Intellectual Property, Innovation and Competition in the ... Giovanni Nopolitano-EN.pdfIntellectual...
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Intellectual Property, Innovation and Competition in the IT Industry
26 June 2012
Giovanni Napolitano
Intellectual Property & Competition Policy Division
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Summary
Some background data on IP/Innovation growth in ICT
The IP & Competition Policy interface
Main areas of potential antitrust concern regarding IP/Competition
interface and ICT
WIPO’s work in this field
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Background data on IP and innovation
relevant for competition
In a shifting geography of R&D intensive
industries, international patenting has become
the crucial competitive asset for most companies
(data on international patent filings)
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Patent applications worldwide (Wipo, The Changing face of
Innovation, 2011)
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Background data on IP and innovation
relevant for competition
Very significant number of world-wide R&D
collaboration in the IT sector (SDC and MERIT-
CATI databases)
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Schilling M.A. (2009) Understanding the Alliance Data,
Strategic Management Journal, 30(3), 233-260.
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Background data on IP and innovation
relevant for competition
The patent specialization pattern shows the relevant role
of China, the Nordic Countries, Korea, Canada and US
in the IT sector
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Relative specialization index for ICT sector, 2011 (Wipo,
The international patent system, PCT Yearly review, 2012)
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The IP&CP interface – Five main areas
MERGERS AND IP
COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENTS (patent pools,
standard setting)
UNILATERAL CONDUCT
(refusal to deal and compulsory licensing,
vexatious behaviour/sham litigation)
IPRs LICENSING
EXHAUSTION DOCTRINE
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Areas of major relevance at the
international level concerning ICT
Two main issues:
Patent pools
Unilateral conduct: abusing the regulatory/judicial
system and using IP to discourage competition
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1. Collaborative agreements
Patent Pools
Horizontal coordination and potential reduction of
competition – substitute vs. complementary
technologies
Case law
USA: Summit VISX, MPEG-2, DVD, 3G Mobile
Communication
Brazil: Axalto/Genplus
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2. Unilateral Conduct
Vexatious behaviour and sham litigation – competition by litigation
USA: Noerr-Pennington doctrine developed in the ’60s; PREI
test, 1993
EU: ITT Promedia, Court of First Instance, 1998
Brazil: Tachographs case, 2011
IP as a possible barrier to competitive entry in ICT:
Australia: Stevens vs Sony, a lock-in strategy to lessen
competition
Preventing interoperability
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Other Areas of IP&CP Interface in ICT of
potential concern
Settlements of litigation
“Excessive” royalties
Non-practicing entities
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WIPO’s work in this field The 2010/2011 project
Training in pro-competitive licensing strategy
Applied research and studies
Exhaustion doctrine
Sham litigation
IP as a barrier to entry ?
Three surveys
Compulsory licensing
Franchising
Patent Office/Competition Agency relationship
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WIPO’s Activities 2012 - 2013
Studies on
Copyright, Competition and Emerging Economies
Mobile technology, IP and Competition
Reports on Patent Pools, Refusal to deal
Surveys on:
Collaborative R&D
Technology licensing
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Thank you for your attention !
www.wipo.int/ip-competition/en/
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