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INTELLIGENCE PROCESS 1-2. Intelligence operations consist of the functions that constitutethe intelligence process: plan, prepare, collect, process, produce, and the common tasks ofanalyze, disseminate, and assess that occur throughout the intelligence process. Just as theactivities of the operations process overlap and recur as circumstances demand, so do thefunctions of the intelligence process. Additionally, the analyze, disseminate, and assess tasksprocess. !ee "igure 1-1.# $ Plan. %his step of the intelligence process consists of activities thatinclude assessing the situation, envisioning a desired outcome also kno&n as setting the vision#,identifying pertinent information and intelligence re'uirements, developing a strategy for I!(operations to satisfy those re'uirements, directing intelligence operations, and synchronizing theI!( effort. %he commander)s intent, planning guidance, and commander)s critical informationre'uirements **I(s# priority information re'uirements +I(s and friendly force informationre'uirements +""I(s# drive the planning of intelligence operations. *ommanders must involvetheir supporting staff udge advocate !JA# &hen planning intelligence operations especially/0I% operations#. lanning, managing, and coordinating these operations are continuousactivities necessary to o3tain information and produce intelligence essential to decisionmaking. $Prepare. %his step includes those staff and leader activities that take place upon receiving theoperations plan 45A#, operations order 44(6#, &arning order 7A(4#, or commander)sintent to improve the unit)s a3ility to e8ecute tasks or missions and survive on the 3attlefield. $Collect. (ecent I!( doctrine necessitates that the entire staff, especially the 9;! and 92;!2,must change their reconnaissance and surveillance (

must carefully focus I!( on the **I( 3ut also ena3le the 'uick re-tasking of units and assets asthe situation changes. %his doctrinal re'uirement ensures that the enemy situation, not ust our45A, =drives> I!( operations. 7ell-developed procedures and carefully planned fle8i3ility tosupport emerging targets, changing re'uirements, and the need to support com3at assessmentare critical. %he 9;! and 92;!2 play a critical role in this challenging task that is sometimesreferred to as =fighting I!(> 3ecause it is so staff intensive during planning and e8ecution it is anoperation &ithin the operation#. ?lements of all units on the 3attlefield o3tain information and dataa3out enemy forces, activities, facilities, and resources as &ell as information concerning theenvironmental and geographical characteristics of a particular area. $ Process. %his stepconverts relevant information into a form suita3le for analysis, production, or immediate use 3ythe commander. rocessing also includes sorting through large amounts of collected informationand intelligence multidiscipline reports from the unit)s I!( assets, lateral and higher echelonunits and organizations, and non-I elements in the 3attlespace#. rocessing identifies and

e8ploits that information &hich is pertinent to the commander)s intelligence re'uirements andfacilitates situational understanding. ?8amples of processing include developing film, enhancingimagery, translating a document from a foreign language, converting electronic data into astandardized report that can 3e analyzed 3y a system operator, and elements 3efore theinformation is for&arded for analysis. $ Produce. In this step, the 92;!2 integrates evaluated,analyzed, and interpreted information from single or multiple sources and disciplines into finishedintelligence products. 5ike collection operations, the 92;!2 must ensure the unit)s informationprocessing and intelligence production are prioritized and synchronized to support ans&ering thecollection re'uirements.H!"N INTELLIGENCE 1-@. /0I% is the collection of information 3y a trained /0I%collector military occupational specialties +4!s B?, C1D +formerly C1*, C1 +formerlyC1?, C?, and C"#, from people and their associated documents and media sources to identifyelements, intentions, composition, strength, dispositions, tactics, e'uipment, personnel, and

capa3ilities. It uses human sources as a tool and a variety of collection methods, 3oth passivelyand actively, to gather information to satisfy the commander)s intelligence re'uirements andcross-cue other intelligence disciplines. 1-C. /0I% tasks include 3ut are not limited toE $*onducting source operations. $ 5iaising &ith host nation /# officials and allied counterparts. $?liciting information from select sources. $ 6e3riefing 0! and allied forces and civilian personnelincluding refugees, displaced persons 6s#, third-country nationals, and local inha3itants. $Interrogating ?7s and other detainees. $ Initially e8ploiting documents, media, and materiel.PH"SES O# H!INT COLLECTION 1-F. ?very /0I% 'uestioning session, regardless of themethodology used or the type of operation, consists of five phases. %he five phases of /0I%collection are planning and preparation, approach, 'uestioning, termination, and reporting. %hey

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are generally se'uentialG ho&ever, reporting may occur at any point &ithin the process &hencritical information is o3tained and the approach techni'ues used &ill 3e reinforced as re'uiredthrough the 'uestioning and termination phases. Plannin$ and Preparation 1-. 6uring thisphase, the /0I% collector conducts the necessary research and operational planning inpreparation for a specific collection effort &ith a specific source. *hapter B discusses this phasein detail. "pproac% 1-1H. 6uring the approach phase, the /0I% collector esta3lishes theconditions of control and rapport to gain the cooperation of the source and to facilitate informationcollection. *hapter F discusses approach and termination strategies in detail. &uestionin$ 1-11.6uring the 'uestioning phase, the /0I% collector uses an interrogation, de3riefing, orelicitation methodology to ask a source 'uestions systematically on relevant topics, collectinformation in response to the intelligence tasking, and ascertain source veracity. *hapter discusses 'uestioning techni'ues in detail. !ee Appendi8 for a source and relia3ility matri8.#Termination 1-12. 6uring the termination phase, the /0I% collector completes a 'uestioningsession and esta3lishes the necessary conditions for future collection from the same source 3yhimself or another /0I% collector. !ee *hapter F.# Reportin$ 1-1. 6uring the reportingphase, the /0I% collector &rites, edits, and su3mits &ritten, and possi3ly oral, reports oninformation collected in the course of a /0I% collection effort. %hese reports &ill 3e revie&ed,edited, and analyzed as they are for&arded through the appropriate channels. *hapter 1Hdiscusses reporting in detail.

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7. Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Concept of Operations

The ISR CONOPS documents the synchronization, integration, and operation of ISR

resources in direct support of current and future operations. It outlines the capability totas,

collect, process, e!ploit, and disseminate accurate and timely information that pro"idesthe

a#areness necessary to successfully plan and conduct operations. It addresses ho# all

a"ailable ISR collection assets and associated P$% infrastructure, including multinational

and commercial assets, #ill be used to satisfy the &oint force's anticipated collectiontass.

To facilitate the optimum utilization of all a"ailable ISR assets, an ISR CONOPS

should be

developed in conjunction with the coand!s planning effort. The ISR CONOPS

should be based on the collection strategy and ISR e!ecution planning, and should bede"eloped &ointly by the &oint force ()* and ()+. The ISR CONOPS should also identifyand

discuss any ISR asset gaps and shortfalls relati"e to the &oint force's "alidated PIRs and

maybe used as a "ehicle for &ustifying a reuest for the allocation of additional ISR resources.

It

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should also reuire a periodic e"aluation of the capabilities and contributions of all

a"ailable

ISR assets relati"e to the &oint force mission in order to ma!imize their efficientutilization

and to ensure the timely release of allocated ISR resources #hen no longer needed by the

&oint force.a. "he ISR CONOPS is the first step to building an ISR appendi# and consists of

t#o parts-

/0 1 brief description of "alidated intelligence reuirements and ISR forceorganization, allocations, employment priorities, and C* relationships.

*0 1 general depiction of employed or planned employment of ISR assets to

support daily &oint and component)le"el operations.

b. "he following are factors that should be considered when developing an ISR

CONOPS$

7. Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Concept of Operations

The ISR CONOPS documents the synchronization, integration, and operation of ISR

resources in direct support of current and future operations. It outlines the capability totas,

collect, process, e!ploit, and disseminate accurate and timely information that pro"idesthe

a#areness necessary to successfully plan and conduct operations. It addresses ho# all

a"ailable ISR collection assets and associated P$% infrastructure, including multinationaland commercial assets, #ill be used to satisfy the &oint force's anticipated collection

tass.

To facilitate the optimum utilization of all a"ailable ISR assets, an ISR CONOPS

should be

developed in conjunction with the coand!s planning effort. The ISR CONOPS

should be based on the collection strategy and ISR e!ecution planning, and should be

de"eloped &ointly by the &oint force ()* and ()+. The ISR CONOPS should also identifyand

discuss any ISR asset gaps and shortfalls relati"e to the &oint force's "alidated PIRs and

maybe used as a "ehicle for &ustifying a reuest for the allocation of additional ISR resources.

It

should also reuire a periodic e"aluation of the capabilities and contributions of all

a"ailableISR assets relati"e to the &oint force mission in order to ma!imize their efficient

utilization

and to ensure the timely release of allocated ISR resources #hen no longer needed by the&oint force.

a. "he ISR CONOPS is the first step to building an ISR appendi# and consists of

t#o parts-/0 1 brief description of "alidated intelligence reuirements and ISR force

organization, allocations, employment priorities, and C* relationships.

*0 1 general depiction of employed or planned employment of ISR assets to

support daily &oint and component)le"el operations.

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b. "he following are factors that should be considered when developing an ISRCONOPS$

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%&. Collection Operations 'anageent

"he CO' process organi(es, directs, and onitors the e)uipent and personnel

that and who actuall* collect the data to satisf* re)uireents. CO2 de"elops

strategiesfor collection against reuirements in cooperation #ith CR23 predicts ho# #ell a systemcan satisfy reuirements3 e"aluates the performance of the collection systems3 allocates

and

tass collection assets and4or resources and processing and4or e!ploitation systems3 andmonitors and reports the operational status of collection systems see 5igure III)/+0. "he

CO' process is directl* lin+ed to collection plan e#ecution through ISR

visuali(ation.

a. Collection 'ission Planning

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/0 Planning is concerned #ith the identification, scheduling, and controlling ofcollection assets andor resources. The operations planner re"ie#s mission

reuirements

for sensor and target range, system responsi"eness, timeliness, threat, #eather, andreporting

reuirements. These elements are considered #ith the detailed technical, administrati"e,and

logistic data of the collection system to identify and determine asset and4or resource

a"ailability and capability. The reuirements are then translated into specific missiontasing orders.

*0 "he CC'- /0 staffIOC and /1joint reconnaissance center need tod*naicall* anage theater ISR assets. They also need to ensure ISR support is

synchronized #ith the CC%R's intent, national reuirements, campaign ob&ecti"es,operational ob&ecti"es, and other guiding priorities as established by the components. In

parallel, the CC%R, through the battle staff and supporting intelligence analysts, obtainsandmaintains access to processed and unprocessed intelligence data and products to

determine

mission accomplishment and4or reuirement satisfaction. 6ith aircraft collectionplatforms

in particular, many different staff elements are in"ol"ed- operations, #eather,

maintenance

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and logistics, and communications. They must all be closely integrated into the mission

b. Current Intelligence

/0 Current intelligence in"ol"es producing and disseinating all/source

intelligence on the current situation in a particular area . It is similar to I76 in that

both

depend upon continuous monitoring of #orld e"ents and specific acti"ities in theCC2%'s

1OR. The subordinate &oint force recei"es current information from all le"els of the IC.

*0 %uring the initial stages of an operation, the subordinate &oint force ()* shouldassess the adeuacy of intelligence pro"ided by the CC2% (IOC and a"ailable through

net#ored databases and submit prioritized R5Is to satisfy immediate intelligence needs

and

gaps in co"erage. %uring sustained operations, the subordinate &oint force's collectionassets

#ill be supplemented by theater and national support, to pro"ide the &oint force #ith

current

intelligence for use in intelligence assessments. Information reuired includes, but is notlimited to, the follo#ing-

a0 1d"ersary capabilities, probable intentions, and #ill to use military force,#here, #hen, in #hat strength, and #ith #hat forces and #eapons.

b0 The ad"ersary's operational plans.

c0 The ad"ersary's CO8s.d0 The ad"ersary's "ulnerabilities.

e0 1nalysis of the operational area including terrain, hydrology, hydrography,

infectious disease and en"ironmental factors, man)made features, demographics, and the

location, type, and uantities of TI2s.THRE"T '"RNINGT%reat (arnin$ is closely associated (it%, )ut *unctionally distinct *rom,indications and (arnin$s. T%reat (arnin$ is t%e ur$ent communication andac+no(led$ment o* timecritical in*ormation essential to t%e preser-ation o*li*e andor resources. T%e nature o* t%reat (arnin$ is ur$ency. T%e sendero* t%reat (arnin$ must al(ays stri-e *or ac+no(led$ment o* receipt o* t%ealert. "lt%ou$% o*ten initiated )y intelli$ence reportin$ andor tipo**s, t%reat(arnin$ is an operations *unction t%at can )e similarly initiated )y operatin$*orces, security elements, la( en*orcement, or ci-ilian or$anizations./i**erent operational en-ironments and situations lend t%emsel-es todi**erent intelli$ence disciplines contri)utin$ to t%reat (arnin$. !ilitaryoperations in ur)an terrain may )ene*it *rom %uman intelli$encederi-edt%reat (arnin$, (%ereas si$nals intelli$ence or measurement and si$natureintelli$encederi-ed t%reat (arnin$ may pro-e critical durin$ sta)ilization or

air operations.0arious Sources

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