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![Page 1: Interactions Between the Physical Layer and Upper Layers in Wireless Networks: The devil is in the details Fouad A. Tobagi Stanford University “Broadnets.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d0e5503460f949e387f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Interactions Between the Physical Layer and Upper Layers
in Wireless Networks:The devil is in the details
Fouad A. Tobagi
Stanford University
“Broadnets 2006”
San Jose, October 4, 2006
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Very Wide Range of Scenarios
SCENARIOSRELEVANT
ASPECTS
VALUE ADDED
PROPOSITIONS
APPLICATION• Traffic Types – voice, video, data
•Traffic Pattern
• Traffic Parameters
• Performance
•Measures
Application layer Adaptation
NETWORK LAYER
• Topology
• Mobility
• Routing Protocol
• Topology Parameters
• Mobility Parameters
• Protocol Parameters
Adaptive routing
MAC• IEEE 802.11 • Contention Window
• Inter-Frame Spacing
Adaptive contention window
PHYSICAL LAYER
• OFDM • Transmit Power
• Data Rate
• ED Threshold
• Power and Rate Adaptation
•MIMO
CHANNEL•Offices, residences
•Outdoors
• Path Loss
• Fading
N/A
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Impact of Channel Fading on Packet Error Rate (PER)
andApplications Performance
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Path Loss, Shadowing, and Small Scale Fading
distance
Power
distance
Power
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System Model
•Wireless Channel model – ETSI’s channel model A for Typical office environment
• PHY Layer - IEEE 802.11a/g (OFDM-based)
• MAC Layer - IEEE 802.11 DCF (CSMA/CA with 7 retries)
•Application - VoIP (20ms speech/packet = 228 bytes frames)
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ETSI Channel Model A Multipath Components
• Typical indoornon-line of sight office environment
• RMS delay spread =50ns
• Independent Rayleigh fading on the paths
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Fading Realizations and PER
PER < 10-4PER = 0.99
R= 24 Mbps SNRrec = 18.6 dB
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SNR and SNRrec
• SNRrec= f(SNR, H)
• SNR = Pt+ Gt + Gr- Ploss- Npower- Im
• Npower= 10log10(K.T.B) + NF
K, Boltzman constantT, temperatureB, bandwidthNF, noise figure
Keenan-Motley
• Ploss = Pfree-space(d,) + a•d
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Fading Realizations and PER
PER vs. SNR for H1PER vs. SNR for H2
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VoIP Quality Assessment: Mean Opinion Score (MOS)
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MOS-PER Relationship
MOS vs. PER for G.711 with PLC
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Voice Quality
H1H2
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SNR Vs. Data Rate Tradeoff
MOStarget = 4
99th percentile
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Coexistence of Multiple Links:
Interactions between the Physical Layer and the MAC Layer
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STA0
AP0
A Simple Scenario:Video Streaming
STA1
AP1s45°
data data
d
Even with this simple case there are many parameters regarding: Topology, Wireless Channel, Physical and MAC Layers,
and Application Characteristics.
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An Accurate Simulation Tool
802.11 MAC layer protocol
Distributed Coordination Function (CSMA/CA)
802.11e enhancements
802.11a/g OFDM PHY characteristics
Channel modeling including path loss and fading
Accurate models for receiver: synchronization, PER
Application layer
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Average Packet Error Rate for Various Data Rates
• IEEE 802.11a
• ETSI Channel A
• MAC frame size
= 1528 bytes
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Packet Error Rate forDifferent Packet Size
• IEEE 802.11a
• ETSI Channel A
• 6 Mbps
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STA0
AP0
A Simple Scenario:Sustainable video throughput
STA1
AP1s45°
data data
d
PHY 12 Mbps Video 8 Mbps d = 7 m ED = -95 dBm
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Video Throughput(Phy 12 Mbps, Video 8 Mbps, d = 7 m, ED = -95 dBm)
STA0
AP0
STA1
AP1s
7 m
Distance s between AP0 and AP1 (m)
Thr
ough
put
(Mbp
s)
AP0 → STA0
AP1 → STA1
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Factors
• Blocking: 802.11 Carrier Sense Multiple Access prevents simultaneous packet transmissions from both APs
• MAC layer behavior: Interframe Spacing depends on whether the last detected packet is received correctly or not
• Interference: packet reception corrupted due to simultaneous transmission (no blocking)
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Extended Interframe Space802.11 MAC Protocol
Data
SIFS
Data
DIFS CW
ACK
EIFS is used to protect an eventual ACK transmitted by the intended receiver.
Data ACK
SIFS
Data
EIFS
CW
Normal frame exchange
SIFS, DIFS, EIFS: Interframe space / CW: Contention Window (random)
Frame error
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STA0
AP0
Interference EffectSTA
1
AP1
data
AP1
AP0
STA0below ED threshold
data
Interference from AP1 causes high probability of error at STA0.
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Video Throughput(Phy 12 Mbps, Video 8 Mbps, d = 7 m, ED = -95 dBm)
full coordinationpartial
coordinationno
coordination
interference
no blocking (AP0-AP1)
sDistance s between AP0 and AP1 (m)
AP0 → STA0
Thr
ough
put
(Mbp
s)
AP1 → STA1
MAC layer behavior (EIFS)
STA0
AP0
STA1
AP1s
7 m
With coordination: MAC layer behavior determines sharing of bandwidth
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STA0
AP0
EIFS EffectSTA
1
AP1
ACK
ACK
AP0
SIFS
AP1
DIFS+CW
STA1EIFS
Channel is captured by AP1 more frequently.
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Video Throughput(Phy 12 Mbps, Video 8 Mbps, d = 7 m, ED = -95 dBm)
full coordinationpartial
coordinationno
coordination
interference
no blocking (AP0-AP1)
sDistance s between AP0 and AP1 (m)
AP0 → STA0
Thr
ough
put
(Mbp
s)
AP1 → STA1
MAC layer behavior (EIFS)
STA0
AP0
STA1
AP1s
7 m
Without coordination: interference is the main cause of the results
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Video Throughput(Phy 12 Mbps, Video 8 Mbps, d = 7 m, ED = -85 dBm)
fullcoordination
nocoordination
partialcoordination
sDistance s between AP0 and AP1 (m)
Thr
ough
put
(Mbp
s)
AP0 → STA0
AP1 → STA1
no blocking (AP0-AP1)
MAC layer behavior (EIFS)
interference
STA0
AP0
STA1
AP1s
7 m
Without coordination: interference is the main cause of the results
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Impact of Path Loss and Physical Layer Parameters on the
throughput of Multi-hop Wireless Networks
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Throughput of a Linear Multihop Wireless Network
• Wireless Channel Characteristics– Path Loss (exponent γ)– Fading
• MAC Layer Parameters– TDMA: Separation between nodes
transmitting simultaneously
– 802.11: Energy Detect Threshold
– Slotted ALOHA: Probability of transmission in a time slot
• Physical Layer– Transmission Power
– Data Rate
– Receiver Performance
• Network Characteristics– Distance between nodes in the string
• Traffic Patterns– Saturated Traffic at each node
– Traffic injected from one end of the string to the other
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Effect of Transmission Power
γ = 4.1
d = 5 m
ED = -91 dBm
CS = -85 dBm
Decrease in performance on the link between a transmitter and a receiver
Decrease in the number of simultaneous transmissions due to excessive blocking
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Effect of Energy Detect Threshold
γ = 4.1
d = 5 m
Pt = 20 dBm
CS = -85 dBm
Excessive interference due to increased number of simultaneous transmissions
Decrease in the number of simultaneous transmissions due to excessive blocking
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Effect of Path Loss
Throughput is optimized over transmission power, data rate, and energy detect threshold.
Transmission power is limited to a maximum as allowed by IEEE 802.11
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Effect of MAC Scheme
CSMA throughput is optimized over transmission power, data rate, and energy detect threshold.
TDMA throughput is optimized over the TDMA frame lengthSlotted Aloha throughput is optimized over the rate of transmissions
γ = 4.1
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Impact of Channel Variability on Routing
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102
148
146
144138
104
127
101
103 bis
192.168.2.10
192.168.2.13
192.168.2.52
192.168.2.53
192.168.2.15
App
rox.
22
m
192.168.2.12
FTRD Lannion Testbed
• 10 nodes in office environment (only 6 shown above in partial map)• Measurements of SNR on links and routing tables at each node for 24
hours with samples every 15 seconds
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SNR Variation and Routing Oscillations
• With average SNR around 10-12 dB, the packet error rate is high• Low SNR & variability of SNR result in change of routes from one
sample to another– e.g. next hop at node 13 to reach 52 changes from sample to sample – 52, 10, 15 or no route
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Same Destination on a Different Day
• Same time (10-12 pm) but on a different day (Feb 11 instead of Jan 27)
• Similar average SNR (8-10 dB), but bigger spread (-2 to 22 dB)
• Instead of oscillating between 52 and 10 (going backwards), it now oscillates between 10 (going backward) and 15 (going forward)
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Challenges in Simulator Calibration
• Changes in environment result in very different distribution of routes on two different days
• Not practical to try to model exact variations• More important to see similar variability in simulator, so that problems
can be seen, and solutions can be tested via simulations• What is the right level of modeling accuracy to say that undesirable
behavior can be captured via simulations without testing ?
No route
No route
52 (direct)
10 (backwards)
15 (forward) 52 (direct)
10 (backwards)
15 (forward)Jan 27, 2005 Feb 11, 2005
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END