Integumentary and Skeletal Systems Test Notes. The skeletal system consists of : Bones Cartilage ...
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Transcript of Integumentary and Skeletal Systems Test Notes. The skeletal system consists of : Bones Cartilage ...
The skeletal system consists of: Bones Cartilage Tendons Ligaments
Bone maintains the shape of the body, protects internal organs, is a lever system for muscles to act upon, and is a site of mineral storage and blood-cell formation.
Cartilage forms a fetal model of bone, covers the ends of bones, and provides a firm, flexible support.
Tendons attach muscle to bone. Ligaments attach bone to bone. To help you remember: LLL, TTT (ligaments are like
to like, tendons are two types)
Skeletal System
Skeletal System (Tendons and Ligaments)
extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments is made up of primarily collagen fibers which makes them very tough like ropes or cables.
tendon
ligament
Skeletal System (Cartilage)
Three types of cartilage:
Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage is most intimately associated with bone function and development
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
Skeletal System (Bone)
Bone Tissue Types: Cancellous (Spongy) Compact
Cancellous Bone: Located mainly in the
epiphyses of long bones & the interior of all other bones.
Consists of a lacy network of bone with many small, marrow-filled spaces.
Compact Bone: Mostly solid matrix and
cells. Forms most of the diaphysis
of long bones & the thinner surfaces of all other bones.
cancellous
compact
Skeletal System (Bone)
Bone is composed of an organic matrix (mostly collagen) that provides flexible strength and an inorganic matrix (hydroxyapatite) that provides compressional strength (weight bearing).
Hydroxyapatite are calcium phosphate crystals
Bone is formed in thin sheets of extracellular matrix called lamellae
Compact bone consists of cells called osteocytes located within spaces in the matrix called lacunae
Skeletal System (Bone)
Ossification is the formation of bone by osteoblasts
Intramembranous ossification occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in connective tissue membranes (primarily in bones of the skull)
Endochondral ossification is the process that produces most of the skeleton, occurs when bones develop from cartilage models, and occurs when osteoblasts invade the spaces left by dying cartilage cells
Long bones are longer than they are wide (bones of upper & lower limbs).
Short bones are approximately as broad as they are long (bones of ankle & wrist).
Flat bones have a relatively thin flattened shape (some skull bones, ribs, & sternum).
Irregular bones do not fit in the other shape categories (vertebrae & facial bones).
Skeletal System (Bone Shapes)
Irregular bones
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Skeletal System (Bone)
a long bone has a diaphysis (shaft) and an epiphysis (each end)
the epiphyseal plate (growth plate), is the site of growth in length of a long bone, and is found between each epiphysis and the diaphysis
a long bone has a medullary cavity (filled with yellow marrow) in the diaphysis, has cancellous bone at the ends (filled with red marrow)
has an endosteum lining the medullary cavity
outer surface covered by a connective tissue layer- periosteum
Inside the Long Bone
Medullary Cavity – hollow chamber filled with bone marrow
Red Marrow (blood)Yellow Marrow (fat)
Endosteum– lining of the medullary
Review the Structure of a Long Bone
Matching quiz at http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/holehaap/student/olc2/chap07matching01.html
Microscopic Structure
MATRIX - where the bone cells live OSTEOCYTES - mature bone cells, enclosed in tiny chambers called LACUNAE OSTEOCYTES form rings (LAMELLAE) around a HAVERSIAN CANAL which houses blood vessels Osteocytes are linked by CANALICULI Haversian Canals are linked by VOLKMAN's CANALS
BONE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH
1. Intramembranous bones – flat, skull2. Endochondral bones – all other
ALL BONES START AS HYALINE CARTILAGE, areas graduallly turn to bone PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft) SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (ends)
Bone Development & Growth
EPIPHYSEAL DISK (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis These areas increase bone length as the cells ossify Cartilage becomes OSTEOBLASTS become OSTEOCYTES