INTERACTIONS OF IONIZING RADIATION WITH MATTERS
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INTERACTIONS OF IONIZING RADIATION WITH MATTERS
DR. CHAU VAN TAODEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS
NATURALSCIENCES UNIVERSITY
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Questions
What is radiation?
What is ‘ionizing’ radiation?
How do we measure radiation?
Where does radiation come from?
What are the effects of radiation?
Is radiation good for anything?
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nucleusnucleus
proton
neutron
electronelectron
Atomic Structure and Radioactive DecayAtomic Structure and Radioactive Decay
Atomic StructureAtomic Structure
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RöntgenRöntgen
18951895
Discovery Discovery of X-rayof X-ray
Pierre & Marie Pierre & Marie CurieCurie 18981898 Discovery ofDiscovery of Ra, Ra, PoPo
Becquerel Becquerel
18961896
SpontaneouSpontaneous s radioactivitradioactivityy
Hahn Hahn
19381938
Discovery Discovery of fissionof fission
Discovery of Radiation Discovery of RadiationDiscovery of Radiation
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Ernest Rutherford(1871-1935) Albert Einstein(1879- 1955)
Types of Radiation and Nuclear Energy
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Atomic Structure and Radioactive DecayAtomic Structure and Radioactive Decay
Atoms and IsotopesAtoms and Isotopes
XN
A
Z
X: Chemical SymbolX: Chemical Symbol
AA: : Atomic mass numberAtomic mass number
ZZ: : Atomic numberAtomic number
N: Neutron numberN: Neutron number
or X-A
He4
2 He-4
A=Z+N4 2 2
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electronelectron
Atomic Structure and Radioactive DecayAtomic Structure and Radioactive Decay
Co-60
Proton : 27Neutron: 33
Ni-60*
Proton : 28Neutron: 32
-decay and -decay and -ray emission-ray emission
Ni-60
Proton : 28Neutron: 32
electromagneticelectromagneticradiationradiation
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More Radioactivity
+60Co Beta ray(electron)
++226Ra Alpha ray
(helium nucleus)
7BeGamma ray
+-electron
7Be 7Li +
11C 11B + +
60Co 60Ni + –
226Ra 222Rn +
+11C Positron
Antoine Henri Becquerel
(1852—1908)
Antoine Henri Becquerel
(1852—1908)
Discovered radioactivity of uranium
Discovered radioactivity of uranium
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proton
neutron
Atomic Structure and Radioactive DecayAtomic Structure and Radioactive Decay
-decay-decay
U-238
Proton : 92Neutron: 146
Th-234
Proton : 90Neutron: 144
nucleusnucleus
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-ray
Lead block
Radioactive substance
-ray
-ray
-ray
(+)
(-)
Electrically charged plates
Photographic plate
Types of RadiationTypes of RadiationTypes of RadiationTypes of Radiation
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Types of RadiationTypes of Radiation
Types of radiation Charge
Mass
(amu)Remarks
-ray +2 4Very short range
Highly ionizing
-ray -1 0.0005 Short range
-ray 0 0 Long range
neutron 0 1 Long range
Types of RadiationTypes of Radiation
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Half-life Time of RadionuclideHalf-life Time of Radionuclide
Characteristics of RadiationCharacteristics of Radiation
A = A0e-t
: Probability of disintegration per unit time
Half Life, T 1/2 = log2 /
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Half-life Time of RadionuclideHalf-life Time of Radionuclide
Characteristics of RadiationCharacteristics of Radiation
Nuclide Half-life24Na 15.0 h
222Rn 3.8 d131I 8.0 d
60Co 5.3 y90Sr 28.8 y
137Cs 30 y226Ra 1600 y239Pu 24000 y238U 4.5x109 y
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Characteristics of RadiationCharacteristics of Radiation
Penetrating DistancesPenetrating Distances
and X
neutron
Paper Plastic Lead ConcreteSkin Aluminum Iron Water
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Electromagnetic Radiation
f = c/f = c/
Speed of lightBUT:
Radiation can also be interpreted as particles (photons) with energy E
E = hfE = hf
Planck’s constant
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‘Ionizing’ Radiation
+
++
+
-
-
Radiation that is energetic enough to remove a tightly bound electron from a neutral atom
Radiation that is energetic enough to remove a tightly bound electron from a neutral atom
RadiationElectron
Ion
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‘Ionizing’ Radiation
Different kinds of radiation produce different patterns of ionizationDifferent kinds of radiation produce different patterns of ionization
+++ + + +
+++ + + +
+++ + + +
+++ + + +
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
IonizingNon ionizing
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AA
Measuring Radiation (Ion Chamber)
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Measuring Radiation (Geiger Counter)
Geiger–Müller Tube
Geiger–Müller Tube
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Measuring Radiation (Scintillator)
1024…
4096… 410 = 1,048,576
ScintillatorScintillator Light guideLight guide
Photomultiplier tube
Photomultiplier tube
DynodesDynodes
Electrical pulse
Electrical pulse
1
4
16
64
256
PhotocathodePhotocathode
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The Gamma Spectrometer
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Lesson 1 - Inverse Square Law of Gamma Radiation
I0
x1
I1
I0
21
01 x
IkI
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x2
I1I2
I0
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2
1
x
mm mm
logk-2logx
oI/I
2o
x
IkI
oI/I
2o x
k
I
I xlog2klog]I/Ilog[ o
x x
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Io
Lesson 2 –The Decrease Of Gamma Intensity
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Interaction of Radiation with MatterInteraction of Radiation with Matter
Interaction ofInteraction of Electromagnetic RadiationElectromagnetic Radiation withwith Matter Matter
Photoelectric Effect
photoelectron
raye-
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E: energy of the incident photonEs: energy of the scattered photonq : the scattering anglem: electron mass
Interaction of Radiation with MatterInteraction of Radiation with Matter
Interaction ofInteraction of Electromagnetic RadiationElectromagnetic Radiation withwith Matter Matter
Compton Scattering
ray
’ray
electron
e-
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Pair Production
Interaction of Radiation with MatterInteraction of Radiation with Matter
E = 2mc2 + E+ + E-
m: electron rest massc: the speed of lightE+: kinetic energies of the positron E-: kinetic energy of the electron
Interaction ofInteraction of Electromagnetic RadiationElectromagnetic Radiation withwith Matter Matter
positron
electron
raye-
e+
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Interaction of Radiation with MatterInteraction of Radiation with Matter
Photoelectric Effect
Pair Production
Compton Scattering
µ
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xo e.II
Ix
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xe
mm mm
-x
oI/I
xo e.II
oI/I
xo eI/I x]I/Iln[ o
x x
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electronelectron
Co-60
Proton : 27Neutron: 33
Ni-60*
Proton : 28Neutron: 32
Lesson 3 - The Gamma Spectrum
Ni-60
Proton : 28Neutron: 32
electromagneticelectromagneticradiationradiation
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Lesson 3 - The Gamma Spectrum
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Cobalt Spectrum
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THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION