INTELLIGENCEINTELLIGENCE

DEFINITIONDEFINITION

►Intelligence is goal directed and Intelligence is goal directed and adaptive behavior.adaptive behavior. A property of A property of the the mindmind that encompasses many that encompasses many related abilities, such as the capacities related abilities, such as the capacities to to reasonreason, to , to planplan, to , to solve problemssolve problems, , to think to think abstractlyabstractly, to comprehend , to comprehend ideas, to use language, and to learn. ideas, to use language, and to learn.

THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCETHEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE

►Charles Spearman - General Charles Spearman - General IntelligenceIntelligence

►Louis L. Thurstone - Primary Louis L. Thurstone - Primary Mental AbilitiesMental Abilities

►Robert Sternberg - Triarchic Theory of Robert Sternberg - Triarchic Theory of

IntelligenceIntelligence►Daniel Goleman-Emotional intelligence Daniel Goleman-Emotional intelligence

modelmodel

Charles Spearman - General Intelligence:Charles Spearman - General Intelligence: ► Spearman proposed that two factors could Spearman proposed that two factors could

account for individual differences in scores account for individual differences in scores on mental tests. He called the first factor on mental tests. He called the first factor general intelligence general intelligence or the or the general factorgeneral factor, , represented as represented as g.g. According to Spearman, According to Spearman, gg underlies all intellectual tasks and mental underlies all intellectual tasks and mental abilities. The abilities. The gg factor represented what all of factor represented what all of the mental tests had in common. Scores on the mental tests had in common. Scores on all of the tests were positively correlated, all of the tests were positively correlated, Spearman believed, because all of the tests Spearman believed, because all of the tests drew on drew on gg. The second factor Spearman . The second factor Spearman identified was the identified was the specific factor,specific factor, or or s.s. The The specific factor related to whatever unique specific factor related to whatever unique abilities a particular test required, so it abilities a particular test required, so it differed from test to test. differed from test to test.

Louis L. Thurstone - Primary Mental Louis L. Thurstone - Primary Mental Abilities: Abilities:

Psychologist Louis L. Thurstone (1887-1955) Psychologist Louis L. Thurstone (1887-1955) offered a differing theory of intelligence. offered a differing theory of intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone's theory focused on general ability, Thurstone's theory focused on seven different "primary mental abilities" seven different "primary mental abilities" (Thurstone, 1938). The abilities that he (Thurstone, 1938). The abilities that he described were: described were:

► Verbal comprehension Verbal comprehension ► Reasoning Reasoning ► Perceptual speed Perceptual speed ► Numerical ability Numerical ability ►Word fluency Word fluency ► Associative memory Associative memory ► Spatial visualizationSpatial visualization

Robert Sternberg - Triarchic Theory of Robert Sternberg - Triarchic Theory of Intelligence:Intelligence:

Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as "mental activity directed toward intelligence as "mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection and shaping purposive adaptation to, selection and shaping of, real-world environments relevant to one’s of, real-world environments relevant to one’s life". Sternberg proposed what he refers to as life". Sternberg proposed what he refers to as 'successful intelligence,' which is comprised of 'successful intelligence,' which is comprised of three different factors:three different factors:

► Analytical intelligenceAnalytical intelligence: This component refers to : This component refers to problem-solving abilities. problem-solving abilities.

► Creative intelligenceCreative intelligence: This aspect of intelligence : This aspect of intelligence involves the ability to deal with new situations involves the ability to deal with new situations using past experiences and current skills. using past experiences and current skills.

► Practical intelligencePractical intelligence: This element refers to the : This element refers to the ability to adapt to a changing environment.ability to adapt to a changing environment.

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCEEMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCEThe Emotional Competencies (Goleman) modelThe Emotional Competencies (Goleman) modelThe model introduced by Daniel Goleman focuses on The model introduced by Daniel Goleman focuses on

EI as a wide array of competencies and skills that EI as a wide array of competencies and skills that drive leadership performance. Goleman's model drive leadership performance. Goleman's model outlines four main EI constructs:outlines four main EI constructs:

► Self-awareness — the ability to read one's Self-awareness — the ability to read one's emotions and recognize their impact while using emotions and recognize their impact while using gut feelings to guide decisions. gut feelings to guide decisions.

► Self-management — involves controlling one's Self-management — involves controlling one's emotions and impulses and adapting to changing emotions and impulses and adapting to changing circumstances. circumstances.

► Social awareness — the ability to sense, Social awareness — the ability to sense, understand, and react to others' emotions while understand, and react to others' emotions while comprehending social networks. comprehending social networks.

► Relationship management — the ability to inspire, Relationship management — the ability to inspire, influence, and develop others while managing influence, and develop others while managing conflict. conflict.

Concept of Mental Age (Alfred Concept of Mental Age (Alfred Binet)Binet)

►Alfred Binet was a psychologist.  His Alfred Binet was a psychologist.  His greatest accomplishment in the field of greatest accomplishment in the field of psychology lead to what we now call the psychology lead to what we now call the Intelligence Quotient or IQ.  He developed Intelligence Quotient or IQ.  He developed a test to measure the 'mental age' (MA) of a test to measure the 'mental age' (MA) of children entering school.  children entering school.  Mental ageMental age refers refers to the child's current ability compared to to the child's current ability compared to other children of different ages.  In other other children of different ages.  In other words, if a child responded to questions at words, if a child responded to questions at about the same correctness as an eight about the same correctness as an eight year old, the child would be said to have a year old, the child would be said to have a mental age of eight. mental age of eight.

Major Approaches to Major Approaches to IntelligenceIntelligence

► I.Q Tests (General measures of I.Q Tests (General measures of intelligence)intelligence)

►Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence (Fluid Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence (Fluid intelligence relate to reasoning, memory. intelligence relate to reasoning, memory. Crystallized relates to information, skills Crystallized relates to information, skills and past experiences)and past experiences)

►Gardener’s multiple intelligence. Gardener’s multiple intelligence. ►Practical intelligence (intelligence in Practical intelligence (intelligence in

terms of non academic and personal terms of non academic and personal success).success).

►Emotional intelligence (understanding of Emotional intelligence (understanding of emotions)emotions)

Gardner’s multiple intelligence. Gardner’s multiple intelligence.

The intelligence types were:The intelligence types were:

1.1. Linguistic and verbal intelligence: good with words Linguistic and verbal intelligence: good with words 2.2. Logical intelligence: good with math and logic Logical intelligence: good with math and logic 3.3. Spatial intelligence: good with pictures Spatial intelligence: good with pictures 4.4. Body/movement intelligence: good with activities Body/movement intelligence: good with activities 5.5. Musical intelligence: good with rhythm Musical intelligence: good with rhythm 6.6. Interpersonal intelligence: good with Interpersonal intelligence: good with

communication communication 7.7. Intrapersonal intelligence: good with analyzing Intrapersonal intelligence: good with analyzing

things things 8.8. Naturalist intelligence: good with understanding Naturalist intelligence: good with understanding

natural world.natural world.

FORMULAE OF I.Q (William Stern FORMULAE OF I.Q (William Stern ))

► MA / CA X 100MA / CA X 100

►Mental age divided by chronological Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by hundred. age multiplied by hundred.

►The mean I.Q. for the general The mean I.Q. for the general population is 100.population is 100.

MENTAL RETARDATIONMENTAL RETARDATION

►Mental retardation/intellectual Mental retardation/intellectual disability is significantly sub average disability is significantly sub average intellectual functioning present from intellectual functioning present from birth or early infancy, causing birth or early infancy, causing limitations in the ability to conduct limitations in the ability to conduct normal activities of daily living. normal activities of daily living.

Ranges of Mental RetardationRanges of Mental Retardation

Class IQClass IQ► Profound mental retardationProfound mental retardation I.Q Below 20(Below 3 I.Q Below 20(Below 3

years) years) ► Severe mental retardationSevere mental retardation I.Q 20–34 (3-6yr) I.Q 20–34 (3-6yr)► Moderate mental retardationModerate mental retardation I.Q 35–49 (6-8yrs) I.Q 35–49 (6-8yrs)► Mild mental retardationMild mental retardation I.Q 50–69 (8-10yrs) I.Q 50–69 (8-10yrs)► Borderline intellectual functioningBorderline intellectual functioning I.Q 70–79(8- I.Q 70–79(8-

11yrs)11yrs)► Average Average I.Q 85-109 I.Q 85-109► Bright NormalBright Normal I.Q 110-119 I.Q 110-119► Very SuperiorVery Superior I.Q 130 above I.Q 130 above

► Some Causes of Mental Retardation/Intellectual DisabilitySome Causes of Mental Retardation/Intellectual Disability► Before or At Conception Before or At Conception

Inherited disordersInherited disorders Chromosome abnormalities (such as Down syndrome) Chromosome abnormalities (such as Down syndrome)

► During Pregnancy During Pregnancy Severe maternal malnutrition Severe maternal malnutrition Infections with HIV Infections with HIV Toxins (such as alcohol, lead, and methylmercury) Toxins (such as alcohol, lead, and methylmercury) Drugs (such as, cancer chemotherapy) Drugs (such as, cancer chemotherapy) multiple births multiple births

► During BirthDuring Birth Insufficient oxygen (hypoxia) Insufficient oxygen (hypoxia) Extreme prematurityExtreme prematurity

► After BirthAfter Birth Brain infections (such as meningitis and encephalitis) Brain infections (such as meningitis and encephalitis) Severe head injury Severe head injury Malnutrition of the child Malnutrition of the child Severe emotional neglect or abuse Severe emotional neglect or abuse Toxins (such as lead and mercury) Toxins (such as lead and mercury) Brain tumors and their treatments Brain tumors and their treatments

Down SyndromeDown Syndrome► The human body is made up of billions of cells. The human body is made up of billions of cells.

Each cell contains 46 thread-like structures called Each cell contains 46 thread-like structures called chromosomes. In Downs syndrome, because of a chromosomes. In Downs syndrome, because of a biological error around the time of conception, biological error around the time of conception, the cells come to have one extra chromosome the cells come to have one extra chromosome i.e, 47 instead of 46 chromosomes. It is often i.e, 47 instead of 46 chromosomes. It is often possible to recognize people with Downs possible to recognize people with Downs syndrome by their facial appearance, syndrome by their facial appearance, characterized by up-slanting eyes and flat bridge characterized by up-slanting eyes and flat bridge of the nose. Even though it is a genetic disorder, of the nose. Even though it is a genetic disorder, Downs syndrome is most often not inherited and Downs syndrome is most often not inherited and can occur in any child. However, it is more likely can occur in any child. However, it is more likely to occur when the age of the mother at the time to occur when the age of the mother at the time of the birth of the child is over 35 years.of the birth of the child is over 35 years.Even though persons with Downs syndrome have Even though persons with Downs syndrome have mental retardation, they possess good social and mental retardation, they possess good social and interactional skills.interactional skills.

Factors affecting intelligenceFactors affecting intelligence

►Biological Biological

►Environmental.Environmental.

TESTSTESTS

►Aptitude Tests predict a person’s Aptitude Tests predict a person’s ability in specific area. (SAT and GRE)ability in specific area. (SAT and GRE)

►Achievement Test determine the Achievement Test determine the specific level of knowledge in an area. specific level of knowledge in an area. (F.SC or A-Levels)(F.SC or A-Levels)

Types of TESTSTypes of TESTS► Individual Test & Group Test:Individual Test & Group Test:

The criterion for any test is Reliability, The criterion for any test is Reliability, Validity and Standardization. Validity and Standardization.

► INDIVIDUAL TEST:INDIVIDUAL TEST:►WAIS III (Wechsler Adult Intelligence WAIS III (Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Scale)Scale)►WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale For WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale For

Children)Children)

GROUP TESTGROUP TEST►Army Alpha Intelligence Test: Army Alpha Intelligence Test: During World War I (1914-1918) the During World War I (1914-1918) the

United States Army asked educational United States Army asked educational psychologists to develop an intelligence psychologists to develop an intelligence test for recruits. Paper pencil test.test for recruits. Paper pencil test.

►Army Beta:Army Beta: During World War I (1914-1918) the During World War I (1914-1918) the

United States Army administered United States Army administered intelligence tests. The Army Beta exam, intelligence tests. The Army Beta exam, which posed nonverbal problems, was which posed nonverbal problems, was given to non-English speakers and given to non-English speakers and illiterate recruits. illiterate recruits.

► Intelligence depends not only on I.Q Intelligence depends not only on I.Q but many factors such as motivation, but many factors such as motivation, skills personal and emotional maturity skills personal and emotional maturity and environmental factors.and environmental factors.