Interacting with IT Systems Fundamentals of Information Technology Session 5.
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Transcript of Interacting with IT Systems Fundamentals of Information Technology Session 5.
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Interacting with IT Systems
Fundamentals of Information TechnologySession 5
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Interaction
• Interaction is process of communication that involves two or more participants
dialogue
multilogue
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Interaction
• Interaction can be understood as a form of request/response communication
1. A sends a request to B2. B sends a response to A
A B
12.30pmWhat time is it?
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Interaction
• Successful interaction requires a shared language of communication
• Successful interaction requires a shared set of rules
A B
晋语What time is it?
A B
Give me the time
now!
What a rude person!
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Interaction
• In an interactive exchange, participants have a measurable effect upon one another so that in the process of the interaction the status of both is changed.
• Both A and B now know the time• A knows B is a reliable source of time information• B knows A does not have a watch
A B
12.30pmWhat time is it?
I’m late for the dentist!
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Interactivity
• Interaction also occurs between human beings and computer programs.
• The extent to which a computer program allows interaction is known as its interactivity
• Some computer programs have high levels of interactivity (e.g. games); others have little or no interactivity (e.g. embedded systems)
HighLow
gamesVirtual reality
Embedded systems
How interactive is the Web ?
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Interactive and non-interactive elements of
interfaces
What are the interactive and non-interactive elements on the Guardian homepage?
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Interactivity
• Interactivity is facilitated through a combination of hardware and software elements of an IT System
Hardware Software
Mouse (input) Graphical user interface
Keyboard (input)
Speakers (output)
Monitor (output)
?
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Graphical User Interface
• Originally, interaction with computers was achieved through a text-based command line interface (e.g. DOS or Telnet)
• Now, apart from specialist or embedded systems, human-computer interaction (HCI) is facilitated through the use of graphical user interfaces (GUI)
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Graphical User Interface
• Standard graphical user interfaces are constructed from combinations of several classes of component – Menus– Controls
(buttons, combo boxes, etc)
– Display – Status
information
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Graphical User Interface
• Common GUI controls
•What is each one called?
•What is each one used for?
Black
White
United Kingdom
Submit
Mr.Mrs.Miss.Dr.
Blue
Red
Green
Enter TextEnter More Text
sales orders enquiries
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Designing a GUI for a Home Control System
• Identify each element (module) of the system
• Identify the user requirements for the (module) interface– Switch on all lights– Switch off all lights – Switch on light groups– Switch off light groups– Control brightness of all lights – . . . .
Control Panel
KitchenLiving Room Bedroom 1
LightsHeating Appliances
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Designing a GUI for a Home Control System
• Storyboard the interfaceHeating AppliancesLights
On/offLight Group
Brightness
All lightsOn/off
Brightness
Fireside Spots
Maintenance
Fireside Spot 2 Change bulb
• Use Visio or a similar drawing tool to create a storyboard or mock-up of the interface
• Consider alternatives
• Make adjustments as necessary
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Designing a GUI for a Home Control System
• Design the Menus – Consideration must be given to
• Conformance to standards – Windows standards for PC applications– Web standards for web applications
• Grouping (associating common elements)• Weighting (giving precedence to more commonly used
elements)
NewOpenCloseSaveSave AsPrint
UndoCopyCutPasteClearSelect all
File Edit
New Lighting Template
Insert
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User-centred Design
• Many GUIs are too complex or inappropriate for their intended target audience and fail as a result
• This is often because end-users of IT systems are not consulted in the design process
• User-centred design puts the user at the centre of the design process
• By involving end-users of a system on a regular basis designers can properly understand the needs that the system is meant to satisfy
• User-centred design helps designers to properly tailor and maximize usability
• User centred-design methodologies include, observations, prototyping, user-testing, heuristic evaluation
(e.g. http://www.useit.com/papers/heuristic/heuristic_list.html )
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Usability
• Usability is a quality attribute that assesses how easy user interfaces are to use.
• Usability can be defined by five quality components: – Learnability: How easy is it for users to accomplish basic
tasks the first time they encounter the design? – Efficiency: Once users have learned the design, how quickly
can they complete the tasks they need to do? – Memorability: When users return to the design after a
period of not using it, how easily can they re-establish proficiency?
– Errors: How many errors do users make, how severe are these errors, and how easily can they recover from the errors?
– Satisfaction: How pleasant is it to use the design?
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Usability
• Usability considerations should inform all stages of software development
• Development– Focus groups – Paper prototyping
• Testing– Performance testing (quantifiable metrics)
• Number of clicks required to perform a task• Time taken to perform a task• Number of errors made by users• Frequency of failure to complete a task
– Think aloud protocol– Cognitive walkthrough
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Accessibility
• Accessibility is closely related to usability – Determines how easy it is for people with disabilities
(e.g. blindness, dyslexia, colour blindness) to successfully make use of a piece of software
– Accessibility is a particular issue on the Web as a result of the demands of the Equality Act 2010 (Replacing the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) 1998)
– Web content accessibility is measured against the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)
– The guidelines deal with issues such as• Navigation • Readability• Page layout • Use of colour
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User Manuals
• User manuals are essential elements for first time users and for advanced users doing more advanced tasks
• Quality documentation reduces user errors and cuts out the need for after sales support
• A user manual should comprise: – An overview of system elements– Task instructions: a detailed, step-by-step breakdown of
how to complete individual tasks – A list of typical errors and how to recover from those
errors – A glossary of terms
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User Manuals
• An extract from a typical user manual
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FIT Session 5 – Activities
• Now do – Activity 5 – Interacting with IT systems