An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology Chapter 2 Abnormal Psychology.
Integrative Approach to Abnormal Behavior Chapter 2.
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Transcript of Integrative Approach to Abnormal Behavior Chapter 2.
Integrative Approach to Abnormal Behavior
Chapter 2
Nature v. Nurture?
Nature (biological influences) and nurture (psychosocial influences) are one-dimensional models. Issue is one of Causality? What leads to abnormal behavior???? Our tendency is to simplify.
Result in incomplete understandings of psychological disorders
Multidimensional models allow for a more complete understanding of psychopathology. They are systemic!
Integrated model attempts to understand of the complex interaction of multiple influences
Abnormal behavior is multiply determined by multiple pathways
behavioral
genetic brain
developmental
social
emotional
cognitive
psychological disorder
The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Effects
Models of Interaction The Diathesis-Stress Model
Genetic vulnerabilities that are only expressed in the presence of certain environmental stressors
The smaller the vulnerability, the greater the life stress needed to result in the disorder, and conversely.
Reciprocal Gene-Environment Model Newer model, proposes that genetic influences behavior to
increase likelihood of encountering activating stimuli. Genetic endowment increases the likelihood of encountering stressful life events.
Non-Genomic Inheritance of Behavior Genes are not the whole story. Early learning (parenting
styles and nurturance) may over-ride genetic predisposition.
Neuroscience Contributions to Psychopathology
The Field of Neuroscience The role of the nervous system in disease and
behavior
The Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and spinal cord They process all information received from sense
organs
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic and autonomic branches
Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System
The Neuron Soma – Cell body Dendrites – Branches that receive messages from
other neurons Axon – Trunk of neuron that sends messages to other
neurons Axon terminals – Buds at end of axon from which
chemical messages are sent Synapses – Small gaps that separate neurons
Neurons Function Electrically, but Communicate Chemically Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers, and
have been critically involved in psychological disorders.
Neuroscience: Functions of MainTypes of Neurotransmitters
Functions of Neurotransmitters To understand functions, we have studied effects of agonists,
antagonists, and inverse agonists Most drugs are either agonistic or antagonistic Agonists increase the activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking
its’ effects; antagonists decrease or block a neurotransmitter; inverse agonists produce effects oposite to those produced by the neurotransmitter.
Main Types and Functions of Neurotransmitters Serotonin (5HT)- 5 hyroxytryptomine. Regulates behavior, mood
and thought processes. Associated with depression, impulsivity, and over-reactivity.
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and benzodiazepines. Best known for their effects on anxiety reduction.
Norepinephrine and beta blockers. Regulation of physiological responses, such as heart rate and respiration.
Dopamine and L-Dopa-activate other neurotransmitters, and an excess have been implicated in schizophrenia.
Implications of Neuroscience for Psychopathology
Relations Between Brain and Abnormal Behavior Examples include obsessive compulsive disorder and
schizophrenia
Experience Can Change Brain Structure and Function
Therapy Can Change Brain Structure and Function Medications and psychotherapy