Integumentary System
description
Transcript of Integumentary System
![Page 1: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Integumentary System
![Page 2: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Integumentary System Skin Skin is like the ideal coat a. Waterproof b. Stretchable (2.2 m2) (~11 lbs) c. Washable d. Auto-repairing (Cuts, tears, & burns) e. Lasts a lifetime Hair (Keratinized protein secreted by cells) Nails (Hard keratinized protein)
![Page 3: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Functions• Prevents dehydration• Prevents bacterial & viral infection (chemical & physical
barrier)• Most substances cannot penetrate; exceptions are: a. Vitamins A,D,E,K b. Oxygen & Carbon dioxide (in limited amounts) c. Organic solvents (paint thinner, acetone) which
dissolve cell lipids d. Oleoresins of certain plants (e.g. Poison Ivy, Oak,
Sumac, etc…) e. Salts of heavy metals (e.g. Lead, Mercury,
Arsenic, etc…)
![Page 4: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Skin Functions• Regulates body temperature• Vitamin D synthesis (Needed to absorb
calcium in the digestive tract)• Blood reservoir (Blood can be shunted
to other organs in need e.g. skeletal muscles)
• Excretion – Water, salt, ammonia, urea, and uric acid are excreted in sweat
![Page 5: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Epidermis Stratified squamous epithelium (replenished
~25-45 days) Five layers (From top to bottom)1. Stratum corneum (Horny layer) “cornu” Greek
for horn not what you are thinking!!!a. Top layer and fully keratinized b. 20-30 cell layers thickc. Protect skin from abrasion and penetrationd. Glycolipids provide waterproofinge. 40 lbs shed in a lifetimef. Too far from blood vessels for diffusion so
cells die
![Page 8: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Epidermis Con’t2. Stratum granulosum (Granular layer)a. 3-5 cell layers thickb. Keratinocytes produce keratin and squamous
cells flatten as they are pushed upward (Held together by numerous desmosomes)
3. Stratum spinosum (Prickly Layer)a. Prickly layer (Keratinocytes shrink but
desmosomes hold in place)b. Melanin granules (UV protection) and
Langerhan’s (macrophage) cells abundant in this layer
![Page 10: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Epidermis Con’t4. Stratum basale (Base germinating layer)a. Deepest layer of the epidermisb. Single layer thickc. Contain melanocytes and Merkel cells (Fine
touch receptors)5. Stratum lucidum (Clear layer)a. Found only in thick skin between the Stratum
granulosum and Stratum corneum1. Palms of hands2. Fingertips3. Soles of feetOnly a few cell layers thick
![Page 11: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Dermis
• Strong flexible connective tissue (collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers)
• Papillae from upper dermis form ridges in the epidermis for grip (Fingerprints/footprints) 20% of thickness
• Reticular layer of lower dermis 80% of thickness made up of dense irregular connective tissue
![Page 15: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pigments which affect skin color
Melanin (melan is Greek for black)THE ONLY PIGMENTPRODUCED IN THE SKIN –
varies in color from yellow to brown to black
![Page 16: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Key# Genotype1 M1M1M2M22 M1M1M2m23 M1M1m2m24 M1m1m2m25 m1m1m2m2
PhenotypeBlack SkinDark Brown SkinBrown SkinLight Brown SkinWhite Skin
![Page 17: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Pigments which affect skin color
Carotene Yellow/orange pigment
found in plants which accumulates in the thick epidermis…this is why the soles of your feet appear orange
![Page 18: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Pigments which affect skin color Cyanosis – bluish hue to the skin due to heart failure
or respiratory distress. Erythema – reddish hue to the skin due to blushing,
fever, hypertension, polycythemia. Pallor or blanching – pale skin hue due to emotional
stress (fear, anger), anemia, or hypotension. Jaundice – yellow hue to the skin due to liver disorder. Bronzing of the skin due to Addison’s disease
(adrenal cortex of the kidney hypofunctions). Hematoma – (Bruises) blood leaks out of capillaries
due to trauma and clots under the skin
![Page 19: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Dermal Structures Sudoriferous (sweat) glands ( 2.5 million per person) 2 types:1. Eccrine (Merocrine)– Most abundant sweat gland
covers most of the bodya. sweat is secreted by exocytosis into pores which
empty onto the skin (500 mL per day… up to 12 L per day)
b. 99% water, remaining solutes are sodium chloride, vitamin C, urea, uric acid, ammonia, and lactic acid (which attracts mosquitoes)
c. Hot sweat begins on forehead and spreads to other parts of the body
d. Cold sweat due to fright or nervousness begins on palms, soles, and axillae (armpits) and spreads to other parts of the body
![Page 26: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Dermal Structures2. Appocrine - Located in the axillary and anogenital areasa. Secreted into hair follicles beginning at pubertyb. Contains true sweat, lipids, and proteins and appears viscous with a white/yellow huec. odorless upon secretion, but bacteria decompose
molecules forming body odord. Increase of secretions during pain, stress, or sex but
physiological function is unknown (believed to be sexual scent glands as menstruation affects output
Ceruminous glands are modified apocrine glands found in the external ear canal which secrete cerumen or ear wax which deters insects and blocks entry of foreign material
Mammary glands are modified apocrine glands which secrete milk
![Page 29: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Dermal Structures Sebaceous (Oil) glands1. Located all over body except palms and soles2. Secrete sebum which lubricates and softens
hair and skin, prevents water loss, and has bactericidal properties
3. Whitehead - occurs when duct is blocked by accumulated sebum & staphylococcus infection begins
4. Blackhead – when whitehead oxidizes & dries out
![Page 30: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Dermal Structures Hair1. Body hair – main function is to detect insects
before they bite or sting2. Found all over body except palms, soles, lips,
nipples, and genitalia3. Hair on the scalp prevents heat loss, UV
protection, and protects against trauma4. Eyelashes shield eyes from foreign particles5. Nose hair filters air entering respiratory passages6. Hair appearance due to shaft shape (Flat shaft =
curly hair, oval shaft = wavy hair, round shaft = straight hair)
![Page 32: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Dermal Structures7. Hair color due to melanin (blonde to black
hair) gray hair is a result of lack of melanin or the replacement of melanin with air bubbles in the hair shaft
8. Hair growth controlled by androgens (testosterone) in males and females (Hirsuitism due to ovarian or adrenal tumor)
9. Average hair growth is 2 mm per week10. Hair thinning or baldness (alopecia) due to
new growth hairs being outnumbered by hairs falling out (~100 per day)
![Page 34: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Hair Color• Two kinds of melanin contribute to hair
color.• Eumelanin colors hair brown to black,
and has an iron-rich pigment • Pheomelanin colors it yellow-blonde to
red.• Whether hair is mousy, brown, brunette
or black depends on the type and amount of melanin and how densely it's distributed within the hair.
![Page 36: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Dermal StructuresHair follicle1. Extend from epidermis into the dermis
2. Form hair bulb and root plexus (Nerves surrounding the bulb) rub your arm hair gently…tickle you feel due to these nerves
3. Arrector pili muscles attach to hair and epidermis (stratum basale) and cause Goosebumps upon contraction
a. Trap air close to skin for warmthb. Make us appear larger to predators
![Page 38: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Dermal StructuresNerves1. Meissner’s corpuscles – light touch2. Merkel’s disks – light touch3. Pacinian corpuscles – deep pressure4. Ruffini’s corpuscles – deep pressure and stretch5. Bare nerve endings – pain, heat, cold
Nails1. Analogous to hooves or claws of other animals2. Nail matrix responsible for growth of new nail
pushing nail distally
![Page 40: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
PathophysiologyCancer & Burns
Skin Cancer Benign (Non-spreading) vs. malignant (spread
into other tissue)
Basal cell carcinoma – most common & least malignant
1. Shiny lesions in the stratum basale which grow into the dermis
2. 99% cure rate after surgery
![Page 45: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma1. Cells of the stratum spinosum form a
lesion which appears small red and round2. Lesion usually forms on scalp, ears, lips,
or hands3. Grows rapidly and can metastasize if not
removed 4. If caught early & removed chance of cure
is good
![Page 46: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
MelanomaMelanoma (5% of skin cancers)1. Cancer of the melanocytes2. Most dangerous of the skin cancers3. Appears as a brown or black spreading patch4. Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood 5. ABCDE rule to detect a. Asymmetry – two sides don’t match b. Border irregularity – not smooth & have
indentations c. Color – more than one color d. Diameter – larger than 6 mm in diameter e. Elevation – elevated above skin surface
![Page 47: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
How do you get rid of basal cell carcinoma?
![Page 50: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Ulcerative BCC
![Page 51: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
SCC
![Page 54: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Ulcerative SCC
![Page 56: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
SCC with Facial Lymph Node Metas
![Page 57: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Melanomas
![Page 59: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 62: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Burns 1st degree – only epidermal damage e.g.
sunburnHeal in 2-3 days
2nd degree – epidermis & upper dermis damaged
Blisters form (Fluid collects between dermis & epidermis)
Heal in 3-4 weeksCritical if more than 25% of the body is affected
![Page 64: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Burns3rd degree – epidermis & all of dermis is
damaged1. Charring of muscle is common2. Nerve endings are destroyed so not painful3. Fluid loss can be catastrophic (dehydration &
electrolyte imbalance lead to renal failure and shock)
4. Infection can be rampant5. Skin grafting necessary6. Critical if more than 10% of the body is
affected or if the face, hands, or feet have 3rd degree burns
![Page 65: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
1st Degree Burns
![Page 69: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Scalding Burns (2nd Degree)
![Page 70: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
3rd Degree Burns
![Page 71: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Campfire burn
![Page 73: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Bathtub scalding
![Page 74: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
![Page 75: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Burn Contracture
![Page 80: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Skin Grafting
![Page 81: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Debriding
![Page 82: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
![Page 83: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
![Page 84: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
![Page 87: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Before & After Skin Graft
![Page 88: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Edema
![Page 89: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Umbilical Hernia(Before & after Valsalva Maneuver)
![Page 90: Integumentary System](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681600f550346895dcf0ea6/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Epigastric Hernia