Intelligence
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Transcript of Intelligence
Assessing Intelligence
The Origins of Intelligence Testing
Modern Tests of Mental Abilities
Principles of Test Construction
The Dynamics of Intelligence
Extremes of Intelligence
Assessing Intelligence
Psychologists define intelligence testing as a method for assessing an individual’s mental
aptitudes and comparing them with others using numerical scores.
Alfred Binet
Alfred Binet and his colleague Théodore
Simon practiced a more modern form of
intelligence testing by developing questions
that would predict children’s future
progress in the Paris school system.
1857-1911
Definition of Intelligence
• "It seems to us that in intelligence there is a fundamental faculty, the
alteration or the lack of which, is of the utmost importance for practical life.
This faculty is judgment, otherwise called good sense, practical sense,
initiative, the faculty of adapting one's self to circumstances. A person may
be a moron or an imbecile if he is lacking in judgment; but with good
judgment he can never be either. Indeed the rest of the intellectual faculties
seem of little importance in comparison with judgment" (Binet & Simon,
1916, 1973, pp.42-43)
Lewis TermanIn the US, Lewis Terman adapted Binet’s test for
American school children and named the test the Stanford-Binet
Test. The following is the formula of Intelligence
Quotient (IQ),introduced by William
Stern:
1857-1936
Lewis Terman
1857-1936
• Eugenics
• Quantitative
Eugenics (9.5 min, 1st 2 best):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufqOe0_pres
David Wechsler
Wechsler developed the:
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS): 1939, 16+
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
1949, 6-16
Wechsler Preschool & Primary School Scale of Intelligence, 1967, Ages: 2.5 - 7
1896 – 1981
Intelligence
• the global capacity to act purposefully, to
think rationally, and to deal effectively with
[one's] environment
WAIS
WAIS measures overall intelligence and 11 other aspects related to intelligence that are designed to
assess clinical and educational problems.
Principles of Test Construction
For a psychological test to be acceptable it must fulfill the following three criteria:
1. Standardization
2. Reliability
3. Validity
Standardization
Standardizing a test involves administering the test to a representative sample of future test takers in
order to establish a basis for meaningful comparison.
Representative: Age, Ethnicity, Sex
Normal Curve
Standardized tests establish a normal distribution of scores on a tested population in a bell-shaped
pattern called the normal curve.
Flynn Effect
In the past 60 years, intelligence scores have risen steadily by an average of 27 points. This
phenomenon is known as the Flynn effect.
Reliability
A test is reliablewhen it yields consistent results. To establish reliability researchers establish different
procedures:
1. Split-half Reliability: Dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are.
2. Test-Retest Reliability: Using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency.
Validity
Validity of a test refers to what the test is supposed to measure or predict.
1. Content Validity: Refers to the extent a test measures a particular behavior or trait.
2. Predictive Validity: Refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.
GRE & GPA
Extremes of Intelligence
A valid intelligence test divides two groups of people into two extremes: the mentally retarded (IQ 70) and individuals with high intelligence (IQ 135).
These two groups are significantly different.
High Intelligence
Contrary to popular belief, people with high intelligence test scores tend to be healthy, well
adjusted, and unusually successful academically.
Mental Retardation
Mentally retarded individuals required constant supervision a few decades ago, but with a
supportive family environment and special education they can now care for themselves.
Mental Retardation: High
dose Fetal Alcohol
Autism
• Neurodevelopmental
disorder
• Prevalence: 0.2%
• Symptoms
– Social
– Communication
– Self-stimulation
Savant
• Steven Wiltshire
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckqDX2XpdyY
1974 -