Chapter 4 :Interdependence

Among Living Organisms And

The Environment

InterdependenceAmong living

Organisms and theenvironment

ecosystem

population communities

InteractionBetween

Livingorganisms

Predator-prey

Biologicalcontrol

Lion anddeer

symbiosis

commensalism

Tree andfern

parasitism

A tree and A mistletoe

mutualism

Hermit crabAnd seaanemone

competition

Foodchain

Food web

Humanactivities

Agricultureindustry

PyramidOf

numbers

FeedingRelationshipsAnd the flowOf energy

photosynthesis

Carbon dioxideLightWater

chlorophyll

4.1 Interdependence Among Living Organisms

HabitatSpecies

PopulationCommunityEcosystem

Habitat•The natural home of an organism where it lives and reproduce

Examples :

Species

•A similar organism or same

characteristics

Population•The same species

live and reproduce in a specific habitat

Examples :

Community•Different type of population live

together in a specific habitat and interacting

with one another

Examples :

Ecosystem•The interaction of the

organisms (several community) with the

environment in a habitat

Examples :

Interaction Between Living

Organism1. Prey-Predator2. Symbiosis

2.1. Commensalism2.2. Mutualism2.3. Parasitism

3. Competition

Interaction Between Living

Organism

1.Prey - Predator

2.Symbiosis

2.3 Parasitism

2.2 Mutualism

2.1 Commensalism

3. Competition

Prey - Predator

Predator:A living

organism that hunts other

living organism for food

Prey:A living

organism that is hunted by

predators

Example:Cat

(predator)eats mouse

(prey)

Example 2:Lion

(predator) eats

deer(prey)

Cat eat mouse

Lion eat deer

Prey-predator

APKBS4 2011

APKBS4 2011

Symbiosis

2.1. Commensalism2.2. Mutualism2.3. Parasitism

Commensalism

Meaning:is an interaction between two

different organisms where only one organisms benefits from the

relationship. The other organisms is neither helped nor harmed.

The organisms whichbenefits incommensalism is called the

commensal. The organisms which is not affectedis

called the host.

Example:Sea anemone (the host) uses

poisonous to protect the clown fish(the commensal) from its

predators . The sea anemone is neither helped nor harmed by the

clown fish

Example:The remora fish(the

commensal) feeds on food scattered by the shark(the host) . The shark neither

helped nor harmed by the clown fish

Sea anemone with clown fish

Remora fish with shark

commensalism

Mutualism

Meaning:An interaction that

benefits both organism

Example:Sea anemone obtains food and transport from the hermit crab

whereas hermit crab is protected from its predators by the poisonous

tentacles of the sea anemone

Example 2:The fungus and the green algae live

together in a lichen . The fungus provides water , protection and

nutrients to the algae whereas the algae provides the fungus with food

produced during photosynthesis

Sea anemone with hermit crab

lichen on Corylus

mutualism

Mynah and buffalo

Parasitism

Meaning:An interaction in which one

organism (the parasite) benefits but the others organism(the host) is

harmed

Example:The tapeworm(the parasite) in the human’s intestine(the host) feeds on nutrients in the human’s blood

whereas the human may suffer from abdominal pain , bloatin and

diarrhoea

Example 2:Ticks and lice (parasite) live on the on the skin of

mammals (hosts) and suck their blood .

The tapeworm in the small intestine

The ticks

parasitism

Competition

Meaning:Competition takes place when organisms living in the same

habitat compete to obtain common need such as shelter , water , mate

, minerals ,food or light

Intra-specific competition is the competition between organisms of the same

species , such as wolves compete for meat .

Competition become stronger when the common needs in

ecosystem are limited

Inter-specific competition is the competition

between organisms of different species , such as

crows and wolves compete for meats

PKBS 4 2011

Deers compete for mate

competetion

CONTOH SOALAN PMR 2009

Biological control agent Pests controlled

Owl Rat

Dung beetle Bushfly, buffalo fly

Biological control agents for specific pests PMR03

•Biological control has many advantages as compared to using pesticides. Some of them are 1.does not pollute the environment2.does not kill other pests because natural enemies are used is cheap and safe to use

PMR 08

Soalan 3 – minta pendapat – jawab dalam sains

PMR 05 – Smoking is dangerous to human health.

PMR 06 – suggest one way in which egg could be to float

PMR 07 – apakah kegunaan ubat gigi

PMR 08 – nak tentukan ketulinan air

PMR 09 – mengapa ikan gapi diletakkan didalam longkang

PMR 2010 – mengapa ikan paus perlu kerap timbul dipermukaan air

Terengganu 2011

Producers, Consumers and Decomposers   Producers are all green plants that make food

through photosynthesis. Consumers are animals that eat plants or other

animals. Decomposers are organisms that decompose

dead organisms (animals or plants) and change them into simple substances. Examples of decomposers are bacteria and fungi.

 

FOOD WEBS PMR 03, 04, 07

A food web consists of several food chains that are interlinked.

The organisms in a food web interact with each other.

FOOD WEBS PMR 03, 04, 07

Food Chains PMR 06, PMR 2010

A pyramid of numbers shows the number of organism at each link of the food chain.

From the base of the pyramid to the top◦ the number of organisms decrease◦ the size of the organisms increase◦ more energy is lost

Pyramid of NumbersPMR 05, 06, 07, 2010

The term photosynthesis comes from two root words photo, which means “light”, and synthesis, which means putting together.

Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants use light to produce food.

Green plants manufacture glucose from water and carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight in their chlorophyll.

Oxygen is released in the process. The glucose is stored as starch in the plants.

What is photosynthesis?

Carbon Dioxide Water Glucos

eOxyge

n

Sun Light

chlorophyll

Water

Sunlight

oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Process Of Photosynthesis

Respiration

Respiration is the oxidation of food in the body’s cell to release energy, carbon dioxide and water.

Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy

Pahang 2011

2. Buat inference untuk tumbuhan dalam serkup kaca P.

Kedah 12

Perlis 12

Cuba bandingkan…Kelantan 12

Perlis 12

What is the importance of

photosynthesis?

Maintaining the normal level of oxygen in the

atmosphere.

Providing food to maintain a balanced

ecosystem.

Help plants to produce yield.

Importance of Photosynthesis

Experiment to test presence of starch during photosynthesis.

Experiment to test presence of starch during photosynthesis.

Melaka 2011

Terengganu 2011

Carbon Cycle

Check?

Penutup

2. Tasbih Kifarah.

1. Baca Surah Al-`Ashr