Interdependence of Interdependence of Living ThingsLiving Things

The BiosphereThe BiosphereEcosystems and CommunitiesEcosystems and Communities

PopulationsPopulationsHumans in the BiosphereHumans in the Biosphere

The BiosphereThe Biosphere

What is ecology?What is ecology?

Ecology – study of interactions among and Ecology – study of interactions among and between organisms and their environmentbetween organisms and their environment

Biosphere – contains the combined Biosphere – contains the combined portions of the earth in which all life existsportions of the earth in which all life exists 8 km above Earth’s surface 8 km above Earth’s surface 11 km below 11 km below

the ocean surfacethe ocean surface Levels of organization:Levels of organization:

Individual Individual population population community community ecosystem ecosystem Biome Biome Biosphere Biosphere

Ecological MethodsEcological Methods

Use a wide range of tools and techniquesUse a wide range of tools and techniques 3 basic approaches:3 basic approaches:

Observing –Observing –• What species live here? How many?What species live here? How many?

Experimenting –Experimenting –• Experiments can be set up in the laboratory or in natureExperiments can be set up in the laboratory or in nature• Tests a hypothesisTests a hypothesis

Modeling –Modeling –• Mathematical formulas are used to make predictions about Mathematical formulas are used to make predictions about

future events based on observations from the presentfuture events based on observations from the present

Energy flowEnergy flow

ProducersProducers Main form of energy on Earth = sunlightMain form of energy on Earth = sunlight Capture energy from sunlight (photosynthesis) or Capture energy from sunlight (photosynthesis) or

from chemical energy (chemosynthesis) = producersfrom chemical energy (chemosynthesis) = producers Autotrophs = capture energy from sunlight to make Autotrophs = capture energy from sunlight to make

food (photosynthesis)food (photosynthesis)

ConsumersConsumers Rely on other organisms for energy and food (cellular Rely on other organisms for energy and food (cellular

respiration) = “heterotrophs” or “consumers”respiration) = “heterotrophs” or “consumers”

Feeding RelationshipsFeeding Relationships Energy flows from producers to various heterotrophsEnergy flows from producers to various heterotrophs Food chainFood chain

Energy is transferred by eating and being eaten Energy is transferred by eating and being eaten Food webFood web

Links all the food chains in an ecosystem togetherLinks all the food chains in an ecosystem together Trophic levelTrophic level

Each step in a food chain or web Each step in a food chain or web Producers are the first trophic levelProducers are the first trophic level Consumers make up the 2Consumers make up the 2ndnd, 3, 3rdrd, or higher levels, or higher levels Each consumer depends on the level below for energyEach consumer depends on the level below for energy

Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid

Only 10% of the Only 10% of the energy available energy available within one tropic level within one tropic level is transferred to the is transferred to the nextnext

The rest of the energy The rest of the energy is used during cellular is used during cellular processes and processes and escapes as heat!!!escapes as heat!!!

Biomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid

Total amount of living Total amount of living tissue within each tissue within each trophic leveltrophic level

grams of organic grams of organic matter/ unit areamatter/ unit area

Potential food for Potential food for each leveleach level

Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers

Number of Number of individuals at each individuals at each trophic leveltrophic level

Bioaccumulation• This happens when atop predator consumesorganisms that have asmall amount of toxinin their bodies, butover time, that toxinbuilds up to harmfullevels in the toppredator.

Toxins that do not follow theToxins that do not follow theflow of energy modelflow of energy model

BiomagnificationBiomagnification

• • This happens when This happens when anan

organism has a smallorganism has a small

amount of toxin in itsamount of toxin in its

system and whensystem and when

consumed, it passes allconsumed, it passes all

of that toxin to theof that toxin to the

next organism.next organism.

• • The cycle continuesThe cycle continues

up the food chain.up the food chain.

Biomass Pyramid & Food Chain Biomass Pyramid & Food Chain DesignDesign

On a piece of computer paper (use both sides)On a piece of computer paper (use both sides) Create Biomass pyramid using the Biome you Create Biomass pyramid using the Biome you

chose.chose. Use the organisms found in the description of Use the organisms found in the description of

your biome (in book) PRODUCERS your biome (in book) PRODUCERS CONSUMERS CONSUMERS

Create a Food Chain using the Biome you choseCreate a Food Chain using the Biome you chose Use the organisms found and start with a Use the organisms found and start with a

producer and finish with the highest level producer and finish with the highest level consumer!consumer!

Recycling in the BiosphereRecycling in the Biosphere

Matter is recycled within and between Matter is recycled within and between ecosystemsecosystems

Matter is not used up…it is transformed!!!Matter is not used up…it is transformed!!! Matter is recyled through biogeochemical Matter is recyled through biogeochemical

cycles:cycles: Water cycleWater cycle Nutrient cycles (carbon, nitrogen, Nutrient cycles (carbon, nitrogen,

phosphorus)phosphorus)

The Water CycleThe Water Cycle

Liquid Liquid gas (evaporation) gas (evaporation) Evaporation from plants = transpirationEvaporation from plants = transpiration Water is recycled through the BiopshereWater is recycled through the Biopshere 1 water molecule 1 water molecule 4000 years to 4000 years to

complete one cyclecomplete one cycle

Nutrient CyclesNutrient Cycles

Living things need nutrients to grow and Living things need nutrients to grow and carry out essential life functions.carry out essential life functions.

Nutrients are often in short supply in an Nutrients are often in short supply in an ecosystemecosystem ““Limiting Nutrients”Limiting Nutrients”

Recycling nutrients is vital to ecosystem Recycling nutrients is vital to ecosystem healthhealth

Prevents toxic concentrations of chemicalsPrevents toxic concentrations of chemicals

Nutrient CyclesNutrient Cycles

Add group notes on the various nutrient Add group notes on the various nutrient cycles here!cycles here!

Requirements:Requirements: Summarize the biogeochemical cycleSummarize the biogeochemical cycle Describe a piece of research that shaped Describe a piece of research that shaped

our understanding of the nutrient cycle our understanding of the nutrient cycle assigned (focus on Biological research).assigned (focus on Biological research).

Ecosystems and Ecosystems and CommunitiesCommunities

Homework:Homework:Chapter 4 (4-1 Chapter 4 (4-1 4-3 only) vocab 4-3 only) vocab

flashcardsflashcards

The Role of ClimateThe Role of Climate

Weather Weather day-to-day local condition of Earth’s day-to-day local condition of Earth’s atmosphereatmosphere

Climate Climate average, year-after-year condition of average, year-after-year condition of temperature and precipitation in a particular temperature and precipitation in a particular regionregion Factors include: trapping of heat by the atmosphere, Factors include: trapping of heat by the atmosphere,

the latitude, the transport of heat by winds and ocean the latitude, the transport of heat by winds and ocean currents, the amount of precipitation that results, the currents, the amount of precipitation that results, the shape and elevation of landmassesshape and elevation of landmasses

Energy of sunlight is the ultimate driver of climateEnergy of sunlight is the ultimate driver of climate

BiomesBiomes

Each biome is defined by a Each biome is defined by a unique set of:unique set of:

1.1. abiotic factors (particularly abiotic factors (particularly climate) climate)

2.2. a characteristic ecological a characteristic ecological communitycommunity

ClimatogramsClimatograms

Create a climatogram using data from Create a climatogram using data from South Kingstown RISouth Kingstown RI What biome do we belong to?What biome do we belong to?

Compare our climatogram to the Biome Compare our climatogram to the Biome you have been working with.you have been working with. Prompt: Prompt: Compare the climatogram for South

Kingstown (temperate forest biome) to the Biome you have been studying. How are they similar? How are they different? Use specific evidence to support your response.

The Greenhouse EffectThe Greenhouse Effect

Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide, methane, water methane, water vapor, and vapor, and other gases other gases Trap heat Trap heat

energy energy Maintains Maintains

Earth’s Earth’s temperature temperature rangerange

Effect of Latitude on ClimateEffect of Latitude on Climate

The Earth is tilted on its axis!The Earth is tilted on its axis! Solar radiation strikes different regions of the Earth’s Solar radiation strikes different regions of the Earth’s

surface at an anglesurface at an angle

THUS, Earth has 3 main climate zones:THUS, Earth has 3 main climate zones: Polar zone Polar zone very low angle (cold areas – 66.5 very low angle (cold areas – 66.5°° – –

9090°° N and S) N and S) Temperate zone Temperate zone angle changes over the year angle changes over the year

(warm and cold areas – 23.5(warm and cold areas – 23.5°° – 66.5 – 66.5°° N and S) N and S) Tropical zone Tropical zone nearly direct angle (always warm - 0 nearly direct angle (always warm - 0° °

- 23.5° N and S)- 23.5° N and S)

Heat Transport in the BiosphereHeat Transport in the Biosphere Unequal heating of Earth’s surface drives winds and Unequal heating of Earth’s surface drives winds and

ocean currentsocean currents Transport heat throughout the biosphereTransport heat throughout the biosphere

Wind currentsWind currents Warm air rises, cool air sinksWarm air rises, cool air sinks The prevailing (global) winds affects the climate in a given regionThe prevailing (global) winds affects the climate in a given region

Ocean currentsOcean currents Warm water rises, cool water sinksWarm water rises, cool water sinks The global ocean currents affects the climate of nearby The global ocean currents affects the climate of nearby

landmasseslandmasses LandmassesLandmasses

Mountain ranges can interfere with air mass movementMountain ranges can interfere with air mass movement Rain shadow effect Rain shadow effect one side is wet and the other dry one side is wet and the other dry

Biotic and Abiotic Factors that Biotic and Abiotic Factors that Shapes EcosystemsShapes Ecosystems

Biotic FactorsBiotic Factors Biological influences on organisms within an Biological influences on organisms within an

ecosystemecosystem Includes the entire living cast of characters with which Includes the entire living cast of characters with which

an organism might interactan organism might interact Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

Physical or nonliving influences that shape Physical or nonliving influences that shape ecosystemsecosystems

Includes: temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, Includes: temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, nutrient availability, soil type, sunlightnutrient availability, soil type, sunlight

TOGETHER (Biotic and Abiotic factors)TOGETHER (Biotic and Abiotic factors) “Habitat” of an organism“Habitat” of an organism

The NicheThe Niche

The full range of biotic and abiotic The full range of biotic and abiotic conditions in which an organism lives and conditions in which an organism lives and uses those conditions.uses those conditions. Example: It’s place in the food web, the range Example: It’s place in the food web, the range

of temperatures needed for survival, etc.of temperatures needed for survival, etc. No 2 species can share the same niche!!!No 2 species can share the same niche!!!

Community InteractionsCommunity Interactions

Organisms interact constantly Organisms interact constantly shapes shapes ecosystemsecosystems

3 main types = 3 main types = CompetitionCompetition PredationPredation SymbiosisSymbiosis

• MutualismMutualism• CommensalismCommensalism• ParasitismParasitism

CompetitionCompetition

Occurs when a resource is being used at Occurs when a resource is being used at the same time in the same place.the same time in the same place.

Resource = any necessity of life (water, Resource = any necessity of life (water, nutrients, light, food, or space)nutrients, light, food, or space)

Often results in a winner and a loser.Often results in a winner and a loser. Competitive Exclusion Principle:Competitive Exclusion Principle:

No 2 species can occupy the same niche in No 2 species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.the same habitat at the same time.

ANALYZE THE GRAPH: A red squirrel population is competing with a grey squirrel population…Who wins (the colors correspond to each squirrel type)? How do you know (use evidence to support your answer)?

PredationPredation Interaction where one organism captures Interaction where one organism captures

and feeds on another organismand feeds on another organism Predator = one that does the killingPredator = one that does the killing Prey = one that is being eatenPrey = one that is being eaten

SymbiosisSymbiosis Any relationship in which 2 species live closely together Any relationship in which 2 species live closely together

(3 main types)(3 main types) Mutualism:Mutualism:

Both species benefit from the relationshipBoth species benefit from the relationship Example = flower pollination by insectsExample = flower pollination by insects

Commensalism:Commensalism: One member of the relationship benefits and the other is neither One member of the relationship benefits and the other is neither

helped nor harmedhelped nor harmed Example = barnacles on whalesExample = barnacles on whales

Parasitism:Parasitism: One organism lives on (ectoparasite) or inside (endoparasite) One organism lives on (ectoparasite) or inside (endoparasite)

another organism and harms it.another organism and harms it. Example = fleas on a dogExample = fleas on a dog

Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession

Ecosystems constantly change in Ecosystems constantly change in response to natural and human response to natural and human disturbancesdisturbances

As an ecosystems changes As an ecosystems changes older older inhabitants gradually die out and new inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in = “ecological organisms move in = “ecological succession”succession” Primary successionPrimary succession Secondary successionSecondary succession

Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession

Succession that occurs on surface with NO soilSuccession that occurs on surface with NO soil Example = on newly formed volcanic rock or on Example = on newly formed volcanic rock or on

bare rock exposed when glaciers meltbare rock exposed when glaciers melt 11stst species to populate = pioneer species species to populate = pioneer species

Lichens (a fungus and an alga simbiontLichens (a fungus and an alga simbiont can live on can live on bare rock)bare rock)

When they die lichens help form soil that allows new When they die lichens help form soil that allows new organisms to move inorganisms to move in

Lichens Lichens mosses mosses grasses grasses shrubs shrubs trees trees• What types of animals would you see at each stage?What types of animals would you see at each stage?

Bare rock with lichens

Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession

When a disturbance of some kind changes an When a disturbance of some kind changes an existing community WITHOUT removing the soilexisting community WITHOUT removing the soil

Example: land is cleared for farming, a wildfire Example: land is cleared for farming, a wildfire burns a woodlandburns a woodland

Myth of the climax community (a mature, stable Myth of the climax community (a mature, stable community that does not undergo further community that does not undergo further succession)succession) No community is ever at this pointNo community is ever at this point Climate change and human disturbances are always Climate change and human disturbances are always

at work.at work.

PopulationsPopulationsHomework: Ch.5 vocab flashcardsHomework: Ch.5 vocab flashcards

How Populations GrowHow Populations Grow

Characteristics of Populations:Characteristics of Populations: Geographic distribution (range) –Geographic distribution (range) –

• The area or range inhabited by a populationThe area or range inhabited by a population Population density –Population density –

• The number of individuals per unit areaThe number of individuals per unit area Growth rate –Growth rate –

• Determined by # of births, # of deaths, # Determined by # of births, # of deaths, # immigrated, # emigratedimmigrated, # emigrated

Age structure –Age structure –• The range of ages in a populationThe range of ages in a population

Population GrowthPopulation Growth

Factors that affect population size:Factors that affect population size: # of births # of births causes an increase in causes an increase in

population sizepopulation size # of deaths # of deaths causes a decrease in causes a decrease in

population sizepopulation size Immigration (the movement of individuals into Immigration (the movement of individuals into

an area) an area) causes an increase causes an increase Emigration (the movement of individuals out Emigration (the movement of individuals out

of an area) of an area) causes a decrease causes a decrease

Exponential GrowthExponential Growth

Exponential growth Exponential growth occurs when the occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rateconstant rate

Occurs only under ideal conditions Occurs only under ideal conditions Abundant space and foodAbundant space and food Protected from predators and diseaseProtected from predators and disease

J-shaped curveJ-shaped curve

Logistic GrowthLogistic Growth

As resources become scarce, the growth of a As resources become scarce, the growth of a population slows or stopspopulation slows or stops Birth rate may decrease, death rate may increase, Birth rate may decrease, death rate may increase,

immigration may increase, emigration may decrease, immigration may increase, emigration may decrease, or any combination of these.or any combination of these.

Carrying capacity Carrying capacity the largest # of individuals the largest # of individuals that a given environment can supportthat a given environment can support

S-shaped curveS-shaped curve

Population TrendsPopulation TrendsFruit Fly Population Growth

Days # of fruit flies

5 10

10 50

15 100

20 200

25 300

30 310

35 320

40 320

Rabbit Population Growth

Generations # of rabbits

1 100

2 105

25 1000

37 1600

55 2400

72 3350

86 8000

100 13,150

1. Make a graph of each data table.

Population Trends: Data AnalysisPopulation Trends: Data AnalysisAnswer the following in your notebooks!!!Answer the following in your notebooks!!!

What type of growth pattern is exhibited by the What type of growth pattern is exhibited by the fruit fly population? Is it the same as the rabbit fruit fly population? Is it the same as the rabbit population? Explain.population? Explain.

Does either graph indicate there is a carrying Does either graph indicate there is a carrying capacity? If so…when? What is the maximum # capacity? If so…when? What is the maximum # of individuals that can be supported at one time?of individuals that can be supported at one time?

What might happen if a group of predators What might happen if a group of predators moved into the rabbits’ habitat during the 10moved into the rabbits’ habitat during the 10 thth generation and began eating rabbits?generation and began eating rabbits?

Limits to growthLimits to growth

Limiting Factors:Limiting Factors: In context of populationsIn context of populations A factor that causes population growth to decreaseA factor that causes population growth to decrease Density-dependent OR Density-independentDensity-dependent OR Density-independent

Examples that affect population size:Examples that affect population size: CompetitionCompetition PredationPredation Parasitism and diseaseParasitism and disease Drought and other climate extremesDrought and other climate extremes Human disturbancesHuman disturbances

Density-Dependent FactorsDensity-Dependent Factors

Depends on population sizeDepends on population size Factor only becomes limiting when the Factor only becomes limiting when the

population density reaches a certain levelpopulation density reaches a certain level Includes:Includes:

CompetitionCompetition PredationPredation ParasitismParasitism DiseaseDisease

CompetitionCompetition

When populations get crowded, they When populations get crowded, they compete for food, water, space, sunlight, compete for food, water, space, sunlight, and other essentials of life (resources and other essentials of life (resources become scarce).become scarce).

Major force behind evolutionary change!Major force behind evolutionary change! Can occur:Can occur:

Between members of the same speciesBetween members of the same species Between different speciesBetween different species

PredationPredation

In nature, populations are often controlled In nature, populations are often controlled by predatorsby predators

Predator-prey relationshipPredator-prey relationship Interactions that affect population growth of Interactions that affect population growth of

both predator and preyboth predator and prey Example:Example:

Remember the Wolf and deer population Remember the Wolf and deer population activityactivity

Parasitism and DiseaseParasitism and Disease

Parasites range in size Parasites range in size Similar to predatorsSimilar to predators

Take nourishment at the expense of the host Take nourishment at the expense of the host (causing disease and/or death)(causing disease and/or death)

Example: Example: WOW bug petsWOW bug pets They lay their eggs on a larvaThey lay their eggs on a larva The eggs hatch and consume the larvaThe eggs hatch and consume the larva

Density-Independent FactorsDensity-Independent Factors

Affects different populations the same way Affects different populations the same way regardless of population sizeregardless of population size

Examples include:Examples include: Unusual weatherUnusual weather Natural disastersNatural disasters Seasonal cyclesSeasonal cycles Human activity Human activity

Human Population GrowthHuman Population Growth

The size of the human population has grown over The size of the human population has grown over time.time.

Human Population VideosHuman Population Videos

World Population World Population growth from 1 A.D.growth from 1 A.D.Produced by Population Connection Produced by Population Connection in 2000. Population Connection is a in 2000. Population Connection is a nonprofit, 501(c)(3) organizationnonprofit, 501(c)(3) organizationhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BbkQiQyaY

Exponential Growth Exponential Growth lecturelectureDavid Suzuki “Forces of nature” David Suzuki “Forces of nature” – speaking about exponential – speaking about exponential growthgrowthhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=Q9xoFCS33kg

Patterns of Human Population Patterns of Human Population GrowthGrowth

DemographyDemography Study of human populationsStudy of human populations

The Demographic TransitionThe Demographic Transition When population growth in a country has slowed in When population growth in a country has slowed in

response to industrialization.response to industrialization. Transition is complete when birthrate falls to meet Transition is complete when birthrate falls to meet

deathrate (population growth stops)deathrate (population growth stops)• More children survive to adulthood, more adults More children survive to adulthood, more adults

living to old ageliving to old age 33rdrd world countries have yet to undergo this process world countries have yet to undergo this process

Age StructureAge Structure Population profiles (# of people in different age groups)Population profiles (# of people in different age groups)

Humans in the Humans in the BiosphereBiosphere

Ch. 6 vocab flashcardsCh. 6 vocab flashcards

Earth as an IslandEarth as an Island

We share a limited resource baseWe share a limited resource base We all depend on the natural ecological We all depend on the natural ecological

processes that sustain these resourcesprocesses that sustain these resources Take the earth calculator test now…Take the earth calculator test now…

How many earth’s do you need if everyone How many earth’s do you need if everyone lived like you?lived like you?

Is it fair to use resources the way you do?Is it fair to use resources the way you do? What are some ways you could decrease What are some ways you could decrease

your impact?your impact?

Human Activities that have Human Activities that have transformed the Biospheretransformed the Biosphere

Hunting and gatheringHunting and gathering Subsistence hunting Subsistence hunting

AgricultureAgriculture Domestication of animals (overgrazing, increased Domestication of animals (overgrazing, increased

water use)water use) Traditional Traditional Modern Agriculture (increased Modern Agriculture (increased

irrigation, increased use of chemical fertilizers, new irrigation, increased use of chemical fertilizers, new types of farming equipment)types of farming equipment)

Green Revolution Green Revolution governments introduced new, governments introduced new, intensive farming techniques to increase yields. intensive farming techniques to increase yields.

• ““miracle strains”: improved harvestmiracle strains”: improved harvest• Monoculture: a single crop/species was planted to increase Monoculture: a single crop/species was planted to increase

yield yield

Industrial Growth and Urban Industrial Growth and Urban DevelopmentDevelopment

Certain kinds of industrial processes:Certain kinds of industrial processes: Pollute air, water, and soilPollute air, water, and soil

Dense human communities:Dense human communities: Produce wastes that must be disposed ofProduce wastes that must be disposed of

Suburban sprawl:Suburban sprawl: Consumes farmland and natural habitatsConsumes farmland and natural habitats

All place stress on plant and animal All place stress on plant and animal populations and on the biosphere’s life populations and on the biosphere’s life support systems!!!support systems!!!

The Tragedy of the CommonsThe Tragedy of the Commons

““Any resource that is open to everyone (air Any resource that is open to everyone (air or ocean) will eventually be destroyed or ocean) will eventually be destroyed because everyone can use it but no one is because everyone can use it but no one is responsible for preserving it.”responsible for preserving it.”

Constructed Response Prompt: Constructed Response Prompt: (On the provided handout - write approx. ½ - (On the provided handout - write approx. ½ -

1 page)1 page) In your opinion is the “tragedy of the In your opinion is the “tragedy of the

commons” true? Use evidence/quotes from commons” true? Use evidence/quotes from the reading to support your answer.the reading to support your answer.

Renewable vs. Nonrenewable Renewable vs. Nonrenewable ReourcesReources

Work with a partner.Work with a partner.Using your book or the computer:Using your book or the computer:

Generate a list of 10 renewable Generate a list of 10 renewable resources and 10 nonrenewable resources and 10 nonrenewable resources.resources.

Sustainable UseSustainable Use

With your partner choose one of the following With your partner choose one of the following resources:resources: LandLand ForestForest OceanOcean AirAir WaterWater

What are some ways to use these resources in a What are some ways to use these resources in a sustainable way?sustainable way? You have 20 minutes to put together a 1 minute You have 20 minutes to put together a 1 minute

presentation on the topic.presentation on the topic.

BiodiversityBiodiversity

““Sum total of the genetically based variety Sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere”of all organisms in the biosphere”

One of the Earth’s greatest natural One of the Earth’s greatest natural resourcesresources

Includes:Includes: Ecosystem diversityEcosystem diversity Species diversitySpecies diversity Genetic diversityGenetic diversity

Threats to BiodiversityThreats to Biodiversity

Human Activity can reduce biodiversity by:Human Activity can reduce biodiversity by: Altering habitats through developmentAltering habitats through development Hunting species to extinction Hunting species to extinction Introducing toxic compounds into food websIntroducing toxic compounds into food webs

• Failing septic systems (our water quality lab!!!)Failing septic systems (our water quality lab!!!)• DDT (biological magnification)– Rachel Carson’s DDT (biological magnification)– Rachel Carson’s

book book Silent SpringSilent Spring Introducing foreign species into new Introducing foreign species into new

environments (invasive species)environments (invasive species)

Charting a Course for the FutureCharting a Course for the Future

2 major global phenomena affect the 2 major global phenomena affect the biosphere:biosphere: Ozone depletionOzone depletion

• UV light is a mutagen!UV light is a mutagen! Global WarmingGlobal Warming

• Caused by a natural warming trend Caused by a natural warming trend ANDAND Human Human activity!!!activity!!!