IntelligenceIntelligence

IntelligenceIntelligence ““capacity of the individual to capacity of the individual to

understand the world and the understand the world and the resourcefulness to cope with its resourcefulness to cope with its challenges” (Wechsler)challenges” (Wechsler)

biological intelligence (Halstead)biological intelligence (Halstead) speed of processing better early speed of processing better early

predictor of IQ than testingpredictor of IQ than testing

Nature vs NurtureNature vs Nurture genetics - 50% contributiongenetics - 50% contribution adoption studies (>correlation between adoption studies (>correlation between

adopted children & biological parents)adopted children & biological parents) interaction effects - social support interaction effects - social support

helping to create better learning helping to create better learning environmentsenvironments

Flynn effect - IQ tends to rise 3 points Flynn effect - IQ tends to rise 3 points every decadeevery decade

Two-factor TheoryTwo-factor Theory Spearman Spearman g-factor g-factor s (specific)-factors s (specific)-factors factor analysisfactor analysis

Factor Theories of Factor Theories of IntelligenceIntelligence

Alfred Binet Alfred Binet Thurstone - 9 primary mental Thurstone - 9 primary mental

abilitiesabilities Gardner’s - 7 kinds of intelligenceGardner’s - 7 kinds of intelligence Sternberg’s - triarchic (analytical, Sternberg’s - triarchic (analytical,

creative, and practical intelligence)creative, and practical intelligence)

Binet’s MeasureBinet’s Measure Intelligence Quotient (IQ) developed Intelligence Quotient (IQ) developed

by Terman using Stanford-Binetby Terman using Stanford-Binet mental age (intelligence score) mental age (intelligence score)

divided by chronological age x 100divided by chronological age x 100 MA/CA x 100MA/CA x 100

Bell Curve PropertiesBell Curve Properties standard distribution of bell curvestandard distribution of bell curve

– measures of central tendency: mean, measures of central tendency: mean, median, modemedian, mode

– variability: standard deviation (S.D.) of variability: standard deviation (S.D.) of WAIS, SATWAIS, SAT

– mean and S.D. important: (+/-) 1 S.D. = mean and S.D. important: (+/-) 1 S.D. = 68%, 2 S.D. = 95%, 3 S.D. = 98%68%, 2 S.D. = 95%, 3 S.D. = 98%

Wechsler ScalesWechsler Scales (adults) W-B, WAIS, WAIS-R, WAIS-III(adults) W-B, WAIS, WAIS-R, WAIS-III (children) WISC, WISC-R, WISC-III(children) WISC, WISC-R, WISC-III Verbal/PerformanceVerbal/Performance

Verbal Scale SubtestsVerbal Scale Subtests InformationInformation ComprehensionComprehension ArithmeticArithmetic SimilaritiesSimilarities Digit SpanDigit Span VocabularyVocabulary

Performance Scale SubtestsPerformance Scale Subtests Digit SymbolDigit Symbol Block DesignBlock Design Picture CompletionPicture Completion Picture ArrangementPicture Arrangement Object AssemblyObject Assembly

Aspects of IntelligenceAspects of Intelligence multiple reasons for low IQmultiple reasons for low IQ need individual test + functional need individual test + functional

evaluationevaluation

Binet’s WarningsBinet’s Warnings 1) IQ tests don’t measure innate 1) IQ tests don’t measure innate

abilities, but measure cogn abilities abilities, but measure cogn abilities fr heredity & environmentfr heredity & environment

2) Don’t label people w/IQ tests, use 2) Don’t label people w/IQ tests, use to assess abilities w/ other sources of to assess abilities w/ other sources of info.info.

Mental RetardationMental Retardation IQ 50-75 Borderline mentally IQ 50-75 Borderline mentally

retarded (70%)retarded (70%) IQ 35-50 Mild-ModerateIQ 35-50 Mild-Moderate IQ 20-40 Serve/Profound retardationIQ 20-40 Serve/Profound retardation SavantsSavants

Gifted Gifted 130-150 Moderately gifted130-150 Moderately gifted 150+ Profoundly gifted150+ Profoundly gifted

Aspects of IQAspects of IQ Nature & nurture are both Nature & nurture are both

contributerscontributers Racial group differencesRacial group differences

– Likely reflect multiple causal differences Likely reflect multiple causal differences from biological (heridity) & from biological (heridity) & environmental sources (culture, environmental sources (culture, experiences)experiences)

End of Intelligence SectionEnd of Intelligence Section

Aspects of HeritabilityAspects of Heritability Twin studiesTwin studies heritability is to populations, not heritability is to populations, not

individualsindividuals– it is not a single, fixed numberit is not a single, fixed number– it doesn’t tell source of group it doesn’t tell source of group

differencesdifferences– it doesn’t tell effects of environment it doesn’t tell effects of environment

upon average trait levelupon average trait level

Nature vs NurtureNature vs Nurture genetics - 50% contributiongenetics - 50% contribution adoption studies (>correlation between adoption studies (>correlation between

adopted children & biological parents)adopted children & biological parents) interaction effects - social support interaction effects - social support

helping to create better learning helping to create better learning environmentsenvironments

Flynn effect - IQ tends to rise 3 points Flynn effect - IQ tends to rise 3 points every decadeevery decade

Personality x EnvironmentPersonality x Environment Reactive - individuals handle Reactive - individuals handle

environment differentlyenvironment differently Evocative - individuals elicit different Evocative - individuals elicit different

effects from otherseffects from others Proactive - selection & construction Proactive - selection & construction

of different environmentsof different environments

Reliability and ValidityReliability and Validity reliability - stability of measurereliability - stability of measure validity - what does the test purport validity - what does the test purport

to measure?to measure?– face validityface validity– content validitycontent validity– concurrent validityconcurrent validity– predictive validitypredictive validity

Test ObjectivesTest Objectives AchievementAchievement PredictionPrediction

– Intelligence testsIntelligence tests– SATSAT– Law and medicalLaw and medical

Problem SolvingProblem Solving Creativity - convergent thinking, Creativity - convergent thinking,

divergent thinking, brainstormingdivergent thinking, brainstorming Judgment and Decision-Making Judgment and Decision-Making

ReasoningReasoning reasoning - transformation of reasoning - transformation of

information to reach conclusions information to reach conclusions deductive (rules, laws, principles)deductive (rules, laws, principles) inductive (observations, experiences, inductive (observations, experiences,

facts) facts)

CreativityCreativity thinking/doing things novel & usefulthinking/doing things novel & useful solve problems solve problems take chances, refuse limitations, take chances, refuse limitations,

appreciate art & music, use available appreciate art & music, use available materials to make unique things, materials to make unique things, challenge social norms, take challenge social norms, take unpopular stands, probe ideasunpopular stands, probe ideas

CorrelationsCorrelations associations between variablesassociations between variables +1.00 = perfect positive relation+1.00 = perfect positive relation -1.00 = perfect inverse relation-1.00 = perfect inverse relation 0.00 = no relationship0.00 = no relationship relationships, not cause-effectrelationships, not cause-effect