Interactive Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Text Printable Nitrogen Cycle .

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen Text

Printable Nitrogen Cycle

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ORGANICMATTER

MESQUITERHIZOBIUMALFALFASOYBEAN

BLUE-GREEN ALGAEAZOTOBACTERCLOSTRIDIUM

PLANT AND ANIMAL RESIDUES

R-NH2 + ENERGY + CO2

R-NH2 + H2O

R-OH + ENERGY + 2NH3

MATERIALS WITH NCONTENT < 1.5% (WHEAT STRAW)

MATERIALS WITH NCONTENT > 1.5%(COW MANURE)

MICROBIAL

DECOMPOSITION

HETEROTROPHICAMINIZATION

BACTERIA (pH>6.0)FUNGI (pH<6.0)

AMMONIFICATION

GLOBAL WARMING

pH>7.0

2NH4+ + 2OH-

FIXED ONEXCHANGE SITES

+O2

Nitr

osom

onas

2NO2- + H2O + 4H+

IMMOBILIZATION

NH3 AMMONIA -3NH4

+ AMMONIUM -3N2 DIATOMIC N 0N2O NITROUS OXIDE 1NO NITRIC OXIDE 2NO2

- NITRITE 3NO3

- NITRATE 5

OXIDATION STATES

ATMOSPHERE

N2ONON2

N2O2-

NH3

SYMBIOTIC NON-SYMBIOTIC

+ O2Nitrobacter

FERTILIZATION

LIGHTNING,RAINFALL

N2 FIXATION

DENITRIFICATION

PLANTLOSS

AMINOACIDS

NO3-

POOL

LEACHING

AMMONIAVOLATILIZATION

NITRIFICATION

NH2OH

Pseudomonas, Bacillus,Thiobacillus Denitrificans,and T. thioparus MINERALIZATION

+ NITRIFICATION

IMMOBILIZATION

NO2-

MICROBIAL/PLANT SINK

TEMP 50°F

pH 7.0

LEACHING LEACHING

DENITRIFICATIONLEACHING

LEACHINGVOLATILIZATIONNITRIFICATION ADDITIONS

LOSSES

OXIDATION REACTIONS

REDUCTION REACTIONS

HABER BOSCH

3H2 + N2 2NH3

(1200°C, 500 atm)

Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees

Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University

INDUSTRIALFIXATION

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N2 Fixation

Plant and Animal Residues

Industrial Processes

Fertilizer

Lightning, Rainfall

Atmosphere

Organic Matter

Volatilization

Leaching

N2, N2O, NO


R-NH2 + Energy + CO2

R-NH2 + H2O

R-OH + Energy + 2NH3

Soil exchange sites

2NH4+ + 2OH-

2NO2- + H2O + 4H+

2NH4+ + 2OH-NO3

- Pool

Plant/Microbial Sink

Plant Loss



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SymbioticRhizobiumAlfalfaMesquiteSoybean

Non-SymbioticAzotobacterCyanobacteriaClostridium

Via Decay


N2 Fixation

Fertilizer

Lightning, Rainfall


Organic Matter

NO3- Pool


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N2, N2O, NO

Plant Loss

Leaching

Volatilization

Atmosphere




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Haber-Bosch (1200C, 500 ATM)

3CH4 + 3O2 + 2N2 4NH3 + 3CO2


N2 Fixation

Fertilizer

Lightning, Rainfall


Organic Matter

NO3- Pool


N2, N2O, NO

Plant Loss

Leaching

Volatilization

Atmosphere

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N2 Fixation Lightning, Rainfall


Organic Matter

NO3- Pool

Fertilizer

Small Percentage

Soil Exchange Sites


N2, N2O, NO

Plant Loss

Leaching

Volatilization

Atmosphere

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Oxidation of N

N2 + 3O2 2NO3-


N2 Fixation

Fertilizer

Lightning, Rainfall


Organic Matter

NO3- Pool


N2, N2O, NO

Plant Loss

Leaching

Volatilization

Atmosphere

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%N > 1.5(Animal Manure)

%N < 1.5(Wheat Straw)

Immobilization

Microbial D

ecomposit

ion


N2 Fixation

Fertilizer

Lightning, Rainfall


Organic Matter

NO3- Pool


N2, N2O, NO

Plant Loss

Leaching

Volatilization

Atmosphere

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N2 Fixation



Fertilizer

Lightning, Rainfall

Temperature above or below 50°F?Organic Matter

NO3- Pool


N2, N2O, NO

Plant Loss

Leaching

Volatilization

Atmosphere

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N2 Fixation


Industrial Processes Lightning,

Rainfall

Back to Temperature

Choice

Fertilizer


+ H2O

Organic Matter


Fungi pH < 6.0 Bacteria pH > 6.0

Heterotrophic Aminization

R-NH2 + H2O

AmmonificationpH > 7.0

Soil exchange sites

2NH4+ + 2OH-

2NO2- + H2O + 4H+

+ O2 Nitrosomonas

2NH4+ + 2OH-

+ O2 Nitrobacter

NO3- Pool


Immobilization

Immobilization

N2, N2O, NO

Plant Loss

Leaching

Volatilization

Atmosphere

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N2 Fixation



Fertilizer

Lightning, Rainfall

Organic Matter

NO3- Pool

Thiobacillus, T. Thioparus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Dentrificans Denitrification

Amino Acids

Immobilization


N2, N2O, NO

Plant Loss

Leaching

Volatilization

Atmosphere

Mineralization & Nitrification

NH2OH

NO2-

N2O2-

NH3

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N2 Fixation



Fertilizer

Lightning, Rainfall

Organic Matter


N2, N2O, NO

Plant Loss

Leaching

Volatilization

Atmosphere

NO3- Pool

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Back to Temperature

Choice




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N2 Fixation



Fertilizer

Lightning, Rainfall

Organic Matter


Immobilization

2NH4+ + 2OH-

N2, N2O, NO

Plant Loss

Leaching

Volatilization

Atmosphere

NO3- Pool

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N2 Fixation



Fertilizer

Lightning, Rainfall

Organic Matter

N2, N2O, NO

Thiobacillus, T. Thioparus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Dentrificans Denitrification


Plant Loss

Leaching

Volatilization

Atmosphere

NO3- Pool

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N2 Fixation



Fertilizer

Lightning, Rainfall

Organic Matter

Plant Loss


N2, N2O, NO

Leaching

Volatilization

Atmosphere

NO3- Pool

NH2OH

NO2-

N2O2-

NH3

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N2 Fixation



Fertilizer

Lightning, Rainfall

Organic Matter

Leaching


N2, N2O, NO

Plant Loss

Volatilization

Atmosphere

NO3- Pool

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N2 Fixation



Fertilizer

Lightning, Rainfall

Organic Matter

Volatilization


N2, N2O, NO

Plant Loss

Leaching

pH > 7.0

Atmosphere

NO3- Pool



R-NH2 + H2O

Ammonification


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N2 Fixation



Fertilizer

Lightning, Rainfall

Atmosphere

Organic Matter


N2, N2O, NO

Plant Loss

Volatilization

Haber-Bosch (1200C, 500 ATM)

3CH4 + 3O2 + 2N2 4NH3 + 3CO2



NO3- Pool

LeachingBack to Main

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Nitrogen Information

Form taken up plant

Mobility

Deficiency symptoms

Soil pH deficiency

Role of N in plant growth

Enzymes that require N

Role of N in microbial growth

Concentration in plants

Effect of pH on availability

Nutrient interactions

Fertilizer sources

References

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• NH4+

• NO3-

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• Soil– NH4+; NO– NO3- ; Yes

• Water Soluble• Not influenced by soil colloids

• Plant– Yes

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• Chlorosis in older leaves

• Under severe deficiency lower leaves are brown, beginning at the leaf tip and proceeding along the midrib

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• None due to nitrate’s mobility

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• N assimilation into amino acids for protein and amino acid synthesis

• Component of chlorophyll

• Vegetative growth

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• Necessary for the synthesis for amino acids

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• Nitrate reductase

• Nitrite reductase

• Nitrogenase

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• Wheat 1.7 to 3.0%– Grain 2.0%– Forage 3.0%– Straw

• Corn 2.7 to 3.5%• Soybeans 4.2 to 5.5%• Grain sorghum 3.3 to 4.0 %• Peanuts 3.5 to 4.5 %• Alfalfa 4.5 to 5.0%• Bermudagrass 2.5 to 3.0%

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• Low pH– None

• High pH– None at pH > 8

– At pH > 7 NO2- accumulates

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• Si: enhances leaf erectness neutralizing the negative effects of high N supply on light interception

• P: symbiotic legume fixation needs adequate P, or a N deficiency can result

• Mo: component of nitrogenase, therefore could have Mo induced N deficiency in N2 fixing legumes

• Fe: Necessary for nitrogenase and ferredoxin, legume hemoglobin, deficiency reduces nodule mass, and nitrogenase Back to

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ammonium sulfate anhydrous ammonia

ammonium chloride ammonium nitrate

ammonium nitrate- ammonium nitrate

sulfate with lime

ammoniated ordinary- ammonium phosphate-

superphosphate sulfate

monoammonium phosphate diammonium phosphate

ammonium polyphosphate ammonium thiophosphate

calcium nitrate potassium nitrate

sodium nitrate urea

urea-sulfate urea-ammonium nitrate

urea-ammonium phosphate urea phosphateBack to

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• Burford, J.R., and J.M. Bremner. 1975. Relationships between the denitrification capacities of soils and total, water-soluble and readily decomposable soil organic matter. Soil Biochem. 7:389-394.

• Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition in Higher Plants. Academic Press, London.

• Tisdale, S.L., W.L. Nelson, J.D. Beaton, and J.L. Havlin. 1993. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. MacMillan Publishing Co., New York, N.Y.

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Interactive Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Text Printable Nitrogen Cycle .

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