Interagency Prescribed Fire Training/ Fire Ecology and Management University of Florida
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Transcript of Interagency Prescribed Fire Training/ Fire Ecology and Management University of Florida
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Interagency Prescribed Fire Training/Fire Ecology and ManagementUniversity of Florida
Ignition Techniques (adapted from FL DOF)
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Objectives
Characterize basic fire typesLink fire types to ignition patternsIdentify safety concernsDescribe when to use whatMethods of pile/windrow burningDevelop an ignition plan (you will do this later in your Burn Plan)
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Parts of a Fire
Wind
REAR
LEFT FLANK
RIGHT FLANK
FINGER
HEAD
SPOT FIRE
UNBURNED ISLAND
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Types of Fires
Surface Fire Burning in surface fuels
▪ Grass, shrubs, litterGround Fire
Smoldering in ground fuels▪ duff, peat, roots, stumps
Crown Fire Burning in aerial fuels
▪ Crowns or canopy of the overstory▪ May or may not be independent of surface
fire
Photo: Univ. of Toronto Fier Lab
Photo: News Provider
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Types of Crown Fires
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When do you need to apply your knowledge of ignition techniques? Two situations:Prescribed Fire: “Fire applied in a
knowledgeable manner to forest fuels on a specific land area under selected weather conditions to accomplish predetermined, well-defined management objectives” “A safe way to apply a natural process, ensure
ecosystem health, and reduce wildfire risk.”Suppression burning is the use of prescribed
fire in a wildland fire situation
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2 Types of Suppression Burning
Counter Fire
Burn-out
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Counter Fire
Fire applied to stop the forward spread of uncontrolled fireGENERALLY NOT USED IN I.A.NEED AT LEAST 2 CREW MEMBERSONLY IN CERTAIN FUEL TYPES ( not blowy
leaf!)ONLY BY EXPERIENCED firefighters HIGH RISKTIME CRITICAL
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Burn-out: when?
Often times on wildfires, control lines are established some distance from fire edgePockets Inaccessible areasPre-existing control linesAreas of lesser fuel
concentrations
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Learn the Basic Fire Types- Related to Wind
Characterize basic fire types1. Backing2. Head3. Flanking
Link fire types to ignition patterns Identify safety concerns Describe when to use what Methods of pile/windrow burning Develop an ignition plan (you will do this
later in your Burn Plan)
OBJECTIVES
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What are the FACTORS TO DETERMINE FIRING TECHNIQUES?
OBJECTIVES for your burn Fuels consumption, wildfire control Ecological effects
WIND SPEED & DIRECTION (why both?)SMOKE SENSITIVE AREAS IN CLOSE PROXIMITY?Special hazards?CREW EXPERIENCE/KNOWLEDGE
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1. Backing Fire
Used to establish baseline Generally safestLonger residence timesSlowest R.O.S.’s (1-3 ch/hr)
ROS determined by Fuel Moisture
Excellent for heavy fuel loadsUsed to burn around valuesGenerally not the primary technique
Why not???
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1. Backing Fire
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1. Backing Fire
BURNS INTO THE WIND
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1. Backing Fire- wind is important
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1. Backing Fire
When backfire is the primary technique, consider:
Windspeeds & fuel moistures Establishing additional baselines Orienting burn blocks
WIND
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2. Strip-Head Fire
Most frequently used techniqueFastest methodCan manipulate intensity with strip width and time
interval
Consider:Width of stripsChanging weather conditionsChanging fuel conditionsUsing spots where necessarySpotting potentialConvection activity “Closing the door” too soon
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2. Strip-Head Fire
STAY BEHIND DOWNWIND IGNITOR!
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2. Strip-Head Fire
• Intensity is controlled by line spacing and timing• Spread rate is sensitive to windspeed
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3. Flank Fire
REMAIN IN SIGHT
MAINTAIN
PACE
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3. Flank Fire
Can be an excellent tool, burn large areas with less effort
Uniform fire intensitiesMinimal spottingGood in diverse fuel typesConsider:
Winds (Dir. & Speed.)- must be steady!Number & experience of igniters- must be experienced!Communications & visibility (in unit)Conducive burn block orientationUsing spot ignitions within the flanksVarying the flank ignition speed to control intensity
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3. Flank Fire
FLANK FIRE
WIND
FIRE BURNS 90°
TO WIND
WALK INTO WIND
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3. Flank Fire- pace of ignition affects fire behavior
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4. Point Source (Spot) Fire
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4. Point Source (Spot) Fire
Excellent for large areas (aerial ignition) Best technique for controlling intensities in
various weather conditions Can be used in conjunction with strip head &
flank technique Effective in heavy fuels Burn manager can control where convection
occurs Quickest way to complete ignition
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Point Source (Spot) Fire
When spot firing, burn managers should consider how to change fire intensity:Width between spotsWidth between strips
Changes in weather & fuelsLocation of spotsSpotting potentialDifficulty in maintaining gridGrid orientation to windFast burn, high convection (why?)
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Point Source (Spot) Fire, initiation
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Point Source (Spot) Fire- growth
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5. Ring Fire
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5. Ring FireTraditionally used for site-prepMinimizes short range spottingQuick & easyEarly “point-of-no-return”Traps wildlife, high intensityHigh convective heat transfer
When using ring ignition, consider:AccessObjectives (overstory, smoke plume, speed)
Where to startCrew experienceBegin with center point ignition
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5. Ring Fire
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How it’s really done:
USE A VARIETY OF TECHNIQUES OVER A RANGE OF WEATHER CONDITIONS FOR MOSAIC BURN PATTERNS
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SECUREING A BASE LINE…
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LINE WIDTH?
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>2X FLAME LENGTH
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DO NOT “CLOSE THE DOOR”!
CAN CAUSE FIRE WHIRLS (VORTICES)
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USE CAUTION WALKING DOWNWIND!
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USE CAUTION IN HEAVY FUELS
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USE CAUTION ON SLOPES
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USE CAUTION WHEN FIRES CONVERGE
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ALWAYS WATCH WHAT YOUR FIRE IS DOING
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FIRE GENERATED WINDS
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KNOW LOCATIONS OF PERSONNEL & EQUIPMENT
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Ignition steps
1. Evaluate conditions, resources, and objectives to determine desired fire behavior.
2. Test burn and evaluation3. Black line4. Ignition techniques5. Contingency plans
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L.C.E.S.LOOKOUTSCOMMUNICATIONS ESCAPE ROUTESSAFETY ZONES
SAFETY should always be on your mind