Intellectual and Artistic Intellectual and Artistic RenaissanceRenaissance

HumanismHumanism Study of Classical TextsStudy of Classical Texts

Leads to HumanismLeads to Humanism Intellectual focused on human potential and achievementsIntellectual focused on human potential and achievements Studied Ancient Greek values, tried to reconcile them with Christian Studied Ancient Greek values, tried to reconcile them with Christian

teachingsteachings Influenced art and architects to carry on classical traditionsInfluenced art and architects to carry on classical traditions Popularized study of subjects common to classical educationPopularized study of subjects common to classical education

HistoryHistory LiteratureLiterature Philosophy (called Humanities)Philosophy (called Humanities)

Emphasizing individual ability Emphasizing individual ability High regard for human worthHigh regard for human worth Well-rounded universal personWell-rounded universal person

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci PainterPainter SculptorSculptor ArchitectArchitect InventorInventor mathematicianmathematician

Renaissance ManRenaissance Man

Educated men should master almost every area Educated men should master almost every area of studyof study Called “universal man”, today called “renaissance Called “universal man”, today called “renaissance

man”man”

Baldassare Castiglione (1528)Baldassare Castiglione (1528) The Book of the CourtierThe Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione by Baldassare Castiglione

Described characteristics: have character, talent, skills of Described characteristics: have character, talent, skills of warrior and an education, follow certain standard of conduct, warrior and an education, follow certain standard of conduct, aim was to serve prince in effective and honest wayaim was to serve prince in effective and honest way

Should be charming, witty, and educated in the classicsShould be charming, witty, and educated in the classics Should sing, dance, play music, and write poetryShould sing, dance, play music, and write poetry

The CourtierThe Courtier ““Let the man we are seeking be very bold, stern, and Let the man we are seeking be very bold, stern, and

always among the first, where the enemy are to be seen; always among the first, where the enemy are to be seen; and every other place, gentle, modest, reserved, above and every other place, gentle, modest, reserved, above all things avoiding ostentation and that impudent self-all things avoiding ostentation and that impudent self-praise by which men ever excite hatred and disgust in all praise by which men ever excite hatred and disgust in all who hear them….”who hear them….”

““I would have him more than passably accomplished in I would have him more than passably accomplished in letters, at least in those studies that are called the letters, at least in those studies that are called the humanities, and conversant not only with the Latin humanities, and conversant not only with the Latin language but with Greek, for the sake of many different language but with Greek, for the sake of many different things that have been admirebly written therein. Let him things that have been admirebly written therein. Let him be well versed in the poets, and not less in the orators be well versed in the poets, and not less in the orators and historians, and also proficient in writing verse and and historians, and also proficient in writing verse and prose.”prose.”

The “Renaissance Man” definedThe “Renaissance Man” defined

Leonardo Da VinciLeonardo Da Vinci PainterPainter sculptorsculptor inventorinventor scientistscientist Best known for Best known for

painting painting the Mona Lisa the Mona Lisa and and the Last Supperthe Last Supper

Writers changing LiteratureWriters changing Literature DanteDante

Medieval writerMedieval writer Influences Renaissance by writing in the vernacular, or native language. Influences Renaissance by writing in the vernacular, or native language.

(Italian)(Italian) Story of the soul’s journey to salvation, goes through three realms of Story of the soul’s journey to salvation, goes through three realms of

Hell, Purgatory, and ParadiseHell, Purgatory, and Paradise (another Vernacular writer is Geoffrey Chaucer, (another Vernacular writer is Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales)The Canterbury Tales)

PetrarchPetrarch One of the earliest and most influential humanistsOne of the earliest and most influential humanists Father Renaissance HumanismFather Renaissance Humanism Great poet, wrote in both Latin and ItalianGreat poet, wrote in both Latin and Italian Looked at forgotten Latin manuscripts, spread Cicero, Homer, and VirgilLooked at forgotten Latin manuscripts, spread Cicero, Homer, and Virgil Typically wrote sonnets (14-lined poems)Typically wrote sonnets (14-lined poems) Used pure classical LatinUsed pure classical Latin

BoccaccioBoccaccio Wrote Wrote DecameronDecameron Uses cutting humor to illustrate the human conditionUses cutting humor to illustrate the human condition Presents his characters in all their individuality and all their follyPresents his characters in all their individuality and all their folly

LiteratureLiterature

Geoffrey ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer Wrote Wrote Canterbury TalesCanterbury Tales Collection of stories about 29 pilgrims on their way to Collection of stories about 29 pilgrims on their way to

Thomas a Becket’s tombThomas a Becket’s tomb Portrayed all of societyPortrayed all of society

Christine de PizanChristine de Pizan FrenchwomanFrenchwoman Wrote Wrote The Book of the City of LadiesThe Book of the City of Ladies Wrote in defense of womenWrote in defense of women Argued Women should be allowed to go to schoolArgued Women should be allowed to go to school

Niccolo MachiavelliNiccolo Machiavelli Wrote Wrote The Prince The Prince (1513)(1513) Central thesisCentral thesis

How to acquire and keep political powerHow to acquire and keep political power EthicsEthics

Middle Ages stressed ethics of leadersMiddle Ages stressed ethics of leaders Machiavelli said that princes must understand human Machiavelli said that princes must understand human

nature, which was self-centerednature, which was self-centered Political policy should not be based on moral principlesPolitical policy should not be based on moral principles Must be strong and shrewd, be able to trick his enemies Must be strong and shrewd, be able to trick his enemies

and even own people for the good of the stateand even own people for the good of the state WorldWorld

Examines the imperfect conduct of humansExamines the imperfect conduct of humans Idea that people are selfish, fickle, and corruptIdea that people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt In real world, Prince must sometime mislead people and In real world, Prince must sometime mislead people and

lie to opponentslie to opponents

MachiavelliMachiavelliMachiavelli saw himself as an enemy of oppression and corruption

Critics attacked his cynical advice and even claimed he was inspired by the devil

“Machiavellian” came to be a term used to refer to deceit in politics

The PrinceThe Prince““From this arises the question whether it is better to be From this arises the question whether it is better to be

loved more than feared, or feared more than loved. loved more than feared, or feared more than loved. The reply is, that one ought to be both feared and The reply is, that one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved, if one of the two is much safer to be feared than loved, if one of the two has to be wanting. For it may be said of men in has to be wanting. For it may be said of men in general that they are ungrateful, voluble, dissemblers, general that they are ungrateful, voluble, dissemblers, anxious to avoid danger, and covetous of gain; as anxious to avoid danger, and covetous of gain; as long as you benefit them, they are entirely yours; they long as you benefit them, they are entirely yours; they offer you their blood, their goods, their life, and their offer you their blood, their goods, their life, and their children, as I have before said, when the necessity is children, as I have before said, when the necessity is remote; but when it approaches, they revolt. And the remote; but when it approaches, they revolt. And the prince who has relied solely on their words, without prince who has relied solely on their words, without making preparations, is ruined.”making preparations, is ruined.”

Education in the RenaissanceEducation in the Renaissance Humanists believed that education could dramatically Humanists believed that education could dramatically

change human beingschange human beings At core were liberal studiesAt core were liberal studies

History, moral philosophy, rhetoric, letters, poetry, mathematics, History, moral philosophy, rhetoric, letters, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, music, physical educationastronomy, music, physical education

Preparation for lifePreparation for life Aim was to create not just great scholars, but complete citizensAim was to create not just great scholars, but complete citizens Model for basic education in Europe until the 20Model for basic education in Europe until the 20 thth century century

FemalesFemales Some did attend schoolSome did attend school Taught same subjects, as well as how to ride, dance, sing, play the Taught same subjects, as well as how to ride, dance, sing, play the

lute, and appreciate poetrylute, and appreciate poetry Did not learn mathematics or rhetoricDid not learn mathematics or rhetoric Religion and morals were most important for education “Christian Religion and morals were most important for education “Christian

ladies” to become good wives and mothersladies” to become good wives and mothers

Artistic Renaissance in ItalyArtistic Renaissance in Italy Artists sought to imitate natureArtists sought to imitate nature

Wanted people to see the reality of the objects or events they were Wanted people to see the reality of the objects or events they were portrayingportraying

Developed a new world perspectiveDeveloped a new world perspective Human beings became the focus of attentionHuman beings became the focus of attention

New TechniquesNew Techniques FrescoesFrescoes

11stst masterpieces of Renaissance were frescoes painted by Masaccio in masterpieces of Renaissance were frescoes painted by Masaccio in Florence in 15Florence in 15thth century century

Fresco is a painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paintsFresco is a painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints Looks like the paintings come alive, created a new realistic style of paintingLooks like the paintings come alive, created a new realistic style of painting

New “Renaissance” style was modified by othersNew “Renaissance” style was modified by others Two major developmentsTwo major developments

Stressed technical side of paintingStressed technical side of painting Understanding the laws of perspective Understanding the laws of perspective Organization of outdoor space and light through geometryOrganization of outdoor space and light through geometry

Investigation of movement and human anatomyInvestigation of movement and human anatomy Realistic portrayal of the individual person, especially the human nudeRealistic portrayal of the individual person, especially the human nude

FrescoesFrescoes

Artistic Renaissance in ItalyArtistic Renaissance in Italy PerspectivePerspective

Making distant objects smaller than those close to the Making distant objects smaller than those close to the viewerviewer

Scenes appeared three-dimensionalScenes appeared three-dimensional Used shading to look more realisticUsed shading to look more realistic

Women ArtistsWomen Artists Work was secretWork was secret Very few women were recognizedVery few women were recognized

ArchitectureArchitecture Rejected Gothic styleRejected Gothic style Adopted style of Ancient Greeks and RomansAdopted style of Ancient Greeks and Romans Domes were used oftenDomes were used often

Artistic Renaissance in ItalyArtistic Renaissance in Italy SculptureSculpture

DonatelloDonatello Spent time in Rome studying sculpture and architectureSpent time in Rome studying sculpture and architecture Copied statues of Greek and RomansCopied statues of Greek and Romans Famous works include statue of St. GeorgeFamous works include statue of St. George Made sculpture more realistic by carving natural postures and Made sculpture more realistic by carving natural postures and

expressions that reveal personalityexpressions that reveal personality

ArchitectureArchitecture Filippo BrunelleschiFilippo Brunelleschi

Inspired by classical RomeInspired by classical Rome Medici’s hired him to design the San Lorenzo Church in FlorenceMedici’s hired him to design the San Lorenzo Church in Florence Church unlike Medieval and Gothic offers warmth and comfort of Church unlike Medieval and Gothic offers warmth and comfort of

spiritual needsspiritual needs Sought to reflect human-centered worldSought to reflect human-centered world

Donatello’s SculpturesDonatello’s Sculptures

BrunelleschiBrunelleschi

Masters of the RenaissanceMasters of the Renaissance High Renaissance from 1490 – 1520High Renaissance from 1490 – 1520

Last stage of Renaissance paintingLast stage of Renaissance painting MastersMasters

LeonardoLeonardo Wanted to capture the perfection of nature and the individualWanted to capture the perfection of nature and the individual

RaphaelRaphael Famous for Madonna paintingsFamous for Madonna paintings Tried to achieve an ideal of beauty far surpassing human standardsTried to achieve an ideal of beauty far surpassing human standards Painted frescoes in Vatican PalacePainted frescoes in Vatican Palace

MichelangeloMichelangelo Accomplished painter, sculptor, and architectAccomplished painter, sculptor, and architect Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Depicts Biblical history from Creation to the FloodDepicts Biblical history from Creation to the Flood Took four years to completeTook four years to complete

Humans with perfect proportions, beauty = godlikeHumans with perfect proportions, beauty = godlike Glorified human bodyGlorified human body

Scupltures: Pieta and DavidScupltures: Pieta and David

RaphaelRaphael

MichelangeloMichelangelo

Renaissance in the NorthRenaissance in the North

Spread from Italy to the Low countriesSpread from Italy to the Low countries Belgium, Luxembourg, and NetherlandsBelgium, Luxembourg, and Netherlands Invasion of French King into Italy drove artists and writers Invasion of French King into Italy drove artists and writers

north in 1494 C.E. north in 1494 C.E. Did not decorate ceilings and walls of churches, made Did not decorate ceilings and walls of churches, made

illustrations illustrations Flanders was important school of artFlanders was important school of art

Jan van EyckJan van Eyck One of the 1One of the 1stst to use oil painting to use oil painting Imitated nature by observing and portraying realityImitated nature by observing and portraying reality

Albrecht DurerAlbrecht Durer German painterGerman painter Visited Italy, copied Italian laws of perspectiveVisited Italy, copied Italian laws of perspective

Jan van EyckJan van Eyck

Albrecht DurerAlbrecht Durer

Other Notable ContemporariesOther Notable Contemporaries

ErasmusErasmus Christian HumanistChristian Humanist Wrote Wrote The Praise of FollyThe Praise of Folly Thought to improve society, Thought to improve society,

everyone should read the Bibleeveryone should read the Bible

Sir Thomas MooreSir Thomas Moore Christian HumanistChristian Humanist Wrote Wrote UtopiaUtopia which which

means “no place”means “no place” About imaginary land inhabited About imaginary land inhabited

by peace-loving peopleby peace-loving people

William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare English PlaywrightEnglish Playwright Themes included dramatic Themes included dramatic

conflict, human flaws, and conflict, human flaws, and human naturehuman nature

Famous works include: Famous works include: Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Juliet, and and A Midsummer A Midsummer Night’s DreamNight’s Dream

The Printing RevolutionThe Printing Revolution

Johann Gutenberg Johann Gutenberg reinvented movable type reinvented movable type around 1440 C.E.around 1440 C.E.

Then invented the Then invented the printing pressprinting press Machine that pressed Machine that pressed

paper against a tray full of paper against a tray full of moveable typemoveable type

Printed completed Bible Printed completed Bible in 1455 C.E.in 1455 C.E.

Effects of Printing RevolutionEffects of Printing Revolution

Enabled a printer to produce Enabled a printer to produce hundred of copies of a single hundred of copies of a single workwork

Books became cheap, more Books became cheap, more people could affordpeople could afford

More books meant more More books meant more people could learn how to people could learn how to readread

People began to interpret the People began to interpret the Bible for themselves, Bible for themselves, became more critical of became more critical of priests and demanded priests and demanded reformsreforms