disease where eggs are not shed in sputum or stool

- Complement fixation test

- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) has

92% sensitivity and is specific

- Rapid immunoblot test is 96% sensitive and 99%

specific but cannot be used to differentiate active

from past infection

• Intradermal skin testing with an extract of adult Paragonimus

Lui Q, et al. Trends Parasitol. Jul 2008; 24(7)

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Treatment

• Praziquantel is the drug of choice for both

pulmonary and extrapulmonary paragonimiasis,

the recommended dose is 25 mg/kg TID pc

x 3 days

• Bithionol 40 mg/kg in two equally divided doses

on alternate days for a course of 10 to 20 doses

(S/E urticaria)

• Triclabendazole administered in a single

dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight had

comparable efficacy, safety and tolerability

with praziquantelLui Q, et al. Trends Parasitol. Jul 2008; 24(7)

Belizario VY, et al. Southeast Asian J Trop Med

Public Health 2007; 38 (Suppl 1)

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Prevention & Control

• Never eat raw freshwater crabs or

crayfish. Cook crabs and crayfish for to

at least 145°F (~63°C)

CDC(Centers of disease control and prevention)

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Thank you for your attention